UNIT- VII_FM

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC DEVICES

HYDRAULIC PUMP
The hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy is called
hydraulic pump. Here hydraulic energy means pressure energy. Thus, a hydraulic pump
converts the mechanical energy into pressure energy of the liquid to lift it from lower level
to higher level.
RECIPROCATING PUMP

Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump as it sucks and lifts the liquid by
actually displacing it with the help of piston reciprocating in a closely fitted cylinder. The
amount of liquid pumped is equal to the volume of liquid displaced by the piston. The
efficiency of a reciprocating pump is about 10 to 20% higher as compared to a comparable
centrifugal pump. Reciprocating pumps for industrial uses have almost become obsolete due
to their high capital cost and maintenance cost as compared to centrifugal pumps.
SINGLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP
The main components of a reciprocating pump as shown in fig. are as follow:
1. Suction Pipe
Suction pipe connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the reciprocating pump. The
liquid is sucked by this pipe from the source to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve
Suction valve is a non-return valve which means only one directional flow is possible in this
type of valve. This is placed between suction pipe inlet and cylinder. During suction of
liquid it is opened and during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe
Delivery pipe connects the cylinder of the pump to the outlet source. The liquid is delivered
to the desired outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve
Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between cylinder and delivery pipe outlet. It is
in a closed position during suction and in an open position during discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder
A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. Arrangement of piston and piston rod is
inside this cylinder. Suction and release of liquid takes place in this so, both suction and
delivery pipes along with valves are connected to this cylinder.
6. Piston and Piston Rod
Piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forward inside the hollow
cylinder to perform suction and deliverance of liquid. Piston rod helps the piston to its linear
motion.
7. Crank and Connecting Rod
 Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to a power source like motor, engine etc. for
its rotation. Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston as a result the rotational motion
of the crank gets converted into linear motion of the piston.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: A single acting reciprocating pump shown in fig. 7.7 has one
suction pipe and one delivery pipe. Let initially the crank is at inner dead centre (L.D.C.) and
let the crank rotates in the clockwise direction. As the crank rotates, the piston moves towards
right and a vacuum is created on the left side of the piston due to which the suction valve gets
open and the liquid is forced into the left side of the piston from the sump. When the crank is
at outer dead centre (O.D.C.), the suction stroke is completed and the left side of the piston is
full of liquid. Now, when the crank rotates from O.D.C. to I.D.C., the piston moves towards
left and high pressure is built up in the cylinder. Therefore, the suction valve closes and the
delivery valve opens. The liquid is forced to the discharge tank through the delivery pipe. At
the end of the delivery stroke, the crank comes to I.D.C. and the piston is at the extreme left
position.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
The hydraulic machine converts mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of
centrifugal force acting on the liquid is called centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump works
on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is
rotated by an external torque, the pressure head of rotating liquid rises. This rise in pressure
head at any polor of rotating liquid is proportional to the tangential velocity of liquid at that
point i.e. rise in pressure head= Thus at the outlet of the impeller, the rise in pressure head will
be more and the liquid can be lifted to a higher level.

A centrifugal pump shown in fig. consists of the following main components:

CONSTRUCTION:
 1. Impeller: Impeller is the rotating part of the centrifugal pump mounted on a shaft. It
consists of a series of backward curved vanes.
2. Casing: Casing is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a way
that the kinetic energy of water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into
pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. The casings
may be of following types:
(i) Volute Casing: In this type of casing shown in fig. E-8.1, the area of flow gradually
increases from impeller outlet to the delivery pipe so as to reduce the velocity of flow. The
decrease in velocity increases the pressure of liquid flowing through the casing.
(ii) Vortex Casing: In this type of casing shown in fig. E-8.2, circular chamber is provided
between the impeller and the volute chamber. The circular chamber is known as the vortex
chamber. The vortex chamber converts some of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. The
volute chamber further increases the pressure energy.
(iii) Casing with Guide Blades: In this type of casing shown in fig. E-8.3, impeller is
rounded by a series of guide blades mounted on a ring called a diffuser. The liquid leaving the
impeller passes through the passage having a gradually increasing area between guide blades.
The velocity of flow decreases and kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy.
3. Foot Valve: A foot valve is a non-return valve installed in a pump suction or at the bottom
of pipelines to prevent water from flowing backward when the pump is off. This also helps
in priming.
4. Suction Pipe : Suction pipe is an airtight pipe which connects the centre/eye of the impeller
to the sump from which liquid is to be lifted. A strainer is provided at the lower end of the
pipe to prevent the entry of solid particles, debris etc. into the pump
.5. Delivery Pipe: The pipe which leads the liquid from the pump outlet to the required height
is known as delivery pipe. A regulating valve is provided on the delivery pipe to regulate the
supply of liquid
WORKING:The working of centrifugal pump is explained as follows:
1. The delivery valve is closed. The pump is then primed i.e. suction pipe, casing and delivery
pipe upto delivery valve is filled with the liquid to be lifted so that no air is left.
2. Keeping the delivery valve still closed, the impeller is rotated by an electric motor. The
rotation of the impeller causes strong suction at the eye of the casing.
3. After the impeller obtains normal speed, the delivery valve is opened and liquid passes
through the eye of the casing to enter the impeller vanes at their inlet tips. This liquid is
impelled out by rotating vanes and it comes into the casing.
4. From the casing, the liquid passes to the delivery pipe and is lifted to the required height.
5. When the pump is to be stopped, the delivery valve should be first closed, otherwise, there
may be some backflow from the delivery tank.
HEADS AND EFFICIENCIES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
1. Suction Head: The vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the
water surface in the tank from where water is to be lifted as shown in fig. is called suction
head It is generally denoted by hs
2. Delivery Head: The vertical distance between the centre line of the pump and the water
surface in the tank to which water is to be delivered as shown in fig. is called delivery
head. It is generally denoted by hd
3. Static Head: The sum of suction head and delivery head is called static head. It is
generally denoted by Hs.
Hs = hs + hd
4. Manometric Head: The head against which a centrifugal pump works is called
manometric head. It is generally denoted by Hm
Hm = hs + hd + hfs + hfd + vd2/ 2g
hs = Suction head
hd = Delivery head
hfs = Loss of head due to friction in Suction pipe.
 hfd = Loss of head due to friction in Delivery pipe.
Vd = velocity of water in the delivery pipe.

5. Efficiencies of a Centrifugal Pump: Followings are the important efficiencies of

centrifugal pump:
(i) Manometric Efficiency: The ratio of manometric head to the head impaired by impeller to
the water is called manometric efficiency. It is generally denoted by ηman

ηman = Manometric head / Head imparted by impeller to water

Manometric efficiency may also be defined as the ratio of power given to water at the outlet
of pump to the power available at the impeller

(ii) Mechanical Efficiency: The ratio of power available at the impeller to the power
available at the shaft of centrifugal pump is called mechanical efficiency of centrifugal pump.
It is generally denoted by ηm

Mechanical efficiency,, ηm = (Power available at impeller) / (Power available at shaft)

(iii) Overall Efficiency: The ratio of power output of the centrifugal pump to the per input to
the centrifugal pump is called overall efficiency of centrifugal pump. It is generally denoted
by ηo

Overall efficiency, ηo = ηman X ηm

SPECIFICATIONS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The following specifications are required for selecting a centrifugal pump:
1. Discharge in litres/s.
2.Total head which includes suction head, delivery head, friction and other losses etc.
3. Type of liquid to be handled i.e. fresh water, viscous liquid or solids in suspension.
4. Field of application i.e. irrigation, boiler feed, condenser circulation etc.
5. Motive power to be used ie electric motor or I.C. engine.

S. Trouble Reasons of Trouble Remedial Measures

No

1. Pump fails to i) No proper priming i) Reprime the pump.

start. ii) Very low speed.
iii) Clogging of either
strainer or impeller.
iv) Opposite direction of
rotation of impeller.
v) Total static head is more
ii) Increase the speed.
iii) Change the strainer and clean
the impeller.
iv) Change direction of rotation of
impeller.
v) Change a new pump. than the
specified head.

2. Pump first starts i) High suction lift. i) Lower the suction lift.
and then stops ii) Presence of air in suction ii) Prime the pump to remove air.
pumping. pipe.
iii) Leakage of suction pipe. iii) Stop the leakage by seals etc.

3. Pump consumes i) High speed. i) Run on specified speed

 too much power. ii) High viscosity of liquid. ii) Use the right pump for given
liquid.
iii) Mechanical defects iii) Repair the defective parts.
Bending of shaft).
iv) Low head. iv) Replace the pump.

4. Pump is not i) Suction of air into the i) Stop suction of air from outside
working upto pump from outside. by seals etc.
pressure capacity. ii) Excessive wear and tear ii) Change the worn out parts or
and of bearing rings. defective parts.

5. Noise in operation i) Cavitation. i) Reduce the high pressure at eye.

of pump. ii) Shaft misalignment. ii) Make perfect alignment..
iii) Packing of the stuffing iii) Provide proper packing.
box may be defective.

6. Overheating of the (i) Shaft misalignment. i) Make perfect alignment.

pump. (ii) Poor lubrication. ii) Use specified lubricants.
(iii) Defective bearings. iii) Change bearings. defective

7. Reduced i) Leakage of air. i) Stop leakage of air,

discharge. ii) Very high suction lift. ii) Reduce the suction lift.
iii) Foreign matter in the iii) Clean the impeller.
impeller.
iv) Foot valve too small. iv) Change foot valve,

8. Pressure not i) Presence of air pockets.
enough ii) Mechanical defects like
defective bearings.
iii) Very small diameter of
the impeller.
iv) Total head more than the
specified head.
i) Make the pump air tight.
ii) Change defective parts.
iii) Use impeller of the correct
size.
iv) Change the pump

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND RECIPROCATING PUMP

S. No. Centrifugal Pump Reciprocating Pump

1. It is steady in operation and delivery is It is intermittent in operation and

continuous and smooth. delivery pulsating and fluctuating.

2. It is used for large discharge and small It is used for small discharge and
heads. high heads.

3. It operates at high speeds. It operates at low speeds.

4. It has few accessories and hence Due to more parts, maintenance cost
maintenance cost is low. is high and frequent.

5. Initial cost is less. Initial cost is approximately four

times that of a centrifugal pump.

6. It is used for lifting highly viscous liquids. It is used for lifting less viscous
liquids free from impurities.
 HYDRAULIC RAM
A hydraulic ram is a pump which lifts a small quantity of water to a greater height from a
large quantity of water at a smaller height. It works on the principle of water hammer i.e.
when water flowing in a long pipe is brought to rest suddenly by closing the valve or by any
other similar cause there will be a sudden rise in pressure due to destruction of momentum of
moving water which raises a small quantity of water to a greater height.

Construction: A hydraulic ram shown in fig. consists of the following parts:

1. A supply pipe fitted with an inlet valve which connects the water in the supply tank to the
valve chamber.
2. A valve chamber fitted with two non-return valves i.e. a waste valve and a delivery valve.
3. An air vessel containing compressed air.
4. A delivery pipe connecting the air vessel to the delivery tank.

Working: When the inlet valve is opened, the water flows from the supply tank to the valve
chamber. The level of water rises in the chamber and the waste valve starts moving upward. A
stage comes when the waste valve suddenly closes. This sudden closure of the waste valve
creates high pressure inside the valve chamber. This high pressure forcibly opens the delivery
valve and the water enters the air vessel and compresses the air inside the air vessel. This
compressed air exerts force on the water in the air vessel and a small quantity of water is
raised to a greater height as shown in fig. When the water in the chamber loses its momentum,
the waste valve opens the downward direction and water flows from the supply tank to the
chamber and the cycle is repeated.

HYDRAULIC JACK
A hydraulic jack is a device which is used to lift a very heavy load by the application of
smaller force applied by hand. It is commonly used to change the tyres of a four wheeler.
Hydraulic Jack Working is based on Pascal’s principle. That is, the pressure applied to a fluid
stored in a container will be distributed equally in all directions. The important components of
a hydraulic jack are cylinders, a pumping system, and hydraulic fluid(oil is used commonly).
The hydraulic jack fluid is selected by considering certain fluid properties like viscosity,
thermal stability, filterability and more. If a compatible hydraulic fluid is selected, it will offer
maximum performance, self-lubrication, and smooth operation. The hydraulic jack design will
contain two cylinders(one small and another big) connected to each other using pipings. Both
cylinders are filled partially using hydraulic fluids. While applying a small pressure on the
smaller cylinder, the pressure will be transmitted equally to the larger cylinder through the
incompressible fluid. Now, the larger cylinder will experience a force multiplication effect.
The force exerted on all points of both cylinders will be the same. But, the force produced by
the larger cylinder will be higher and it is directly proportional to the surface area. Other than
cylinders, a hydraulic jack will contain a pumping system to push fluid into a cylinder through
a one-way valve. This valve will restrict the backflow of hydraulic fluid from the cylinder.
The pressure is defined as force per unit area. Therefore, if a body has two endpoints different
areas, say A1 and A2

Such that A1 < A2

Then, According to Pascal’s law,
P1=P2
P1=P2
Which means,

Thus, the lifting force F2 is greater than the applied force F1

This is the principle behind a hydraulic jack.