EE-118-Basic Electricity and Electronics

Lecture No:16
Dr.Saqib Jamshed Rind

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Automotive and Marine Engineering
 Lecture Contents

After completing this lecture student should know about:

• Magnetic Fields
• Some Application Areas
• Flux Density, Permeability, Reluctance
• Magneto-motive Force, Magnetizing Force
• Magnetic Field Laws
• Inductors and its Transient operation
 Magnetic Fields
Flux distribution for a permanent magnet.

Flux distribution for two adjacent, opposite poles.

 Magnetic Fields
Effect of a ferromagnetic sample on the flux distribution of a
permanent magnet.

Flux distribution for two adjacent, like poles.

 Magnetic Fields
Magnetic flux lines around a current-carrying conductor.

Flux distribution of a single-turn coil.

Some Areas of Application of Magnetic Effects
 Flux Density & Permeability
The number of flux lines per
unit area is called the flux
density, is denoted by the
capital letter B, and is
measured in teslas.
The Permeability for free space is

The permeability (μ) of a

material, therefore, is a Diamagnetic
measure of the ease with which Paramagnetic
magnetic flux lines can be
established in the material. Ferromagnetic
 Relative Permeability & Reluctance
The ratio of the permeability of a material to that of free space is
called its relative permeability.

The reluctance of a material to the setting up of magnetic flux

lines in the material is determined by the following equation:
Ohm’s Law & Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit:

Magneto-motive Force:
 Magnetizing Force
The magnetomotive force per unit length is called the
Magnetizing Force (H).

The flux density and the magnetizing force are related by the
following equation:
 Ampère’s Circuital Law
There is a broad similarity between the analyses of electric and
magnetic circuits.
Ampère’s Circuital Law
Faraday’s Law Of Electromagnetic Induction
If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field so that it cuts
magnetic lines of flux, a voltage will be induced across the
conductor. The greater the number of flux lines cut per unit time
or the stronger the magnetic field strength the greater will be the
induced voltage across the conductor.
If a coil of N turns is placed in the region of a changing flux a
voltage will be induced across the coil as determined by
Faraday’s law:
 LENZ’S LAW
Lenz’s law, which states that
“An induced effect is always such as to oppose the cause that
produced it”
The induced effect (e ) is a result of the increasing current
ind

through the coil. However, the resulting induced voltage will tend
to establish a current that will oppose the increasing change in
current through the coil. Keep in mind that this is all occurring
simultaneously.
 Inductor and Self-Inductance

Inductor is a passive energy

storing device which stores the
energy in the form of magnetic
field.
Inductors are coils of various
dimensions designed to
introduce specified amounts of
inductance into a circuit.

The ability of a coil to oppose

any change in current is a
measure of the self-inductance
L of the coil.
 R-L Transients: Storage Cycle
An ideal inductor (Rl=0 ) assumes a short-circuit equivalent in a
dc network once steady-state conditions have been established.
 R-L Transients: Storage Cycle
The equation for the current iL during the storage phase is the
following
 Inductors in Series and Parallel
For inductors in series:

For inductors in parallel:

 Energy Stored by an Inductor
The ideal inductor, like the ideal capacitor, does not dissipate the
electrical energy supplied to it. It stores the energy in the form of
a magnetic field.
A plot of the voltage, current, and power to an inductor is shown
in Fig.
 Lecture Summary
In this lecture we have discussed:
• Magnetic Fields
• Some Application Areas
• Flux Density, Permeability, Reluctance
• Magneto-motive Force, Magnetizing Force
• Magnetic Field Laws
• Inductors and its Transient operation
 Text Books & References

1) Electric Circuits by TF Bogart latest edition

2) Introductory Circuit Analysis by Robert L. Boylestad, 9th Ed.
3) Engineering Circuit Analysis by WH Hayt