Making Activated Carbon From Moringa Seeds Can Purify Free Fatty Acids

and Peroxide Numbers in Cooking Oil

THESIS PROPOSAL
Submitted To Meet One Of The Requirements In
Obtaining a Bachelor's Degree

By
SALSADILA K. IBRAHIM
442 418 0 46

CHEMICAL STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
GORONTALO STATE UNIVERSITY
202 2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE ......................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1

1.1 Background .........................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem Formulation ..........................................................................................3
1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................4
1.4 Research Benefits ................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................5

2.1 Overview of Moringa Seeds ...............................................................................5

2.2 Classification of Moringa Seeds .........................................................................6
2.3 Activated Carbon ................................................................................................6
2.4 Adsorption ...........................................................................................................8
2.5 Kinds of Adsorbent .............................................................................................9
2.6 Factors affecting adsorbent .................................................................................10
2.7 Cooking Oil .........................................................................................................11

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................12

3.1 Research Time and Place ....................................................................................12

3.2 12 Tools and Materials.........................................................................................
3.2.1 12 Tool...............................................................................................
3.2.2 Material .............................................................................................12
3.3 Research Design ..................................................................................................12
3.4 Research procedure .............................................................................................12
3.4.1 Raw Material Preparation .................................................................12
3.4.2 13 . Activated Carbon Manufacturing...............................................
3.4.3 13 . Activated Carbon Quality Test...................................................
3.4.3.1 Water Content Analysis ........................................................13
3.4.3.2 Analysis of Volatile Substance Levels .................................13
3.4.3.3 Ash Content Analysis ...........................................................13
3.4.3.4 Iodine Absorption Analysis ..................................................13
3.4.3.5 14 . Cooking Oil Activated Carbon.......................................

REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................15

ii
APPENDIX ...........................................................................................................................17

iii
 CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

Activated carbon is one of the organic materials whose scope of use is quite broad, both in
large and small industries. Activated carbon is usually used as a catalyst, deodorizer, color
absorber, purification agent and so on. In 2000, it was recorded that 2,770,573 kg of activated
carbon imports came from Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, China, Malaysia. (Rini Pujiarti, J, P
Gentur Sutapa). Activated carbon is usually made from biomass waste such as: coconut shells,
bagasse and sawdust. Moringa seed activated carbon is examined, whether it can separate used
cooking oil conventionally. Activated carbon is a material in the form of carbon that has
increased its adsorption power by activating the carbon. The surface area of activated carbon
generally ranges from 300 – 3000 m2 / gram (wildansyah and indra Putri 2018).

Activated carbon is used to adopt gases and liquids. One of the main functions of adsorbing
gas with activated carbon is the purification of exhaust gases on toxic components containing
sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon disulfide and sulfur organic components.
(Dahlan, 2013)

Activator is a substance or chemical compound that functions as an activating reagent and

this substance will activate carbon atoms so that their absorption becomes better. The activator
substance is water-binding which causes the water that is tightly bound to the carbon pores that
are not lost during carbonization to be released. Furthermore, the activator substance will enter
the pores and open the closed surface of the charcoal. Thus, when heated, the impurity
compounds in the pores become more easily absorbed so that the surface area of activated carbon
increases and increases its absorption. Chemicals that can be used as activators include CaCl 2 ,
Ca(OH) 2 , NaCl, MgCl 2, HNO 3 , HCl, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , H 3 PO 4 , ZnCl 2 and so on. All of these
active ingredients generally act as a water binder. (Dahlan, 2013)

Moringa (Moringa oleifera L). is a type of plant from the Moringa ceae tribe. The original
Moringa plant comes from India which is known as Sohanjna. This plant can grow a lot in

iv
various semi-tropical and tropical countries, one of which is Indonesia. Moringa seeds have ion
exchange properties so they are suitable as adsorbents (Wildansyah and Indra Putri, 2018).

Cooking oil is one of the basic human needs as a means of processing food ingredients,
especially in terms of frying. Cooking oil is widely used in all parts of the world, including in
Indonesia. Cooking oil that is used repeatedly or better known as used cooking oil is an oil that is
not suitable for use anymore and will have an impact on health if it is still consumed because it
contains carcinogenic compounds, such as peroxides and high free fatty acids.

The total production of used cooking oil in Indonesia has reached 4 million tons per year
(Rahkadima and Purwati, 2011). Requires good handling to avoid environmental pollution.
Disposal of used cooking oil directly (without processing) in addition to disturbing the water
body can also damage the soil structure because it inhibits the movement of water in the soil
pores. Some efforts that can be done to reduce the bad impact of used cooking oil are converting
used cooking oil into raw material for making biodiesel and soap.

Used cooking oil cannot be directly used as raw material for biodiesel or soap, because it
contains carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, it is necessary to purify used cooking oil. One of
the methods that can be used for purification of used cooking oil is adsorption. Adsorbs are
considered as an economical and effective method because they are relatively inexpensive to
regenerate and are relatively simple. Adsorption is a process of absorption by certain solids
against certain substances. Adsorbent is defined as a solid substance that can absorb certain
components of a fluid (Wildansyah and Indra Putri, 2018).

The use of used cooking oil repeatedly can pose health risks such as an itchy and scattered
esophagus and more dangerously it can trigger cancer.

(Widayat, et al., 2005). Has conducted preliminary research to improve the quality of
cooking oil with natural zeolite with a study of reducing the acid number by 1.71%. This acid
number does not meet the Indonesian national standard for cooking oil (SNI 3741-1995), which
is maximum by 0.3%.Taufik (2007) also conducted research on the purification of used cooking
oil using Moringa seeds with the batch method which the results were able to reduce free fatty
acid (FFA) levels by 74.6%, from a value of 0.50% to 0.127% and the decrease in the peroxide
number by 84%, from 100meq/kilo to 16 meq/kilo and the increase in bright color by 6.7%, the

v
FFA value already met the 1995 SNI standard, which was a maximum of 0.3%, while the
peroxide value did not meet the 1995 SNI with a high content of maximum peroxide 2 meq/kilo
(Ika et al, 2010).

Based on the results of the research above, further studies will be conducted on the effect of
the type of activator and the activation time of activated carbon from Moringa seeds in the
purification of used cooking oil using the activated carbon adsorption method on the column.
used cooking oil so that it meets the quality of Indonesian national standards.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

How is the effect of the type of activator and the activation time of activated carbon from
Moringa seeds in the purification of used cooking oil using the activated carbon adsorption
method on the column.

1.3 Research Objectives

To find out how the effect of the type of activator and the activation time of activated
carbon from Moringa seeds in the purification of used cooking oil using the activated carbon
adsorption method on the column.

1.3 Benefits of research

Knowing the type of activator substance and the best activation time in the manufacture
of activated carbon from Moringa seeds in improving the quality of used cooking oil.

vi
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Moringa Seeds

Moringa (moringa oleifera) grows in the form of a long-lived tree (perennial) with a
height of 7-12 m. woody stem (lingnosus), erect, dirty white, thin skin, rough surface. Sympodial
branching, the direction of the branch is upright or oblique, tends to grow straight and elongated.
Compound leaves, long stems arranged alternately (alternate), odd leaf offspring
(imparipinnatus), leaf blades when young are light green when mature, dark green, ovoid shape
of saun strands, 1-2 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, thin limp ends and blunt base, flat edge, smooth top
and bottom surface.

Figure 1. Moringa seeds ( moringa oleifera )

Moringa grows in tropical areas such as India, Indonesia, and various other tropical regions
in the world. Moringa can also be grown in Egypt, Pakistan, and Cuba. Moringa has a tree that is
not too large, the branches are rare but have strong roots, soft and brittle (breaks easily). The

vii
 leaves are large as big as the tip of the thumb, oval in shape and arranged in a compound in one
stalk (Lailatul Mukarromah, 2008).

Moringa seeds can be used as one of the natural alternatives available locally. Moringa
seeds that are used are left to ripen or old on a new tree, harvested after drying with a moisture
content of approximately 10%.

2.2 Classification of Moringa seeds

The following is a classification of Moringa moringa oleifera

Division : Plantae

Order : Brassicales

Family : Moringaceae

Genus : Moringa

Species : M. oleifera

2.3 Activated Carbon

Activated carbon is a material in the form of amorphous carbon which has a very large
surface area of 300 to 2000 m2 / gr. This very large surface area is caused because it has a pore
structure. It is these pores that cause activated carbon to have the ability to absorb. Activated
carbon is composed of carbon atoms that are covalently bonded in a hexagonal lattice.

Activated carbon is a carbon material that is processed to produce a highly absorbent

structure and especially a large internal surface area. Of course, it consists of carbon (89 – 97%),
but also contains elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen as well as other
compounds of raw materials used in manufacture or produced during the production process.
Activated carbon is obtained by a carbonization process followed by activation of materials
containing charcoal which usually comes from plants. (Jankowska, 1991)

Broadly speaking, there are three stages of making activated carbon, namely:

1. Dehydration process

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 The dehydration process aims to remove the water contained in the raw material. The
trick is to dry in the sun or heating in the oven until a constant weight is obtained. From this
dehydration process, dry raw materials are obtained. This is caused by the less water content
in the raw material.
2. Carbonization process
Carbonization or composing is a heating process at a certain temperature of organic
materials with a very limited amount of oxygen, usually carried out in a furnace. This
process causes the decomposition of organic compounds that make up the structure of the
material to form methanol, acetic acid vapor, tar-tar and hydrocarbons. The solid material
that remains after carbonization is carbon in the form of charcoal with narrow pores.
(Cheresmisinoff, 1993)

3. Activation process
Activation of charcoal that covers the pores on the surface of the charcoal can be
removed through an oxidation process using a very weak oxidizing agent (CO 2 and water
vapor) or CaCl 2 mineral elements will enter between the hexagonal plates and open the
surface that was originally closed. , so that the amount of activated carbon surface increases.
(Dahlan, 2013)

Activation is a treatment of charcoal that aims to enlarge the pores, namely by breaking
hydrocarbon bonds or oxidizing surface molecules so that the charcoal undergoes changes in
properties, both physical and chemical, namely the surface area increases and affects the
adsorption power (Sembiring, 2003).

Activator is a substance or chemical compound that functions as an activating reagent

and this substance will activate carbon atoms so that their absorption is better. The activator is
water-binding which causes water that is tightly bound to the carbon pores that are not lost
during carbonization to become loose. Furthermore, the activator will enter the pores and open
the closed surface of the charcoal. Thus, when heated, the impurity compounds in the pores are
absorbed more easily so that the surface area of the activated carbon is larger and increases its
absorption capacity.

ix
 Factors that affect the absorption of activated carbon, namely the nature of activated
charcoal, the nature of the components being absorbed, the nature of the solution and the contact
system. The absorption of activated carbon to components in solution or gas is caused by surface
conditions and pore structure.

2.4 Adsorption

Adsorption is the process of mass transfer due to the mobile phase (adsorbant carrier
fluid) to the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption occurs because of the attractive force between
the adsorbate molecules and the active sites on the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorption
process on activated charcoal occurs through three basic stages, namely the substance is
absorbed on the outside of the charcoal, then goes to the pores of the charcoal, and is absorbed
on the inner wall of the charcoal (Wijayanti, 2009).

According to Ketaren (1986) the adsorption power of activated carbon is caused because
the carbon has a large number of pores and the adsorption will occur because of the difference in
potential energy between the carbon surface and the adsorbed substance.

There are two methods of adsorption, physical (physisorption) and chemical adsorption
(chemicalsorption). Both of these methods occur when the molecules in the liquid phase are
followed on the surface of a solid phase as a result of attractive forces on the solid surface
(adsorbent), overcoming the kinetic energy of the contaminant molecules in the liquid
(adsorbant).

According to Wijayanti (2009) several factors that affect adsorption include:

1. Physical and chemical properties of adsorbents, namely surface area, pores and chemical
composition.
2. Physical and chemical properties of adsorbate, namely molecular size, molecular polarity
and chemical composition.
3. The concentration of adsorbate in the liquid phase (solution).
4. Liquid phase properties such as pH and temperature.
5. The length of the adsorption process takes place.

x
 The most commonly used adsorbent is activated carbon because it has a large surface
area so that the adsorption power is greater than other adsorbents. Adsorption applications are
widely used in the industrial world. An example of an application of vapor phase adsorption is
the recovery of organic solvents used in substances, printing inks, and textile coatings. While
adsorption for the liquid phase is used to separate organic components from liquid waste and
water from organic liquids. (Wildansyah and Indra Putri, 2018).

2.5 Kinds of Adsorbent

a) Silica Gel

Silica gel tends to bind adsorbents with relatively smaller energy and requires lower
temperatures for the desorption process, compared to using other adsorbents such as carbon
or zeolite. The desorption ability of silica gel increases with increasing temperature. Silica
gel is made of silica with chemical bonds containing approximately 5% water. In general,
the working temperature of silica gel reaches a temperature of 200 o C, if it is operated more
than the working temperature limit, the water content in the silica gel will be lost.

b) Zeolite
Zeolite contains zeolite crystals, namely aluminosilicate minerals which are referred to
as molecular filters. This aluminosilicate mineral occurs naturally. Zeolite has a larger pore
diameter so that it can adsorb adsorbate in general.
c) Activated carbon
Activated carbon can be made from coal, wood, and coconut shells through pyrolizing
and carburizing processes at temperatures of 700 to 800 o C. Almost all adsorbate can be
absorbed by activated carbon except water. (Ambarita, 2008).

2.6 Factors Affecting the Adsorbent

The amount of adsorbate that is adsorbed on the surface of the adsorbent is influenced by
several factors, namely:

1. The type of adsorbent can be viewed from:

xi
 a. The size of the adsorbate molecule, the cavity where the adsorption occurs can reach
through a suitable size, so that different molecules are adsorbed are molecules with a
diameter equal to or smaller than the pore diameter of the adsorbent.
b. The polarity of the adsorbate molecules, if the diameter is the same, the polar molecules
are more strongly adsorbed than the less polar molecules, so that more molecules can
replace the less polar molecules that have been absorbed.
2. The nature of the adsorbent can be viewed from
a. The purity of the adsorbent, the purer the better the absorption
b. The surface area, the wider the surface of the adsorbent, the more adsorbed the
adsorbate will be
c. Temperature, adsorption is an exothermic process so that the amount of adsorbate will
increase as the temperature of the adsorbate decreases. Physical adsorption of the
substance can occur at temperatures below the boiling point of the adsorbate, especially
below 50 o C. On the other hand, in chemical adsorption, the amount adsorbed decreases
with increasing temperature of the adsorbate.
d. The pressure for physical adsorption, the increase in the adsorbent pressure results in an
increase in the amount of the adsorbed substance (Apriliani, 2010).

2.7 Cooking Oil

Cooking oil is one of the basic human needs as a means of processing food ingredients,
especially in terms of frying. Oil is used widely, including in Indonesia. Cooking oil that is used
repeatedly or better known as used cooking oil is an oil that is not suitable for use anymore and
will have an impact on health if it is often consumed because it contains carcinogenic
compounds, such as peroxides and high free fatty acids.

Disposal of used cooking oil directly (without processing) in addition to disturbing the
body, water can also damage the structure because it inhibits the movement of water in the pores
of the soil. One of the methods that can be used for refining used cooking oil is adsorption,
adsorption is considered an economical and effective method. Adsorption is a process of
absorption by certain solids against certain substances. An adsorbent is defined as a solid
substance that can absorb certain components of a fluid. (wildansyah and indra Putri 2018)

xii
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Time and Place

The research will be carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Gorontalo

3.2 Tools and Materials

3.2.1 Tools

The tools used in this research are funnel, erlenmeyer, filter paper, oven, cup, scales,
beaker, heater, filter paper, thermometer, stirring rod, measuring cup, watch glass, measuring
flask, burette, pipette,

3.2.2 Material

The materials used in this research are Moringa seeds, acetic acid, distilled water, 96%
ethanol, HCL, PP indicator, chloroform, used cooking oil, Na 2 SO 3 , NaCl, NaOH.

3.3 Research Design

In the first stage, the moringa seeds are separated from the skin. Then dry the Moringa
seeds as much as 500 grams, drying at a temperature of 105 o C to a constant weight. Then weigh
the dried Moringa seeds, after drying the Moringa seeds blend until smooth. After being mashed,
Moringa seeds are carbonized in a furnace for 25 minutes with a combustion temperature of 350
o
C.

3.4 Research Procedure

3.4.1 Raw Material Preparation

1. Drying Moringa seeds as much as 500 grams.

2. drying at a temperature of 105 o C so that the weight is constant.

3. Weigh the dried moringa seeds

4. After drying, the Moringa seeds are blended until smooth

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 3.4.2 Activated Carbon Manufacturing
1. After grinding, Moringa seeds are carbonized in a furnace for 25 minutes with a
combustion temperature of 350 o C.
2. activated charcoal in the activator solution 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, 15% with the
activator substance HCl, H 3 PO 4, NaCl, and variations in activation time 20 hours and
24 hours with a ratio of 1:6
3. filter the charcoal with filter paper and wash with aquadest to pH 7.
4. Dry in the oven at room temperature to 110 o C to constant weight.

3.4.3 Activated Carbon Quality Test

3.4.3.1 Water Content Analysis

1. A total of 1 gram (dry weight) was placed in a porcelain dish whose dry weight was
known.
2. The clean cup is heated in an oven at 105 o C for 4 hours
3.4.3.2 Analysis of Volatile Substances
1. As much as 1 gram was put into a porcelain cup whose dry weight was known.
2. Heated in a furnace at a temperature of 950 o C for 10 minutes, then cooled in a
desiccator for 1 hour and weighed.
3. The cup is closed as tightly as possible (if necessary tied with wire) during heating
and to avoid burning.

3.4.3.3 Analysis of Ash Content

1. A total of 1 gram was put into a porcelain cup whose dry weight had been
determined.
2. Heated in the furnace at a temperature of 750 0 C for 6 hours
3. After that, it was cooled in a desiccator for 1 hour and weighed.
4. The heating and weighing were repeated until a constant weight was obtained.
5. The heating time is sufficient 1 hour during the reduction.

3.4.3.4 Iodine Absorption Analysis

1. A total of 0.25 grams was put into an Erlenmeyer wrapped in carbon paper.
2. Then added 25 mL of solution I 2 0, N, then shaken for 15 minutes at room
temperature and then filtered
3. 10 mL of the filtrate is titrated with 0.1 N Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution , until it is light yellow then
given a few drops of 1% starch solution, and the titration is continued until the blue
color just disappears.

3.4.3.5 Application of Cooking Oil Activated Carbon

1. A total of 100 ml of used cooking oil is heated to a temperature of 90 o C.

xiv
 2. After that, 0.75 grams of activated carbon from Moringa seeds was added, then stirred
at 100 rpm for 60 minutes.
3. Then filtered to take the filtrate or oil adsorbed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1995. "SNI 06-3730-1995: Technical activated charcoal". National Standardization Council.

Jakarta.

Ambarita, Nishio (2008). "modification of cooling machines" University of Indonesia. Jakarta.

Apriliani, Ade. 2010. "Utilization of bagasse charcoal as adsorbent on metals Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb
in wastewater". Syarifhidayatullah State Islamic University. Jakarta.

xv
Arnas, Ika., Etc. 2010. Effect of interaction temperature of used cooking oil using activated
carbon of Moringa seeds on iodine value and peroxide value. State Islamic University:
Malang.

Cheremisinoff, NP 1993. Carbon adsorption of pollutant control jhon willey & sons Canada

Dahlan, MH 2013. The use of activated carbon from Moringa seeds can purify used cooking oil.
Journal of Chemical Engineering. Cheremisinoff, NP 1993. Carbon Adsorption Of
Pollutant Controll. John Willey & Sons. Canada.

Jankowska, 1991. Active Carbon Iodine : Horwood Press.

Mukromah, L. 2008. The Effectiveness of Moringa Seed Bioflocculants in Reducing Cr (VI)

Levels, Islamic State University : Malang

Pujiarti, 2007 Quality of Activated Charcoal from Mahogany Wood Waste (swietenia
macrophylla king) as a Water Purifier. http://www.google.com. Jakarta .

Rahkadima, Y., and Purawati, PA (2011). Making biodiesel from used cooking oil through a
process. Transesterification using CaO as a catalyst, chemical engineering journal, 19(3).
44 – 53.

Rahmawati Anis 2001, Method of Reduction of Manganese (Mn) from the Water Using the
Filtration Method, March 11 University: Surakrta.

Sembering, M. and Lion T. (2003). “Activated Charcoal (Introduction and manufacturing

process). University of North Sumatra : Medan.

Wijaayanti, 2009. Activated Charcoal from Sugarcane Bagasse as an Adsorbent in Purification

of Used Cooking Oil.

Wildansyah, RL, and Indra Putri, XR (2018). Making Activated Carbon from Moringa Seeds
Can Purify Free Fatty Acids and Proxide Numbers in Used Cooking Oil. Journal of the
Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Sepuluh
November Institute of Technology Surabaya 2018.

xvi
 ATTACHMENT

1. Moringa Seed Preparation Stage

Mulai

Mengeringkan biji kelor sebanyak 500 gram

Mengeringkan pada suhu 1050c hingga berat konsatn

Menimbang biji kelor yang setelah di keringkan

Setelah dikeringkan, biji kelor di blender hingga halus.

Hasil

2. Stages of Making Activated Carbon from Moringa Seeds

xvii
 Mulai

Setelah dihaluskan, biji kelor dikarbonisasi dalam

furnace selama 25 menit dengan suhu pembakaran
350oC

Mengaktifkan arang diaktifasi di dalam larutan activator

7%, 9%, 11% dengan zat aktivator HCl, H3PO4, dan
NaCl dan variasi waktu aktivasi 20 jam dan 24 jam
dengan ratio 1:6

Menyaring arang dengan kertas saring dan mencuci

dengan aquades hungga pH 7

Mengeringkan dalam oven dari suhu kamar sampai

suhu 110oC sampai berat konstan

Hasil

3. Activated Carbon Quality Test

A. Water Content Analysis (SNI 06-3730-1995)

Mulai

Sampel Sebanyak 1 gram biji kelor ditempatkan di

dalam cawan porselin yang telah diketahui bobot
keringnya
xviii
 cawan yang telah berisi sampel tersebut dipanaskan di
dalam oven bersuhu 105oC selama 4 jam

Hasil

B. Analysis of Volatile Substance Levels (SNI 06-3730-1995)

Mulai

Sampel sebanyak 1 gram dimasukan kedalam cawan

porselin yang telah diketahui bobot keringnya

Sampel dipanaskan dalam tanur pada suhu 950oC

selama 10 menit, kemudian didinginkan dalam
desitakrot selama 1jam dan ditimbang.

Cawan ditutup serapat mungkin (bila perlu diikat

dengan kawat) selama pemanansan dan dihindari
terjadinya pembakaran.

Hasil

C. Ash Content Analysis (SNI 06-3730-1995)

Mulai

Sampel kering sebanyankxix 1 gram dimasukan

kedalam cawan porselin yang telah ditentukan bobot
keringnya
 Sampel dipanaskan di dalam tanur pada suhu 750oC
selama 6 jam

Setelah itu di dinginkan dalam desikator selama 1

jam dan di timbang

Pemanasan dan penimbangan diulang hingga diperoleh

bobot yang konstan

Waktu pemanasan cukup 1 jam selama pengulangan

Hasil

D. Iodine Absorption Analysis (SNI 06-3730-1995)

Mulai

Sampel kering sebanyak 0,25 gr dimasukan

kedalam Erlenmeyer yang dibunkus kertas
karbon

Lalu ditambahkan 25 ml larutan I2 0,N, kemudian

dikocok selama 15 menit pada suhu kamar lalu
disaring

Filtrate sebanyak 10 ml dititrasi dengan larutan

Na2S2O3 0,1 N hingga berwarna kuning muda lalu
xx
diberi beberapa tetes larutan kanji 1%, dan titrasi
dilanjutkan sampai warna biru tepat hilang
 Hasil

E. Application of Cooking Oil Activated Carbon (Barau, 2015)

Mulai

Sebanyak 100ml minyak jelantah dipanaskan

hingga mencapai suhu 90oC

Setelah itu ditambahkan karbon aktif dari biji

kelor sebanyak 0,75 gr, kemudian diaduk dengan
kecepatan rpm selama 60 menit

Lalu disaring untuk diambil filtrate atau minyak

yang telah diadsorbsi

Hasil

xxi