Marine Georesources and Geotechnology

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Field Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength from

Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay

G. J. Cai , S. Y. Liu , L. Y. Tong & G. Y. Du

To cite this article: G. J. Cai , S. Y. Liu , L. Y. Tong & G. Y. Du (2010) Field Evaluation of
Undrained Shear Strength from Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay, Marine
Georesources and Geotechnology, 28:2, 143-153, DOI: 10.1080/10641191003780906

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Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 28:143–153, 2010
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1064-119X print=1521-0618 online
DOI: 10.1080/10641191003780906

Field Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength from

Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay

G. J. CAI, S. Y. LIU, L. Y. TONG, AND G. Y. DU

Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Transportation,
Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China

The use of the piezocone penetration test (CPTU) in a geotechnical site

investigation offers direct field measurement on stratigraphy and soil behavior.
Compared with some traditional investigation methods, such as drilling, sampling
and field inspecting method or laboratory test procedures, CPTU can greatly accel-
erate the field work and hereby reduce corresponding operation cost. The undrained
shear strength is a key parameter in estimation of the stability of natural slopes and
deformation of embankments in soft clays. This paper provides the measurements of
in situ CPTU, field vane testing and laboratory undrained triaxial testing of
Lianyungang marine clay in Jiangsu province of China. Based on the literature
review of previous interpretation methods, this paper presents a comparison of field
vane testing measurements to CPTU interpretation results. The undrained shear
strength values from both the field vane tests and cone penetration resistances are
lowest at the mid-depths of the marine clay layers, and the excess pore water
pressures are highest at the mid-depths of the marine clay layers, indicating that
the marine clay layer is underconsolidated.

Keywords field vane tests, marine clay, piezocone, triaxial test, undrained shear
strength

Introduction
In geotechnical engineering practice, the cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone
penetration test (CPTU) are used to determine the subsurface stratigraphy, and to
evaluate geotechnical parameters and to provide results for direct geotechnical
design (Robertson et al. 1992; Chen and Mayne 1996; Lunne et al. 1997; Demers
and Leroueil 2002; Abu-Farsakh and Nazzal 2005; Mayne 2007; Cai et al. 2009).
CPT=CPTU data can be empirically correlated to undrained shear strength determ-
ined from laboratory triaxial tests or field vane tests (FVT). To calculate the
undrained shear strength from CPTU data, the correlation equations utilized must
be corrected for pore water pressures. This effect is often referred to as ‘‘the unequal
area effect’’. The pore water pressure used in these correlation equations is usually

Received 6 February 2009; accepted 29 October 2009.

This research is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(NSFC) (Grant No. 40702047) and Excellent Doctor Dissertation Foundation of Southeast
University, China (Grant No. YBJJ0714). The comments and suggestions of Dr. Anand J.
Puppala of the University of Texas at Arlington are gratefully acknowledged.
Address correspondence to G. J. Cai, PhD Candidate, Institute of Geotechnical
Engineering, School of Transportation, Southeast University, 2 Si Pai Lou, Nanjing
210096, P.R. China. E-mail: focuscai@163.com

143
144 G. J. Cai et al.

measured by the piezocone penetrometer. Larsson and Ahnberg (2005) evaluated the
undrained shear strength from field vane tests, cone penetration tests and
dilatometer tests in overconsolidated clays, and proposed a modified interpretation
method taking the effects of overconsolidation into account. Although the recent
studies have presented empirical relationships between undrained shear strength
and cone tip resistance, the cone factor used in these relationships is usually
proposed for normally to slightly overconsolidated cohesive soils. However, under-
consolidated soils are not totally consolidated under the overburden stress and
contain excess pore pressure (Karakouzian et al. 2003). Strength and strength
increase in underconsolidated soils, especially for soft marine clays, are very impor-
tant in staged construction projects when construction cannot proceed until soil
strength has sufficiently increased. Hence, it is important to evaluate both strength
and strength increase using in situ testing.
This paper presents a review of methods to evaluate the undrained shear
strength from CPTU data. For the investigation of the undrained shear strength,
a selected site located on a marine clay deposit was subjected to an extensive experi-
mental testing program. A series of CPTU and FVT tests were conducted at the test
site. Initial estimates of the undrained shear strength were made by field vane shear
measurements in 2003 before embankment construction, which were supported by
laboratory triaxial testing performed in 2003. CPTU tests conducted during 2005
were used to estimate the undrained shear strength of the marine clays. The
undrained shear strength derived from piezocone tests is compared with the strength
obtained from field vane tests.

Review of Existing Methods

The in situ undrained shear strength, Su, depends on the mode of failure, soil
anisotropy, strain rate and stress history. A large amount of work has been reported
in the literature on the interpretation of undrained shear strength of clays from
CPTU results since the advent of piezocone penetrometers (Lunne et al. 1997).
Konrad and Law (1987) reviewed the primary approaches in this regard, and
proposed a new interpretation method that takes the measured pore pressures into
account. There are mainly two interpretation approaches: one is based on theoretical
solutions, and the other is based on empirical correlations. The theoretical solutions
available can be grouped into the following five classes:
1. Classical bearing capacity theory.
2. Cavity expansion theory.
3. The principle of energy conservation combined with cavity expansion theory.
4. Analytical and numerical approaches using linear and non-linear stress-strain
relationships.
5. Strain path theory.
All the theories result in the following relationship between cone resistance and
undrained shear strength Su:

qc ¼ Nc Su þ ri ð1Þ

where Nc ¼ a theoretical cone factor, and ri ¼ the initial in situ total pressure.
Depending on the theory used, ri may be rv0, rh0 or rmean.
 Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay 145

The empirical approaches available for interpretation of Su from CPTU results

can be mainly grouped into three categories as follows:
1. Su estimation using net cone resistance.
Estimation of Su from CPTU using cone resistance is made from the following
equation:
qt
rv0
Su ¼ ð2Þ
Nkt
where qt ¼ the corrected cone resistance, Nkt ¼ an empirical cone factor, and
rv0 ¼ the total in situ vertical stress. The back-calculated values of Nkt reported
in literature vary between 7 and 32 for a variety of reference Su tests (Powell
and Quarterman 1988; Wroth 1988). Mesri (2001) proposed a cone factor
Nkt ¼ 16 for computing Su for stability analysis of embankments, footings and
excavations on soft clay and silt deposits. In general, a representative value of
Nkt ¼ 15 is adopted to obtain the average Su in intact clays.
2. Su estimation using excess pore pressure.
With theoretical and semi- theoretical approaches based on cavity expansion
theory, a number of relationships have been proposed between excess pore press-
ure Du and Su. Such kind of relationships has the form of:
Du u2
u0
Su ¼ ¼ ð3Þ
NDu NDu
where NDu ¼ an empirical cone factor, u2 ¼ pore pressure measured between the
cone and the friction sleeve, and u0 ¼ equilibrium pore pressure. Based on cavity
expansion, NDu is theoretically shown to vary between 2 and 20.
3. Su estimation using effective cone resistance.
Senneset et al. (1982) suggested the use of an effective cone resistance qe to deter-
mine Su, where qe is defined as the difference between measured cone resistance
and immediately measured pore pressure behind the cone (u2). Campanella
et al. (1982) redefined the effective cone resistance with the corrected cone resist-
ance qt, thus Su can be achieved through the following equation:
qe qt
u2
Su ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
Nke Nke
Though the above equation works well for some deposits, it is still not recom-
mended to estimate Su with an ‘‘effective’’ cone resistance. In normally consoli-
dated soft clays, the total pore pressure (u) generated behind the cone is often
not less than 90% of the measured cone resistance. A major disadvantage of using
qe to interpret Su in this kind of soil is that qe typically is very small so that it is
sensitive to small errors in qc or u measurement. Therefore, it will be more accu-
rate to interpret Su with excess pore pressure (Du) in such kind of soils.

Experimental Study
Site Description
In this study, the piezocone test sites were chosen in Lian (Lianyungang)-yan
(Yancheng) expressway in the city of Lianyungang in Jiangsu province (Figure 1).
146 G. J. Cai et al.

Figure 1. Location of the CPTU test sites.

Lianyungang marine clay is a kind of soft and highly sensitive deposit composed of
4 different layers formed during different geological stages of erosion and deposition.
From the surface down to 2.0 m there is a weathered clayey crust (Layer 1). Under-
lying this is about 10.5 m thick soft marine clay (Layer 2), which is underlain by a
soft clay (Layer 3), followed by silty clay (Layer 4). The plasticity index ranges from
22 to 31, and the natural water content of the clay is about 75.4%, which is 15–20%
higher than the liquid limit. Table 1 gives typical property values of the soil layers
studied.
The saturated marine clay has been undergoing consolidation since 2003 due to
embankment installation. The results of CPTU, field vane testing and triaxial testing
and piezometer pore water pressure were collected to investigate embankment stab-
ility over 2004–2005 and presented in several reports by the Lianyan expressway
settlement analysis (Liu and Jing 2003), Lianyan expressway embankment stability
evaluation report (Liu 2005). Soil properties determined by several in situ and lab-
oratory tests are provided by Liu et al. (2008) and Cai et al. (2008).

Laboratory Testing
Undisturbed soil samples were collected before embankment construction. The lab-
oratory triaxial tests were carried out on specimens prepared from stationary piston
samples. A cutting ring, 63.5 mm in diameter and 19 mm in height, was normally
used, and the clay was often jacked directly into the cutting ring during sample
extrusion. The thickness of soft marine clay is approximately 9 m under the embank-
ments followed by soft clay with a thickness of up to 2.5 m. In terms of the Unified
Soil Classification System (USCS), the clay is designated as CH, inorganic clay of
high plasticity or commonly referred to as ‘‘muck’’. The laboratory test results show
that marine clay under the embankments has a high liquid limit, high sensitivity,
high compressibility and low strength. The average values of the properties of the
Lianyungang marine clay studied are shown in Table 1.
 Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay 147

Table 1. Typical property values of the soil layers studied

Unit weight Specific Water Liquid Plasticity
No. Layer (kN=m3) gravity content (%) limit (%) index (%) Sensitivity

1 Clay 18.2 2.72 32.8 50.6 23.4 2.1

2 Soft marine 15.5 2.76 75.4 60.5 28.8 8.6
clay
3 Soft clay 16.6 2.75 52.9 33.7 17.8 6.4
4 Silty clay 18.5 2.76 40.6 46.3 13.7 3.3

Field Vane Testing

Field vane shear tests were conducted in 2003 before the embankments of the con-
struction. The field vane shear tests were conducted at depths from approximately
2.0 to 14.0 m for four sections of the Lianyan expressway, as shown in Figure 2.
In this study, the vane blade dimensions were 65 mm by 130 mm and with a blade
thickness of 2 mm. Procedures from ASTM D-2573, standard test method for field
vane shear test in cohesive soil, were followed when performing the field vane shear
tests. The field vane shear strength values in this paper were corrected using the pro-
cedure presented by Aas et al. (1986). More details on vane shear testing can be
found in Watson et al. (2000).

Piezocone Penetration Test

The piezocone penetration device used in this study is produced by Vertek-
Hogentogler & Co. of USA. The equipment is a versatile piezocone system equipped
with advanced digital cone penetrometers fitted with 60 tapered and 10 cm2 tip area
cones, which can provide measurement of cone tip resistance qt, sleeve friction fs, and
penetration pore-water pressures (u2) with a porous filter 5 mm thick located at

Figure 2. Field vane tests data.

148 G. J. Cai et al.

shoulder position u2. Water pressure can act on part of the base area of the cone in a
direction opposite to the resisting forces developed during pushing, thus the mea-
sured total stress qc will be reduced. To obtain the actual total stress qt, a correction
must be made to account for the design of the cone (Cai et al. 2006). Such a correc-
tion is made directly by the field computer data acquisition system, E4FCS, during
data processing for each set of readings through the following relationship:

qt ¼ qc þ u2 ð1
aÞ ð5Þ

where qc ¼ measured cone tip resistance, u2 ¼ pore water pressure measured behind the
neck of the cone, a ¼ area ratio of the cone penetrometer. The cone area ratio is
approximately equal to the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the load cell or shaft
to the projected area of the cone. The values range between 0.55 and almost 0.9 (Lunne
et al. 1997). The cone penetrometer used in this study had a cone net area ratio of 0.80.
CPTU tests were conducted at depths from approximately surface to 15.0 m.
Due to the presence of fill material at the sites, shallow pre-drilling was required
prior to cone penetration testing until the saturated soil was detected. The
penetration rate for all the tests in this study was 20 mm=s, and the readings were
recorded every 50 mm of penetration.
Typical profiles of qt, fs, Rf (¼fs=qt  100%) and u2 with depth for piezocone test
are presented in Figure 3. The water table is also marked in the figure. Soil layers can
be identified from the profiles of piezocone readings. The piezocone test results
shown in Figure 3 clearly indicate a relative homogeneity of the marine clay deposit.
In the soil profile there is a 2-meter thick surface crust within which the cone tip
resistance is about 1.0 MPa and decreases slightly with depth. Two soft soil layers
are then detected below the crust. The first one extends to the depth of 10.5 m and
has a water content of about 75.4%. Below this layer, the average water content
decreases to about 52.9%. In the muck layer, pore water pressure generated during

Figure 3. Typical result from piezocone tests.

 Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay 149

penetration increases dramatically with depth, while qt increases slightly between the
depth of 2.0 m and 12.0 m. Below the depth of 12.0 m, qt increases markedly with
depth. However, the pore pressure decreases greatly with depth. The soil boundary
between extremely sensitive and moderately sensitive clays at this site is found
approximately at the depth of 11.0 m, which is in close agreement with the boundary
determined from the exploration drilling report.
Tip resistance profiles are quite different from those one can expect to see in nor-
mally consolidated clays. In normally consolidated clays, CPTU tip resistances gen-
erally increase with depth. In these sites, the tip resistance values are higher at the top
and bottom of the marine clay and lowest in the middle of the clay. The top and bot-
tom of the marine clay are in more advanced stages of consolidation than the middle
of the clay layer. The resistance values for the clay layer range from 250 to 800 kPa.
Tanaka and Sakagami (1989) also show a similar trend in underconsolidated clays.
Field pore water pressure data were available for all CPTU locations. Pore water
pressure readings are shown in Figure 3. The existing pore water pressure in the clay
is higher than the corresponding hydrostatic pressure (solid straight line in Figure 3),
which is calculated by multiplying depth below water table by unit weight of pore
water. This shows that the excess pore water pressure caused by the construction
of the embankments has not fully dissipated and the clay is underconsolidated.

Analysis of Results
Comparison of Field Vane and Triaxial Tests Data
Data from the LY-1 section were used to compare the undrained shear strength
obtained from field vane shear and triaxial tests data, as shown in Figure 4.
Although vane shear testing tends to overestimate undrained shear strength in over-
consolidated clays (Meigh 1987), experimental studies (e.g., Nash et al. 1992) suggest
that the field vane test can be used to determine the undrained shear strength in nor-
mally consolidated clays. It gives similar strength values to those obtained from
triaxial compression tests. Tanaka and Sakagami (1989) conducted piezocone tests
on both underconsolidated and normally consolidated marine clay, and the results
show that shear strength values were distributed on the same trend line. These pre-
vious studies, and the similarity between the vane shear and UU triaxial tests, dem-
onstrate that vane shear tests can be used as a substitute for triaxial test data when
interpreting and correlating cone penetration test data in underconsolidated clays.

Undrained Shear Strength From CPTU Data

As mentioned above, the undrained shear strength is estimated using total cone
resistance corrected for pore pressure effects (Lunne et al. 1997):

qt
rv0
Su ¼ ð2Þ
Nkt

where qt ¼ corrected cone resistance for pore pressure in the following, rv0 ¼ total
overburden pressure and Nkt ¼ cone factor. The cone factor Nkt is an empirical value
related to actual cone resistance and back-calculated from laboratory undrained
shear strength and corrected cone resistance, qt. Aas et al. (1986) suggest that cone
factor Nkt increases linearly with increasing plasticity index of clays.
150 G. J. Cai et al.

Figure 4. Field vane test data from LY-1 section.

The value of Nkt was not measured during field testing. There was insufficient
data collected during the field testing program to determine a value of cone factor.
To determine the appropriate value in this analysis, values of Nkt were taken from
published values in the literature. No values of Nkt for underconsolidated clays were
found in the literature. Lunne et al. (1997) showed that values of Nkt for undercon-
solidated clays are the same as normally consolidated clays. The general range of Nkt
for normally consolidated clays is between 10 and 20. However, numerous research-
ers have developed Nkt values based on plasticity index (Ip) or sensitivity of normally
consolidated clays, which are presented in Table 2. The results suggest that Nkt
increases with increasing plasticity (Aas et al. 1986). Rad and Lunne (1988) showed
that using su from triaxial compression tests as the reference strength, Nkt varied
from 8 to 29, with OCR being the principal variable. Powell and Quarterman
(1988) showed that Nkt based on triaxial compression shear strength varied from
10–20 depending on Ip, in a similar way to the Aas et al. (1986) data, and could
be linked to rate effects. They also showed that when scale effects were considered,
especially important in fissured clays, the range of Nkt increased to 10–30.

Table 2. Values of Nkt for normally consolidated clays (after Karakouzian et al.
2003)
Nkt Soil behavior Reference

10–20 Normally consolidated clay Lunne et al. (1997)

8–15 Ip ¼ 48 Bowles (1996)
8.5–12 Danish clays Luke (1995)
10–15 Ip ¼ 48 Aas et al. (1986)
11 Ip ¼ 30–48 Stark and Delashaw (1980)
10 or less Sensitive clays Robertson and Campanella (1986)
 Piezocone Penetration Tests in Soft Marine Clay 151

The published values of Nkt for normally consolidated clays, based on plasticity
index or sensitivity, are between 8 and 15. As clays progress from normally consoli-
dated to overconsolidated, the value of Nkt increases (Aas et al. 1986). Thus it would
be expected that Nkt would be at the lower end of the published values rather than
the higher end because the marine clays at Lianyungang are underconsolidated based
on the excesses pore pressures measured. The lower values of Nkt in the literature are
between 8 and 11. For these reasons, two values of Nkt (10 and 15) were chosen for
the data analysis (Karakouzian et al. 2003).

Comparison of Field Vane and CPTU Results

In Figure 5, the undrained shear strengths based on corrected field vane tests are
compared to the undrained shear strengths calculated using the CPTU data for

Figure 5. Field vane tests and corrected CPTU data.

152 G. J. Cai et al.

two different Nkt values. The comparison of the vane shear and CPTU data is
conducted over depths of 2–14 m. When an Nkt value of 10 is applied, Figure 5 shows
that undrained shear strength of the marine clay doubled, from approximately 10 to
20 kPa. When an Nkt value of 15 is applied, the estimated undrained shear strength
values from piezocone data seem greater than the actual FVT values. The undrained
shear strength values are higher at the top and bottom of the soft clay layer and
lowest at the middle of the clay layer. Hence, the marine clay appears to be
underconsolidated.

Conclusions
This paper reviews previous interpretation methods of obtaining undrained shear
strength from CPTU data for soft soils, and summarizes the values of Nkt for
normally consolidated soils. This paper presents field measurements of undrained
shear strength in an underconsolidated marine clay from FVT and CPTU tests in
Jiangsu province of China. Initial estimates of the undrained shear strength were
made by field vane shear measurements in 2003–2004, which were supported by
laboratory triaxial testing performed before embankment installation. CPTU tests
conducted during 2005 were used to estimate the undrained shear strength of the
underconsolidated clays. Depending on the chosen value of Nkt, the undrained shear
strength has increased slightly (Nkt ¼ 15) or has approximately doubled (Nkt ¼ 10)
based on the investigation of CPTU to in situ vane shear measurements. Therefore,
it is critical to determine the appropriate Nkt value for a particular site if CPTU
values will be used to estimate the in situ undrained shear strength. For Lianyungang
marine clay, the Nkt value of 15 is appropriate to evaluate field undrained shear
strength from CPTU data.

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