ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 ASNT STANDARD 2O2O0 es TOPICAL OUTLINES FOR QUALIFICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING PERSONNEL The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc. ASNT...Creating a Safer World!®Copyright © 2020 by The American Sociely for Nondestructive Testing, Tore enact for Nondestructive Testing inc. ASNT] ol responsible forthe authenticly or accuracy of information Ore ult opinions anc stalements do nol necessciyrfect the opinion of ASNT Prods O sores he oe cod ©c mentioned do not camy the endorsement or ecommendation of ASN preteens Rubication may be reproduced cr ransmilled in ony form, by means eleckoic or mechanical Ineludng Featng ere feeatcing oF oeruia, without the exesied prior wifen permission of The Amerioen Socbly le Nenntcshuctive Testing Ine FC a ack the NOT Technician and asnorg are Hademerks ofthe Ametican Society for Nondestuctve Tosthg ne Are SN, level Study Guide, Materials Evaluation. Nondeshuctive Testing Handbook, Reseeren i Nexenete ae Evaluation, ond RNDE ore registered trademarks of The American Sociol for Nondestructive Toole Fist printing 06/20 ‘2b00k 06/20 Foca Te fos pining, may be obtained om ASNT's website, osnl.rg. Ebooks Conlin al cmrections and! updates, including the latest enota, ISBN: 978-1.57117-471-0 (print) SBN: 978-1.57117-472-7 (ebook) Printed in the United States of America Published by: The American Society for Nondestuctive Testing ine 1711 aringote Lone Columbus, OH 43228-0518 asntorg Publications Team: Toni Kervina, Director af Publications Editor Cynthio M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor Bob Conn, Educational Materia’ Ector Production: oy Grimm, Production Manager Synihia Jester, Graphic Designer and Wustrator ASNT Mission Statement ASNT «6 fo create 0 Soler world by advoncing scienlite, engineering, and lechrical knowed testing in the field of nondestuctive ASNT Code of Ethics Protector cn eas Eines wes developed to provide members ofthe Society with broad ethical statements to guide thet Faron el ond in werd, each ASNT member is responsible for knowing and adhering fo the vohoes ood cord rebate tea geiel's Code, Mere information, os wel asthe complete venion of the Code of Ethics can be icoce on seo websie, csnl.orgANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 American National Standard ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel Scoreariat ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Ine, Approved November 7, 2019 ‘American National Standards Institute Abstract ‘This standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the technical principles underlying non- destructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities within the scope oftheir employment. These specific tasks or jobs include, but are not limited to, performing, specifying, reviewing, monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work. ‘To the extent applicable tothe standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondlesteuctive Testing Ine, (ASNT) does not assume the validity oF invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights, rgistered trademarks or copyrights in connection with any item referred to in this standard, study materials, or examinations, Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are futher cautioned and expressly advised that determination of the validity o enforceability of any such patent rights, trademarks, or copyrights, and the risk ofthe infringement of such rights through misuse of protected materials are the esponsibility of the user. Reference to or pic- torial depiction of specific types of products or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do not represent the endorsement of such products or equipment by ASNT. Employers os utler persons uiizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned thal they retain fll esponsibility for ultimate determi- nation ofthe qualifications of NDT personnel and for the certification process. The process of personnel qualification andl certification as detailed inthe standard does not relieve the employer ofthe ultimate legal responsibilty to ensure that the NDT personnel ate fully qh fed forthe tasks being undertaken, ‘This standard is subject to revision or withdrawal atANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ‘American National Standard Approval ofan American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due ‘process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer Consensus is established when, inthe judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by rectly and materially affected interests, Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. ‘Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of Ametican National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence doesnot in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing oF using products, processes, or products nol conforming to the standards, The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the ight or authority a issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standaeds Institte. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time, The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of ‘American National Standards may receive current information onal standards by calling or writing the American National Standards InstituteFOREWORD (This foreword is not part of American National Standard CP-105-2020,) ‘An essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) isthe qualification ofthe personnel who are responsible for and ‘who perform nondestructive testing. Formal training isan important and necessary element in acquiring the skills necessary to effectively perform nondestructive tests ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Ine. (ASNT) has, therefore, undertaken the preparation and publication ofthis standard, ‘which specifies the body of knowledge to be used as part of a training program qualifying and certifying NDT personnel In 2018 ASNT accepted the ASTM £1316 definitions of calibration and standa follows © Calibration is the comparison (which may include adjustment) ofa test instrument to a known reference that is normally traceable to some recognized authority (ex, NIST). Calibration is typically performed by an organization considered qualified todo s0 (eg, an accredited laboratory, or in some cases, the instrument manufacturer) at a determined, periodic interval, Calibration of electronic instrumentation typically involves verification of the linearity of the instrument's response over ts usable range © Sturularieation s typlally completed prior to performing an NDI test, and may also be performed at times curing the performance ofthe test and atthe completion of the test as a validation of proper instrument operation. It is the adjustinent of an NDT instrument Using a reference standard (that contains a known condition) to obtain oF establish a known and reproducible response. tion for use init publications. These terms are use as ASNT CP.105: ASNT Standard Topical Outines for Qualiation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel was inaly processed and approved for submital tothe American National Standards institute (ANSD by the ASNT Standards Development Committe This revision was processed by the ASNT Standards Development Committe. Committee approval of the standard does ot necessarily imply that ll com ittee members voted fr its approval. At the ime it approved this standard, the Standards Development Comite had the following members Michael B, MeDaniel, Chair Ronald T. Nisbet, Vice Chait ian D. Frye, Secretary, Ex-Officio James Bennett, Ex-Officio James Gerry Churchwell, Paul B. Deods fr Darrell W. Haris Raymond G. Morasse ‘Michael J. Ruddy Henry M. Stephens, J. Marvin W. Trimm Michael L, Tursbow David H, VaughnANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 ‘he outlines contained in this American National Standard were approved by the ASNT Technical and Education (T&E) Couneil through its method comnittees. At the time the standard was approved, the T&E Council, Methods Division had the following members: Methods Division Ground Penetrating Radar Leak Testing Committee David G. Moore, Chair Committee Mark A. jobnson, Chair Kut J. teinhagen, Chair “Anthony J. Heine, Vice Char ‘Acoustic Emission Commitee Sreenivas Alampal Michadl J. Bolton Lawrence W, Gill Chair James Althauset Hadar J. Briggs Gerard Hacker, Vice Chair Jan Jose Bohorguer Benjamin Brown Claudio Allevato Michael J. Dae Travis Dreyfoos Athanasia Anastasopoulos Peter G, Masters Gary R. Elder Fadi Basia Raymond G, Morse Darrell W. Hates ere Ricky L, Monga Dietmar F. Henning Jason Dong Guided Wave Testing Committee unl MAGN John C. Duke, Jr. Jason K. Van Veleor, Chair yenlee Mather Valery F.Godines-Ascuaga Michael J. Quarry, Viee Chat Raise ccitet Richard, Gostautas David Alleyne Kane M. Mordaunt Austonios Kontos David R. Bala Venkat N. Kaman David E. Kosnik adi Hasna Todd B.Sellmer Margarit G. Lozev John Z. Chen Paul B. Shaw James R Mitchell David R. Dechene Greg Sides Gang Q1 Nat ¥. Farsi Vilay Srinivasan Gordon L. Schneider Jimmy Hong Donald J. Tapp Hermana Schubert Huidong Gao eee “kl Cosku Gokew Magnelle Flux Leakage Committee Samuel] Ternowchek Robert Gordon Timothy Seot Rosch, Chair James 1, Walker Pal Jackson Russell W. Pack, Viee Chie Danny L Keck Martin. Anderson Hlectromagnetics Committee Matt Kidd David R Bajula AnioneteY. Bailey, Chae Doron Kisboni David R Blosser Michael C. Swit, Vie Chair Glenn M. Light Joseph R.Clasen Allert 8 Birks Kevinn James Morgan ‘William Dake Michael C. Broven Michael J. Murray Dacrell W. Haris James R, Cahill Ronald Thomas Nisbet ‘Max Harrisson_ Robert F. Cameron Kevin Robert Ostergen Danny L. Keck Jame Cox Peter Rosencrana Brock Mackin claude D. Davis Allen Edward Scuele Joseph Le Mackin Guenther Dial Dirk Schumann Gris, Pana Dae Mike J. Sternik Hussein Sadek iaowei He Mauricio Vargas Ram P. Samy Gary B, Heath Sergey Vinogradov Richaed E. Schram Wiliam G, Hoffmann Ke Wang Bharath Kumar Kodarmuru Tony Me Webb Magnetic Patlicle/tiquid Penetrant Martin C. Luge Committee John A. Makanich Loser Methods Commitee isa M. Prce-Beuemmer, Se Michael J Ruddy Joh W. Newman, Chair Tracy L. Alger Watd D. Rummel Bennett Ferman, Vice Chair Raymond D, Beery I David E, Russel lynn Spears, Secretary Michael Bolton ‘Hrusein Me Sadek Fai Basia Richard A, Bordelon Michael C. Smith Michael Collingwood Lis Brasche Roderic K Stanley Matt Crompton John C. Brausch Ankit Vaipayee dgardo D. ereer Mare Bret Andrew P. Washabaugh Roger Gregory Gina R Cavell Paul J. Kulowitch Brenda. Collins ‘Thorsten Sieber Paula J Daly Terry R Tamberg Claude D. Davis ‘Andreas Welz Chases W. Bick [Nat ¥. ParanssoParrish A, Furr David Geis Samuel C. Heller 11) Etle D, Heary Lisa Henry Steve L Herfurth George M. Hopman Bruce G, Isaacson Bradley S. Kienlen Akin Arif Koksal Douglas G. Krauss James A. Kretzler Brian D. Laite “Thomas J. Larkin Brock Mackin Joseph L. Mackin James A. MacMfillan ‘Arnold G. Marquez, Bogene G. Miller Douglas C. Miskell David G. Moore William E. Mooz Ronald D. Mosburg ‘Thomas A. Mullen L. Nelson Kaylie Page Jonathan Pasqua Luis Alfredo Payao Peter E. Pelayo Robert F. Plumstead Willian C, Plumstead, Jr Juan Carlos Ruiz-Rico Ward D. Rummel Richard L. Seals Robert Siegel James J Sieger Iwan S. Tenev Lovie Walter Kevin D, Wolosryk Microwave Commitiee Robert J. Woodward, Chair Jack R. Lite J, Vice Chair Jacques 1. Brignac Joseph T. Case William A. lingson Ryan Goitia Brian J. Gray Shant Kenderian James Knowles Jouni Koivumalt Donald McNicol Ken Murphy ‘william Neyer Prakash B. Pahilajani Karl F. Schmidt, J Robin Sloan Marvin W. Trimin Larry Weigel Penetrating Radiation Committee Michael V, McGloin, Chair Lance K. Armistead, Vice Chair Bryan K. Shumway, Secretary John P. Barton Hasina Bilheux Richard H. Boss! “Edward J. Briggs David L. Culbertson Jobn P. Ellegood Nat ¥. Faransso Robett A. Feole ‘Trey Gordon Darrell W. Harris David P, Harvey George Kenneth Hodges Edward Jimenex Danny L. Keck Bradley 8, Kienlen ‘Claudia V. Kropas-Hughes Kevin L. MeChy Scott McClain avid G. Moore ‘Thomas A. Mullen Robert F. Plumstead James E.Prindiville Kyle D. Stoll Kyle R. Thompson Jefirey T. Wiswesser Thermal/Infrared Testing ‘Commitee 1, Terry Clausing, Chair Albert A. Obliges, Vice Chair Daniel R Ryan, Secretary James Gerry Churchwell Devon D. Clausing ‘Tyler Holmes Gary Orlove Steven M. Shepard Uttrasonics Committee Doron Kishoni, Chair Ricky L. Morgan, Vice Chair David Alleyne David R. Bajula Yoseph Bar-Coben John A. Bruni James R. Cabill Eugene J. Chemma Andriy M. Chertov ‘Thomas N. Claytor (Claude D. Davis B. Boro Djordjevic Josh de Monbrun David R. Dechene Robert D.Dille James B. Elder IIE Louis J. Eliott ‘Nat Y. Faransso Philip B Fish Jerry Falin Parish A, Fore Michael Gardner Matthew J. Golis ‘Amos E. Holt ‘Morteza K. Jafar Danny L, Keck John J. Kinsey Brian D. Laite Glenn M. Light Eric A. Lindgren John A. Long, Joseph L. Mackin David A. Mandina Thomas E. MeConomy Michael A. McKinley Scott D. Miller Billy G, Musgraves Ronald T, Nisbet Luis Alleedo Payano Robert F, Plumstead Mark R, Pompe Jay C. Richardson Scott D. Ritzheimer Robert L. Saunders Simon D. Senibi “Andrew D, Smith Graham H. Thomas Brad S, Whiteleather ‘Andrew J. Woodrow Vibration Analysis Committee Kenneth Starry, Chair Edward F, Nolte Tl, Vice Chair James Briceo Keith A. Evans Frederick M. Gallardo Brian Graney Gregory Lee Robert Miller Albert A. Obliger Michael Sigley Visval Testing Committee Dietmar F. Henning, Chair Bruce G. Crouse, Vice Chair Russell W. Pack, Secretary Michael W. Allgaier Nat ¥. Faransso. Richard C. Hooper Joseph L. Mackin ‘Walter R, Matulewice David J. VigneANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020CONTENTS AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD . FOREWORD. . SUMMARY OF CHANGES...........065 SCOPE Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines 3 Acoustic Emission Testing Level Il Topical Outline 4 Acoustic Emission Testing Level il Topical Outiine. . 6 ‘Acoustic Emission Testing, Level |, and Il Training References 8 Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines . Alterating Current Fold Measurement Testing Level | Topical Outing cee u Alternating Curren! Field Measurement Testing Level II Topical Outline 12 Eddy Current Testing Level | Topical Outine sees 12 Eddy Current Testing Level il Topical Outline. cee ceeseeeee lB Remote Field Testing Level! Topical Outline 4 Remote Field Testing Level I Topical Outline . 15 Etectromagnetic Testing Level ll Topical Outline . . . 216 Electromagnetic Testing Method, Level II, and Ill Training References 7 Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines . Ground Penetrating Radar Level | Topical Outiine. 9 Ground Penetrating Radar Level Il Topical Outtine : : 20 Ground Penetrating Radar Level Il Topical Outline . at 20 Ground Penetrating Rador Method, Level I, and il Tiining References 2 Guided Wave Testing Topical Outlines. .... Guided Wave Levell| Topical Outline Guided Wave Testing Level II Topical Outline ... : cee 23 Guided Wave Testing Level Il Topical Outine. 5 24 Guided Wave Testing, Level | Il and Il Training References. . 25 Laser Methods Testing Topical Outlines . ee 27 Laser Method Testing ~ Holography/Shearagraphy Level Topical Outing. a7 Holography/Shearagraphy Level Il Topical Outline : 20 Holography/Shearography Level i Topical Outline 32 Holography/Shearography Level | I and Ill raining References cece 34 Loser Methods Testing ~ Profilometty Level | Topical Outline .... 35 Laser Methods Testing - Profilometry Level Il Topical Outine ceeeesee 35 Laser Methods Testing ~ Profilometty Level il Topical Outiine cesses 36 Laser Methods Testing - Profilometty, Level |, I, and Ill Training References . 36ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 Leak Testing Topical Outlines . oe 37 Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course. : : : 39 Leak Testing Level Il Topical Outine a 39 Leak Testing Level Il Topical Outline vores 4 Leak resting, Lovel | I and i raining References eee “a Liquid Penetrant Testing Topical Outlines. . Liquid Penetrant Testing Leve! | Topical Outiine cece AS Liquid Penetrant Testing Level Il Topica! Outline 45 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level Il Topical Outing. . 45 Liquid Penetrant Testing, Level |. Il, and Il Training References. Mb Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Topical Outlines Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level | Topical Outline 51 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level Il Topical Outline. 51 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level il Topical Outline . 52 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing, Level | I, and lll raining References 52 ‘Magnetic Particle Testing Topical Outlines . 5 ‘Magnetic Particle Testing Level Topical Outline cecieeteesees a ‘Magnetic Particle Testing Level Il Topical Outing... cee AB Magnetic Particle Testing Level i Topical Outline 9 Magnetic Particle Testing, Level | I, and It Training References 9 Microwave Testing Topical Outlines . te Microwave Technology Testing Level Topical Outine : : 83 Microwave Technology Testing Level Topical Outline ....... --53 Microwave Technology Testing Level Il Topical Outline 1M ‘Microwave Technology Testing, Level I, and Ill taining References, . . 55 Neutron Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines . cee Neutron Radiographic Testing Level | Topical Outine cece 7 Neulron Radiographic Testing Level il Topical Outline... .. 58 Neutron Radiographic Testing Level il Topical Outline... 60 Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I I, and Il Training References cecee veneers 60 Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines Radiographic Testing Level | Topical Outline 3 Radiographic Testing Level Ii Topical Outline 64 Computed Radiography Level | Topical Outtine. Goo . cee 66 Computed Radiography Level Il Topical Outline 67 Compvted Tomography Level | Topical Outline or Computed Tomography Level Il Topical Outtine cece 68 Digital Radiography Level | Topical Outiine cee Digital Radiography Level Il Topical Outline : 70 Radiographic Testing Level ll Topical Oultine 2 Radiographic Testing, Level | I, and Il Training References 274 mited Certification for Radiographic Film Interpretation Topical Outlines ......... 75Radiographic Technique Course Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines Thermal/infrared Testing Level | Topical Outine Thermai/infrared Testing Level i Topical Outine Thermal/infrared Testing Level Il Topical Outline Thermal/Infrared Testing, Level |, I, cnd lll raining References Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines Uttrasonic Testing Level | Topical Outline Uttrasonie Testing Level Il Topical Outline Full Matrix Capture Ultrasonic Testing Level Il Topicol Outline Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing Level l Topical Outline Time of Fight Diffraction Level Il Topical Outline. Uttrasonic Testing Level il Topical Outiine. Uttrasonic Testing, Level | il, and ill Training References. Limited Certification for Ultrasonic Digital Thickness Measurement Topical Outline. Limited Certification for Ultrasonic A-scan Thickness Measurement Topical Outline Vibration Analysis Topical Outlines... . Vibration Analysis Level | Topical Outiine Vibration Analysis Level Il Topical Outline Vibration Analysis Level il Topical Outine Vibration Analysis, Level Il, and Ill raining References Visual Testing Topical Outlines . . Visual Testing Level | Topical Outline: Visual Testing Level Il Topical Outline Visual Testing Level il Topical Outline : Visual Testing, Level I I, and Il Training References Basic Topical Outlines ....... Basic Examination Level i fopical Outline Basic Excmination Training References Predictive Maintenance Topical Outlines . PdM Basic Examination Level Il Topical Outine Basics of Common PdM Methods Training References Appendix A. Radiographic Safety . Radiographic Safety Contents 75 76 7 7 78 82 84 88 99 -90 a 92 96 9% 97 99 99 9 100 =101 = 103 103 103 104 106 107 107 no m m 2 us 15 xiANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 SUMMARY OF CHANGES CP-105 2020 Edition 1 Where applicable in each outline, new terms “Calibration” and “Standardization definitions of these terms, refer to either SNT-TC-1A (2020) or CP-189 (2020) adopted from ASTM E1316, have been used. For 2. ‘Throughout all applicable outines, “gages” was changed to “gauges.” 3, ‘Throughout all applicable outines, “white light” was changed to “visible light.” 4. Throughout all applicable outlines, “black light” was changed to “UV light, Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course 5. Page 4, paragraph 3.1, changed examples of "Guide-type standards" from “glossaries, calibration, ec” to “glossaries, user manuals, Laser Methods Basic Operating Course — Measurement standardization 6, Page 28 paragraph 1.4.1, changed the mapping screen resolution from “paet resolution” to “inspection area.” 7. Page 28 paragraph 1.4.2, clarified meaning by changing line to read “Accounting for shear vector when making measurements.” 8, Page 28 paragraph 1.4.3, changed "manual calibration” to “manual vdeo scale and shear standardization.” 9, Page 28 paragraph 1.4.4, clatfied meaning by changing “Spot projection calibration” to “Automatic video scale and shear standardization via spot projection.” 10 Page 28, paragraph 1.4.5, changed “Recalibration requirements” to "Video scale and shear measurement limitations.” Holography/Shearography Level Ill Topical Outline — Measurement standardization 11, Page 33, paragraph 2.5.1 changed the mapping screen resolution from “part resolution” to “inspection are.” 12, Page 33 paragraph 2.5.2, clarified meaning by changing “Accounting for shear vector” to "Accounting for shear vector when making, 13, Page 33 paragraph 2.53, changed “Manual calibration” to “Manual video scale and shear standardization.” 14, Page 33 paragraph 2.5.4, clarified meaning by changing “Spot projection calibration” to "Automatic video scale and sheat standardization via spot projection, 15, Page 33 paragraph 255, change ‘Recalibration requirements" to “Video scale and shear measurement limitations. Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines 16, Pages 89-90, new content, Full Matrix Capture Ulrasonic Testing Level I Topical Outline. Visual Testing Level Il Topical Outline 17, Page 103, a new paragraph was added to the introduction explaining the need to cover both Level I and Level Il topics.SCOPE ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel 1.0 Scope 1.1" This standard establishes the minimum topical outline requirements forthe qualification of nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel 1.2 This standard details the minimum training course content for NDT personnel 1.3 The amount of time spent on each topic in each method should be determined by the NDT’ Level I and the applicable certification document, ‘hese topical outlines are progressive; ie consideration as Levet Ils based on satisfactory completion ofthe Level I training course; consideration as Level Ils based on satisfactory completion of both Levelland Level Il taining courses. Topics in the oulines may be deleted or expanded to meet the employers specific applications or fr limited certification, unless stated otherwise bythe applicable certification procedure or written practice La 15ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020AE Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines Acoustic E1 Outlines sion Testing Level | Topical Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course 1.0 Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) 1.1. Characteristics of acoustic emission, 111 Continuous emission L2 Burst emission 1.1.3. Emission/signal levels and frequencies 1.2 Sources of acoustic emission 1.21 Sources in crystalline materials ~ introduction 1.2.2, Sources in nonmetal - introduction 1.23. Sources in composites ~ introduction 124 Other sources 1.3. Wave propagation ~ introduction 13.1 Wave velocity in materials 132 Attenuation 1.33. Reflections, multiple paths 1.34. Source input versus signal output 14 Repeated loadings: Kaiser and Felicity effects and Felicity ratio 1A. Tn metals 1.42. In composites 15 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, ASTM E1316) 20. Sensing the AE Wave 21 Sensors 2.11 Principles of operation 212 Construction 213 Frequency Sensor attachment 2.2.1 Coupling materials 22.2 Attachment devices Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course 1.0 Instrumentation and Signal Processing LL Cables 1AL1 Coaxial cable 112. Twisted pair cable 1.13 Noise problems in cables 114 Connectors 12 Signal conditioning 121. Preamplifiers 1.22 Amplifiers 123 Filters 1.24. Units of gain measurement 20 1.3. Signal detection 13. Threshold comparator 132. Units of threshold measurement 1.33 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or threshold 14. Signal processing 141 Waveform characteristics 142. Discrimination techniques 143 Distribution techniques LS. Source location techniques 1.51 Single-channel location 152 Linear location 153. Planar location 1.54. Other location techniques 1.6 Acoustic emission test systems 1.6.1. Single-channel systems 1.62. Multi-channel systems 1.63. Dedicated industrial systems 1.7 Accessory techniques 12.1 Audio indicators 1.72. X-¥ and strip-chart recording 173 Oscilloscopes 174 Others Acoustic Emission Test Techniques 2.1. Equipment standardization and setup for test 2.1. Standardization signal generation techniques 24.2 Standardization procedures 2.1.3. Sensor placement 2.14 Adjustment of equipment controls 215 Discrimination technique adjustments 22 Loading procedures 221 Typecof loading 222 Maximum test loed 223 Load holds 224 Repeated and programmed loadings 225 Rateofloading 23. Data display 2.31. Selection of display mode 2.32. Use and reading of different kinds of display 24. Noise sources and pre-test identification techniques 24,1 Blectromagnetic noise 242 Mechanical noise 25. Precautions against noise 25.1 Electrical shielding 252 Electronic techniques 25.3. Prevention of movement 254 Attenuating materials and applicationsANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 30 40 26 27 Data interpretation and evaluation: introduction 26.1. Separating relevant acoustic emission indications from noise 2.62. Acceptieject techniques and evaluation criteria Reports 27.1 Porpose 2.72 Content and structure Codes, Standards, and Procedures 34 32 33 Guide type standards (glossaries, user manual, etc.) Standardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures User-developed test procedures Applications of AE (course should include atleast three ‘categories from 4.1 and at least four categories from 4.2) 4l 42 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 412. Environmentally assisted cracking 413 414 ans 416 Dislocation movement (metas) (Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) Phase transformation and phase stability Creep 47 Residual stress 418 Corrosion 419 Fatigue 4.1.10 Rupture 4.1.11 Ductile/britle transition 4.1.12 Other material characterization applications Stractural applications 42.1 Pressure vessels (metal) 422. Storage tanks (metal) 42.3. Pressure vessels/storaye tanks (composite) 424 Piping and pipelines 425 Bucket trucks 426 Aircraft 42.7 Bridges 428 Mines 42.9. Dams, earthen slopes 42.10 Pumps, valves, ete 4.2.11 Rotating plant 4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 42.13 Leak detection and monitoring 42.14 Other structural applications Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical Outline Acoustic Emission Physics Course 1.0 Principles of AE Mi Characteristics of AE 1.1 Introductory concepts of source, propagation, ‘measurement, display, evaluation Relationships between AE and other NDT methods Significance of applied load in AE ‘Basic math review (exponents, graphing, metric units) 1a 13. 1a 12 13 1a Materials and deformation 1.21 Constitution of rysalline and noncrystalline materials 1.22. Stress and strain 1.23. Hlastic and plastic deformations crack growth Sources of acoustic emission 1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous emission 13.2. Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude 1.33. Sources in crystalline materials 1.33.1 Dislocations - plastic deformation 1332. Phase transformations 1333. Deformation twinning 1.334 Nonmetallic inclusions 1335. Subcrtial crack growth 1335.1. Suberiical crack growth under Increasing Yoad 13352. Ductile tearing under increasing load 13353. Fatigue crack initiation and growth, 13354 Hydrogen embritlement cracking 13355 Stress corrosion cracking 1.34 Sources in nonmetal 134.1. Microcracking 1342. Gross cracking 134.3 Crezing 1.344 Other sources in nonmetals 1.35. Sources in composites 135 Fiber breakage 135.2. Matex cracking 135.3 Fibersmatrix debonding 1354 Delamination 1355. Fiber pullout, relaxation 1356 Friction Other sources 136.1. Pressure leaks 1.362 Oxideand scale cracking 1363 Slag cracking 1364 Frictional sources 1365. Liquefaction and solidification 1.366 Loose pars, intermittent contact 1367 Hids and nonsolids 1368 Crack closure Wave propagation 14.1 Near-field impulse response 142. Modes of propagation 1.43 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction 144 Wave velocity in material 1.45. Anisotropic propagation in composites 146 Specimen geometry effects Aitenvation 15.1 Geometric atenuation 152. Dispersion 153. Scattering, diffraction 1154_Attenuation due to energy loss mechanisms 155. Attenuation versus frequency1.6 Kalser and Felicity effects, and Felicity ratio 164 In metals 162 In composites 41.63 In other materials, 17 Terminology (eefe to AB Glossary, ASTM E1316) 20. Sensing the AE Wave 2.1 Transducing processes (piezoelectricty, ete) 22. Sensors 22.1. Construction 222 Conversion efficiencies 2.23. Standardization (sensitivity curve) 23. Sensor attachment 23.1 Coupling materials 232 Attachment devices 23.3. Waveguides 24. Sensor utilization 24.1. Flat response sensors 242 Resonant response sensors 243. Integral-electeonics sensors 24.4. Special sensors (directional, mode responsive) 245. Sensor selection Acoustic Emission Technique Course 1.0. Instrumentation and Signal Processing 11 Cables LL Coaxial eable 1:12. Twisted pair cable 1.13 Optical fiber cable 114 Noise problems in cables 115 Impedance matching 1.16 Connectors nal conditioning 121 Preamplifiers 122. Amplifiers 123 Filters 1.24 Units of gain measurement 13 Signal detection 13. Threshold comparator 132. Units of threshold measurement 133. Sensitivity determined by gain andior threshold 14. Signal processing 1.1 Waveform characteristics 14.1 Amplitude analysis 14.12 Pulse duration analysis 4.13. Rise time analysis LALLA. Event and event rate processing TALS: MARSE 1.42. Diserimination techniques 143 Distribution techniques 1.5. Source location techniques 1.5.1 Single-channel location 1.52 Linear location 153. Planar location 154. Other location techniques 20 Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Ou 16 Acoustic emission test systems 1.6.1. Single-channel systems 1.62 Multi-channel systems 1.63. Dedicated industial systems 17 Accessory techniques 171 Audio indicators 172. X-Y and strip-chart recording 173. Oscilloscopes 174 Magnetic recorders 1.75 Others 1.8 Advanced signal processing techniques 1.8.1, Signal definition 1.82 Signal capture 41.83. Frequency analysis 184 Pattern recognition Acoustic Emission Test Techniques 2.1 Factors affecting test equipment selection 2.41 Material being monitored 2.12 Location and nature of emission 2.1.3. Type of information desired 2.14 Size and shape of est part 22 Equipment standardization and setup for test 221 Standardization signal generation techniques 222 Standardization procedures 22.3. Sensor selection and placement 224 Adjustment of equipment controls 225. Discrimination technique adjustments 23, Loading procedures 23.1 Type oflloading 2.32. Maximum test load 2.33 Load holds 23.4 Repeated and programmed loadings 235 Rate ofloading 24. Special test procedures 24.1. High temperature/low temperature tests 24.2 Interrupted tests including cyclic fatigue) 24.3 Long-term tests 244. Tests in high noise environments 25. Data display 25.1. Selection of display mode 25.2. Useand reading of different kinds of display 26 Noise sources and pretest identification techniques 26.1 Electromagnetic noise 2.62 Mechanical noise 2.7 Precautions against noise 27.1. Electrical shielding 2.72 Blectronic techniques 23.3. Prevention of movement 274 Attenuating materials and applications 28 Data interpretation 28.1 Recognizing noise inthe recorded data 282 Noise climination by data ftering techniques 283. Relevant and nonrelevant acoustic emission response 29. Data evaluation 2.9.1. Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/ejecting 2.9.2 Comparison with standardization signals 29.3. Source evaluation by complementary NDT methods 5ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 30 40 2.10 Reports 2.10.1 Purpose 2.10.2 Content and structure Codes, Standards, Procedures, and Societies 3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, user manuals, et.) 3.2. Standardizedicodified AR procedures 33. User-developed test procedures 344 Societies active in acoustic emission Applications of AE (course should include atleast three ‘categories from 4.1 and at least four categories from 4.2) 4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 4.13 Dislocation movement (metals) 4.14 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) 4.15 Phase transformation and phase stability 416 Creep 47 Residual stress 418 Comrsion 419 Fatigue 4.4.10 Rupture 4.1.11 Ductilebritle transition 4.1.12 Other material characterization applications 42 Structural applications 42.1. Pressure vessels (metal) 4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal) 423. Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) 424 Piping and pipelines 425. Bucket trucks 426 Aircraft 427 Bridges 428 Mines 429 Dams earthen slopes 42.10 Pumps, valves tc 42.11 Rotating plant 42.12 Inprocess weld monitoring 42.13 Leak detection and monitoring 4.2.14 Other structural applications Acoustic Emission Testing Level III Topical Outline Principles and Theory LL Characteristics of AE LL Concepts of source, propagation, loading, ‘measurement, display, evaluation 1.1.2 Proper selection of acoustic emission a technique of choice 1.2.1 Differences between AE and other techniques 1.12.2 Complementary roles of acoustic ‘emission and other methods 1.1.23 Potential or conflicting results between methods 1.1.24 Factors that qualify/disqually the use of AE 1.1.3 Math review (exponents, logarithms, metric units, conversions) 1.2. Materials and deformation 1.2 Materials constitution 124.1 Crystallinefnonerystalline 12.1.2 Metals/composites/other 1.22. Stress and strain (including triaxial residual, thermal) 1.23, Elastic and plastic deformation; rack growth 1.24. Materials properties (strength, toughness, et.) 1.3. Sources of acoustic emission 1.3 Broadband nature of source spectra 1.32. Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude ‘measurement 1.33. Sources in crystalline materials 1.33.1. Dislocations ~ plastic deformation 1.33.2 Phase transformations 1.33.3 Deformation twinning 13.34 Nonmetallic inclusions 13.35. Subcritical crack growth 1335.1. Suberitical crack growth under increasing load 13352. Ductile tearing under increasing Toad 1.3353. Fatigue crack initiation and growth 13354 Hydrogen embrittlement cracking 13355. Stress corrosion cracking 1.34. Sources in nonmetals 134.1 Microeracking 1342 Gross cracking 1343 Crazing 134A Other sources in nonmetals 1.35. Sources in composites 1.35.1 Fiber breakage 1352. Matrix cracking 1.35.3 Fiber-matrix debonding 1.354 Delamination 1355 Fiber pull-out, relaxation 1356 Friction 136. Other sources 136.1 Pressure leak; cavitation 1362 Oxideand scale eracking 136.3 Slag eracking 136d Frictional sources 1.365 Liquefaction and solidification 1.366 Loose parts, intermittent contact 1367 Fluids and nonsolids 1368 Crack closure 1369 Corrasion LA Wave propagation 14.1 Near-field impulse response 1.42 Modes of propagation (including lamb waves) 14.3 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction20 144 Wave velocity in material (including velocity dispersion) 1.4.5. Anisotropic propagation in composites 146 Specimen geometry effects 15. Attenuation 1.51 Geometric attenuation 152. Dispersion 1.53, Scattering, diffraction 154. Bffects of contained fluids 1.55. Attenuation duc to energy loss mechanisms 1.56 Attenuation versus frequency 1.6 Kalser and Felicity effets, and Felicity ratio 161 In metals 1.62. In composites 1.63. Emission during load holds 17 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, ASTM £1316) Equipment and Materials 2.1 Transducing processes (piezoclectrcity, ete.) 22. Sensors 22.1 Construction 221.1 Singleended 22:12 Differential 22.13 Test environment considerations 22.14 Wave mode sensitivity 2.22 Conversion efficiencies; temperature effects 223 Calibration 22.3.1 Methods and significance 22.32 Calculations from absolute sensitivity 224 Reciprocity 23. Sensor attachment 23.1. Coupling materials: selection and effective use 232 Attachment devices 2.3.3. Waveguides: design considerations, efect on signal 24, Sensor utilization 24.1. Fat response sensors 24.2. Resonant response sensors 24.3 Integral-electronics sensors 244 Special sensors (directional, mode responsive, accelerometers) 245. Sensor selection 25. Simulated AF sources 25.1. Hsu-Nielsen source (lead break) 2.5.2 Piezoelectric transducers and associated electronics 25.3 Gasjet 254 Other devices 26 Cables 2.6.1 Cable types 2611 Coaxial 26.1.2 Twisted ps 26.13. Multiscreened 26.14 Optical 26.15 Others 2.62. Shielding and other factors governing cable selection 26.3 Cable length effects 2.64 Noise problems in cables Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines 265 Cables as transmission lines 2.66 Impedance matching 267 Connectors 27. Sigoal conditioning 2.7.1 Preamplifiers (dynamic range, cable de capability, ete) 272 Amplifiers 27.3. Filters: selection, roll-off rates 2.7 Units of gain measurement 27.5 Blectronic noise 28 Signal detection 28.1 Threshold comparator 282 Units of threshold measurement 283. Sensitivity determined by gain and/or threshold 284 Use of floating threshold 285 Dead time 29 Signal processing 29.1 Waveform characteristics 29.1.1 Amplitude 2912 Pulse duration 291.3 Rise time 29.14 Signal strength (MARSE) 29.15 Threshold crossing counts 29.16 Hit versus event processing 2.10 Source location 2.10. Single-channel location, 2.10.2 Linear location 2.10.3 Hit-sequence ronal location 2.10.4 Other location methods 2.10.5 Guard channels and spatial filtering 2.11 Advanced signal processing 2.11.1 Data fering 2.112 Signal definition 2.11.3 Signal capture 2.114 Frequency analysis (fourier theorem, theory of. spectrum) 2.11.5 Pattern recognition 2.11.6 Source function determination by deconvolution/Green's function 2.12 Acoustic emission test systems 2.121 Single-channel systems 2.12.2 Multi-channel systems 2.12.3 Dedicated industrial systems 2.124 Interpreting and writing system specifications 2.13 Accessory materials 2.1311 Audio indicators 213.2 X-Y and strip-chart recording 2.13.3 Oscilloscopes 2.134 Magnetic recorders 2.13.5 Computers and their use 2.13.1 Operating systems 2.1352 Data storage and transfer 2.135. Data output 2.136 Others 2.14 Factors affecting test equipment selection 2.14.1 Material being monitored 2.142 Location and nature of emission 2.143 Type of information desired 2.144 Size and shape of test partANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 30. Techniques 3.1 Equipment standardization and setup for test 311 312 313 B14 Bs Standardization signal generation techniques Standardization procedures Sensor selection and placement ‘Adjustment of equipment controls Discrimination technique adjustments 42 Establishing loading procedures 321 Type of loading 3.22 Maximum tes load 323 Load holds 50 3.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings 3.25. Rate of loading 3.3. Precautions against noise 33 332 [Noise identification 33.L1 Electromagnetic noise 33.12 Mechanical noise ‘Noise elimination/discrimination before test 3.32.1. Electrical shielding 332.2 Grounding oo 33.23. Frequency filtering 33.24 Gain and/or threshold adjustment 33.2.5. Floating threshold 33.2.6 Attenuating materials and applications 332.7. Prevention of movement, friction +0 332.8 Guard channels, spatial filtering b 3.3.2.9 Time-based and load-based gating 3.32.10 Discrimination based on waveform characteristics 34 Special test procedures, 3.4. High temperatureflow temperature tests 342 Interrupted tests (including cyclic fatigue) 343. Long-term tess, permanent/continuous ‘monitoring 344 Tests in high noise environments 35. Data displays 435.1. Purpose and value of diferent displays 35.11 Time-based and load-based plots 35:12 Location displays 35.13 Distribution functions 35.14 Crossplots 35.5 Other displays 3.52. Selection of displays 40. Interpretation and Evaluation 4. Data interpretation 41 41 4 41 1 3 4 Relevant and nonrelevant AE response Recognizing noise versus true AE in the recorded data Distribution function analysis Grossplot analysis Noise elimination - data filtering techniques 4.15.1 Spatial filtering 4.15.2. Filtering on waveform characteristics 4.15.3 Time based and parametric-based fering 42. Data evahation 42:1. Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting 42.2. Comparison with standardization signals 423 Source evaluation by complementary NDT methods Reports 43.1 Purpose 432. Content and structure 433 Developing a standard report format 43 Procedures 5:1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, user manuals, etc) 52. Standardizedlcodified AF test procedures 53. User-developed test procedures 5:4. Societies ative in AE Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures 56 Developing and writing AE test procedures 57 Training and examining Level | and [I NDT personnel safety and Health 6.1 Hazards associated with stuctural failure during test 62. Other hazards associated with AE {63 Importance of local regulations Applications 71. Laboratory stadies (material characterization) 2.1. Crack growth and fracture mechanics 7.41.2. Environmentally assisted cracking 7.413. Dislocation movement (metals) (strain rate and volume elects) 7.14. Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) 7.15. Phase transformation and phase stability 2.16 Creep 7A. Residual stress 2.18 Corrosion 7.19. Fatigue 7.1.10 Rupture 2.1.11 Ductilefbrttle transition 7.1.12 Other material characterization applications Structural applications 72.1 Pressure vessels (metal) 722 Storage tanks (metal) 7.23 Pressure vesses/storage tanks (composite) 7.24 Piping and pipelines 725. Bucket trucks Aireraft Bridges Mines Dams, earthen slopes 72 729 7.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc 72.11 Rotating plant 7.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 7.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring 72.14 Other structural applicationsAcoustic Emission Testing, Level |, Il, and Ill Training References AEWG, 1989, Journal of Acoustic Emission, Vol. 8, No, 1-2, ‘Acoustic Emission Group, Encino, CA, ‘ASM,1989, ASM Handbook: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Vol. 17, ASM International, Metals Park, O1.* ASME, 2017, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Cade, Section V, Articles 11 ‘and 12, Ametican Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY. ASNT, 2005, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 6: Acoustic Ernission Testing third edition, American Society for ‘Nondestructive Testing Inc. Columbus, OF." ASNT, 2008, ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Acoustic Fmission ‘esting, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OF. ASTM, 2018, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03, ‘Nondestructive Testing, Anverican Society for Testing and ‘Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Bingham, A., C. Bk, and J. Tanner, ed., 1992, Acoustic Emission esting of Aerial Devices and Assoclated Equipment Used in the Usility Industries - STP 1138, American Society for Testing and Matertals, Philadelphia, PA, Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines Drouillard, 1979, Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography with Abstracts, Plenum Press, New York. ‘Matthews, JR, 1983, Acoustic Emission (Nondestructive Testing ‘Monographs and Tracts, Vol.2), Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers Inc, New York. Nicoll, A, 1980, Acoustic Emission, DGM Metallurgy Informationsgesellschaft, Germany. Sachse, W., K. Yamaguchi, and J. Roget, eds, 1991, Acoustic Emission: Current Practice and Future Directions, STP 1077, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA,* Spanner, J, and J. McElroy, 1975, Monitoring Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission, STP 571, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA Spanner, .C, 1974, Acoustic Emissions: Techniques and Applications Intex Publishing Co, Evanston, I, Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OH.ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020ET Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing Level | Topical Outline 10 Theory Course 10 1 12 troduction to Flectromagnetic Testing (ET) Brief history of testing asic principles of NDT 20 2.0 Electromagnetic Theory 2a 22. 23 Eddy current theory 2AL Generation of eddy currents by means of an alternating current (AC) field 21.2. Biects of fields created by eddy currents 2.1.3. Properties of eddy currents 2431 Travelin circular direction 21.32 Faddy current distribution 2.133 Blfecs of itoft and geometry 2.134 Relationship of magnetic fled in seation toacurrent in a coil fects of permeability variations in magnetic materials Effect of discontinuities Relationship between frequency and depth of penetration 24.38 Standard depths of penetration Flux leakage theory 22.1. ‘Terminology and units 22.2 Principles of magnetization 22.21 BH curve 22.22 Magnetic properties 2223 Magnetic fields netic permeability 2.22.5 Factors affecting magnetic permeability Basic electrical theory 2.3.1 Basic units of electrical measurement 232 Direct current circuits 233 Ohm's law 234 Faraday'slaw 235. Resistance 23.6 Inductance 23.7 Magnetic effect of electrical currents 30 2135 2136 2137 40 50 Technique Course Alternating Current Field Measurement Theory LI Production of uniform fields 12 Current tow, Hy, Be and By relationships 13 Relationship ofthe B,, By tnd butterfly plots 1 Other sources that influence the signals ‘Types of Probes 21 Coil arrangements 2.1.1. Primary induction coll 2.12 Byand B, sensor coils 22. Coil factors (ito) 23. Theory of operation 24 Applications 25. Limitations 26 Probe markings Probe Software 3.1 Probe software versions and compatiblity 3.2, Manufacturers sensitivity settings 32.1 Gain 3.22. Sealings 3.23. Relationship between gain and current settings 33 Sensitivity checks Factors Affecting the Choice of Probes 4.1 Type of past tobe inspected 42 ‘Type of discontinuity to be inspected 4.3 Speed of esting required 44 Probable location of discontinuity ‘Types of Hardware and Operating Software Applications 5.1 Choice of systems for specific applications 5.2. Choice of softwate for specific applications 5.2.1 Depth and length sizing capabilities 5.22 Probe resolution 52.3 Coating thickness ling for Detection Initial setup Setting position indicators Probe orientation Scanning speed Scanning pattern for tubulass and pipes ‘Scanning pattern for linear sections Scanning for transverse cracksANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 70 Signal Interpretation 7.1 Review of display format 7.2. Detection and examination procedure 7.3. Crack signals ~ linear cracks, angled cracks, line contacts and multiple cracks, transverse cracks 74. Other signal sources - lof, geometry, materials, magnetism, edges, and corners Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing Level II Topical Outline Principles Course 10 20 30 Review of Electromagnetic Theory LA Eddy current theory 1.2. Alternating current field measurement theory 1.3. Types of alternating current field measurement sensing probes Factors that Affect Depth of Penetration 21 Conductivity 22. Permeability 23. Frequency 24 Coil sve Factors that Affect Alternating ‘Testing 3.1. Residual fekls 32. Defect geometry 3.3, Defect location: scanning pattern for attachments, corners and ratholes 34 Defect orientation 35. Distance between adjacent defects Current Field Measurement Techniques and Applications Course 10 20 Software Comm 1.1 Probe file production LI. Selection of gain and frequency specific applications 1.12 Selection of current for specific applications 1113 Selections of sensitivity settings and scalings for specific applications 1.2 Standardization settings 1.21 Alarm settings 1.22. Butterfly plot scalings 1.3 Adjustment of communication rates things for ‘User Standards and Operating Procedures 2.1. Explanation of standards applicable to alternating ‘current field measurement testing 22. Explanation of operating procedures applicable to alternating current field measurement testing Eddy Current Testing Level I Topical Outline Theory Course 1.0 Introduction to Eddy Current Testing LI Historical and developmental process 1.1.1 Founding fathers: Arago, Lenz, Faraday, Maxwell 1.12. Advances in electronics 1.2. Basic physies and controling principles 1.241 Varying magnetic fields 122. Blectromagnetic induction 1.23. Primary and secondary force relationships 20 Hlectromagnetic Theory 2 Tddy current theory 2.1.1 Generation of eddy currents by means of an AC field 21.2. Elect of fields created by eddy currents (imnpedance changes) 24.3. Bifect of change of impedance on instrumentation 2.1A Propetties of eddy current 21.4.1 Travel in circular dieection 2.14.2. Strongest on surface of test material 21.43. Zero value at center of solid conductor placed in an alternating magnetic field 21.44 Strength, time relationship, and ‘orientation as functions of test-system. parameters and test-part characteristics 2.1.45. Small magnitude of current flow 2.1.46. Relationships of frequency and phase 2.147 Electrical effects, conductivity of materials, 24.48 Magnetic effects, permeability of materials 2149 Geometrical effects 30. Lab Demonstrati 34 Generation of Z-curves with conductivity samples 3.2. Generation ofliftoff curves Basic Technique Course 10 Types of Eddy Current Sensing Elements LL Probes LLL Types of arrangements LLL Probe coils L112. Enciecling coils LL Inside coils 1.1.2 Modes of operation 112.1 Absolute 11.22 Differential 11.23 Hybrids 1.13. Theory of operation 114. Hall effect sensors L141 Theory of operation 1.142. Differences between coll and hall-clement systems20 30 40 L153 Applications 115.1. Measurement of material properties 1152 Flaw detection 1.153 Geometrical features 116 Advantages 17 Limitations 112 Factors affecting choice of sensing elements 1.21 Type of pat to be inspected 122. Type of discontinuity to be detected 123 Speed of testing required 1.24 Amount of testing (percentage) required 1.25. Probable location of discontinuity Selection of Inspection Parameters 21 Frequency 2.2. Coil drive: carrent/voltage 2.3. Hall element drive: current/voltage 24 Channel gain 25. Display sensitivity selections 26 Standardization 27 Filtering 2.8 Thresholds Readout Mechanisms 3.1 Calibrated or uncalibrated meters 32 Impedance plane displays 32.1 Analog 32.2 Digital 33. Data recording systems 34 Alarms lights, et, 35, Numerial readouts 3.6 Marking systems 37 Sorting gates and tables 38 Cutoff saw or shears 39 Automation and feedback Lab Demonstration 4.1 Demo filter effects on rotating reference standards 42. Demo liftoff effects 43 Demo frequency effects 441 Demo rotational and forward speed effects 45. Generate a Z-curve with conductivity standards Eddy Current Testing Level Il Topical Outline Principles Course 10 20 Review of Blectromagnetic Theory Li Edy current theory 1.2 Types of eddy current sensing probes Factors that Affect Coll Impedance 24 Test part 21.1 Conductivity 212 Permeability 213. Mass 2.14 Homogeneity Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines 22 Test system 22.1 Frequency 222 Coupling 2.23 Field strength 2.24 Test coil and shape 225 Hall elements 3.0. Signal-to-Noise Ratio 31 Definition 32. Relationship to eddy current testing 3.3. Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 4.0. Selection of Test Frequency 4.1. Relationship of frequency to type of test 42 Considerations affecting choice of test 42.1 SNR 422 Causes of noise 423 Methods to reduce noise 423.1 DC saturation 4232 Shielding 4233. Grounding 4.24. Phase discrimination 425. Response speed 42.6 Skin effect 5.0 Coupling SA Bill factor 52. Liftoff 6.0 Field Strength and its Selection 6.1 Permeability changes 62. Saturation 63 fect of AC field strength on eddy current testing 7.0 Instrument Design Considerations 71 Amplification 7.2. Phase detection 73 Differentiation of filtering Techniques and Applications Course 1.0. User Standards and Operating Procedures 1.1. Explanation of standards and specifications used in eddy current testing 2.0 Inspection System Output 24 Acceptreject criteria 211. Sorting, go!no-go 22. Signal classification processes 22.1 Discontinuity 23, Detection of signals of interest 23.1 Near surface 232 Farsurface 24. Flaw sizing techniques 24.1 Phase to depth 242 Volts to depth 25. Calculation of flaw frequencyANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 26 27 28 Sorting for properties related to conductivity ‘Thickness evaluation Measurement of ferromagnetic properties 28.1 Comparative circuits Remote Field Testing Level | Topical Outline Theory Course 1.0. Introduction to Remote Field Testing (RET) 20 ML 12 Historical and developmental process LLL Founding fathers: McLean, Schmidt, Atherton, and Lord 1.1.2. The computer age and its effect on the advancement of RET ‘Basie physics and contolling principles 1.241 Varying magnetic Hilds 1.22. Hlectromagnetic induction 1.23. Primary and secondary fed relationships lectromagnetic Theory 24 22 23 24 Generation of eddy currents in conductors Eddy current propagation and decay, standard depth of penetration Neat field, transition, and remote field zones Properties of remote field eddy currents 2.4.1 Through-transmission nature 242 Magnetic fax is predominant energy 24.3. The ferrous tube asa waveguide 244 Strength of field in three zones 245. External field is source of energy in remote field 2.4.6 Factors affecting phase lag and amplitude 2.47 Geometric factors: fil factor, external support plates, tabe sheets Speed of test, relationship to thickness, frequency, conductivity, and permeability 249. Effect of deposits, magnetite, copper, caleium 214,10 RFT in nonferrous tubes 248 Basic Technique Course 10. “Types of Remote Field Sensing Elements 4 4 Probes Lid Types of arrangements LLL Absolute bobbin coils 1.1.2 Differential bobbin coils LLL3 Arrays Modes of operation 1.12.1. RFT voltage plane end reference curve 1.122 XY voltage plane 1.123 Chart recordings 1.13. Theory of operation 1.14 Applications 1.141 Heat exchanger and boller tubes 1.142. Pipes and pipelines 20 30 1.143 External and through transmission probes 115. Advantages 115.1, Equal sensitivity to internal and external Aaws 1.1.52. Easy to understand: increasing depth of ‘law signals rotate CCW 1.16 Limitations 16.1 Speed 1.162 Difficult to differentiate internal versus external flaws 1.1.63. Small signals from small volume flaws 11.64 Pinned tubes 12 Factors affecting choice of probe type 1.2.1 Differential for small volume flaws (eg. pits) 122 Absolute for large area defects (eg, steam ‘erosion, fretting) 1.23. Test (probe travel) speed 1.24 Single versus dual exciters and areas of reduced sensitivity 1.25. Bobbin coils and solid-state sensors 126 Finned tubes Selection of Inspection Parameters 2a Frequency 22. Coil drive: current/voltage 23. Preamp gain 24. Display gain 25. Standardization Readout Mechanisms 3.41 Display types: 3.1 RET voltage plane displays 3.12. Voltage vector displays 32. RET reference curve 33. Chart recordings 34 Odometers 35. Storing and recalling data on computers Principles Course 10 20 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 1 RET theory 1.2 Types of RFT sensing probes actors that Affect Col Impedance 21 Test part 2.1 Conductivity 2.12. Permeability 2.13 Mass 2.14 Homogeneity Test system 221 Frequency 222 Coupling (Al factor) 223. Fed suength (drive vols, fequency) 2214 Coil shapes 22.3.0. Signal-to-Noise Ratio 31 Definition 32. Relationship to RET Fill factor 33.3 Frequency Filters Drive 336 Shielding 337. Grounding (3.3.6 and 3.3.7 also apply to other methods) 40 Selection of Test Frequency 4.1, Relationship of frequency to depth of penetration 42 Relationship of frequency to resolution 43, Dual-frequency operation 44 Beat feequencies 43. Optimum frequency 5.0 Coupling Sill factor 52. Importance of centralizing the probe 6.0 Field Strength 6.1 Probe drive and penetration 62 effect of increasing thickness, conductivity or permeability 63. Position of receive coils versus field strength 7.0. Instrument Design Considerations 7.1 Amplification 7.2. Phase and amplitude detection (lock-in ampli 73. Differentiation and filtering Remote Field Testing Level II Topical Outline Techniques and Applications Course 1.0. Equipment LI. Probes LLL Absolute bobbin coils 1-12. Differential bobbin coils 113. Arrays 1.14 Dual exciter or dual detector probes E15 Solid-state sensors 1.16 External probes 117 fect of il factor 1.18 Centralizing the probe 1.19 Quality ofthe “ride” 1.1.10 Cable length considerations 1.1.11 Preamplifiers internal and external 12. Instruments 1.21. Measuring phase and amplitude 1.22. Displays: RFT, voltage plane, impedance plane differences Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines 1.23. Chart recordings 1.24. Storing, retrieving, archiving data 1.25. Standardization frequency Roference standards 13. Material 132. Thickness 133. Size 1.34 Heat treatment 135, Simulated defects 136 ASTM £2096 137 How often to standardize 2.0 Techniques 24 22 Factors affecting signals 2.1.1, Probe speed/smoothness of travel 21.2 Depth, width, and length of law versus probe footprint 2.13 Probe drive, pre-amp gai, view gin fiers 2.14 Position of flaw versus other objects (eg, support plates) 215 Pil factor 216 SNR 2.17 Thickness, conductivity, and permeability ofthe tube 2.18 Correct display ofthe signal Selection of test frequencies 2.2.1 Single or dual or multi-frequency 2.2.2. Sharing the time slice 22.3 Number of readings per cycle 2.24 Beat frequencies, harmonics, and base Frequencies 225. Optimum frequency 2.2.6 Saturatng the input amplifier (lage volume defects) 22.7. Small volume defects: optimizing the settings to detect Applications 31 32 33 “Tubulars using internal probes 3.1 Heat exchanger tubes, 32 Boiler tubes 33 Pipes 3.14 Pipelines 31.5 Purnace tubes ‘Tubolars using external probes 321 Boiler tubes 3.2.2 Process pipes 3.2.3 Pipelines 3.24. Structural pipes Other applications 33.1 Flat plate 332 Finned tubes 33.3, Hydrogen furnace tmbes 334 Nonferrous tubes and pipes 335 Cast-iron water mains 33.6 Oil well casings 15ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 4.0 Inspection System Output 41 42 43 44 Acceptireect criteria 4.1.1 Customer specified or code specified Signal clasification processes 42.1 Discontinuity 422 lw Detection of signals of interest 43.1. Near/under support plates and tubesheets 43.2 laws inthe fee span 433. Intemal and external flaws 4.34. Recognition of signals from nonflaws Signal recognition, data analysis, and flawsizing techniques 44.1 Understanding the RFT reference curve and using it for aw sizing 44.2. Using phase angle to calculate flaw depth on the XY display 443 Coll footprint considerations Electromagnetic Testing Level III Topical Outline Eddy Current Testing 1.0 Principles/Theory ul Baldy current theory 111 Generation of eddy currents 112 Effect of fields created by eddy currents (impedance changes) Properties of eddy currents L131 Travel mode 1.132 Depth of penetration 1133. Effects of test part characteristics — conductivity and permeability Current flow Frequency and phase Effects of permeability variations ~ noise Effects of discontinuity orientation 113 134 2.0 Equipment/Materials 6 20 22 23 2 robes - general 2.141 Advantageslimitations Through, encircling or annular coils and hall elements 22.1 Advantageslimitations/diferences Factors affecting choice of sensing elements 2.3.1. Type of pat to be inspected 232 Type of discontinuity to be detected 233. Speed of testing required 2.34 Amount of testing requited 2135. Probable location of discontinuity 2.36 Applications other than discontinuity detection Readout selection 24a 242. Oscilloscope, X-Y, and other displays 243 Alarm, lights, et. 244 Strip-chart recorder Meter 30 40 50 25. Instrument design considerations 25. 252 233 25, ‘Amplification Phase detection Differentiation or filtering Thresholds, box gates, et. Techniques/Standardization 3.1 Factors which affect coil impedance BALL Test part 31.2 Test system 32. Selection of test frequency 3.2. Relation of frequency to type of test 5.22 Consideration affecting choice of test 3.2.21 SNR 32.22. Phase discrimination 3.22.3. Response speed 3.224 Skin effect 33. Coupling 334 ill fcior 332. Liftott Field strength 34.1 Permeability changes 34.2. Saturation 3.4.3. Effect of AC field strength on eddy current testing 35. Comparison of techniques 3.6. Standardization 3.6.1 Techniques 3.62. Reference standards 3:7. Techniques ~ general 37.1 Thickness 37.2 Sorting 3.73 Conductivity 3.74 Surface or subsurface flaw detection 375 Tubing a Interpretation/Evaluation 4 Flaw detection 42 Sorting for properties 4.3. Thickness gauging 44. Process control 45. General interpretations Procedures Remote Field Testing 10 RET Principles and The LL ‘Three zones in RFT LLL Near field (direct field) 1.12. Transition zone L13. Remote field zone 1.2. Through-transmission nature of RET 1.3 Standard depth of penetration factors 1341 Thickness 1.32. Peemeability 1.33 Conductivity 134 Frequency 135 Geometry14 Signal analysis 15. Display options 15.1 Voltage plane (polar coordinates) 152. X-¥ display (eectilinesr coordinates) 153. Chart recordings: phase, log-amplitude, magnitude, X-Y 41.6 Advanced applications 16.1 Anay probes 1.62 Large pipes 163. Flat plates 1.6.4 Nonferrous applications 165. fleets of it and shields 166. ifects of cores and magnets 2.0 Codes and Practices 21 Wsiting procedures 22 ASTM £2096 23. SNT-TCIA 23.1 Responsibility of Level IL 24. Supervision and training 25. Administering exams 26 Bthics 2.7, Reports: essential elements, legal responsibility Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 10. Principles and Theory 1.1 Generation of eddy currents 12 Fflect of fields created by eddy currents 1.3 Properties of eddy currents 413.1 Depth of penetration 132. Effects of test part characteristics 133 Current flow 134 Frequency 135. fects of permeability variations 136 Pffecs of discontinuity orientation 20 Equipment and Materials 21 Alternating current measurement probes general 2uLs1_ Advantages and limitations 22. Factors affecting choice of probes 22.1 ‘Type of part tobe inspected 22.2. Type of discontinuity to be inspected 223 Speed of testing required 224 Amount of testing required 225 Probable location of discontinuity 22.6 Applications other that discontinuity detection 23, Techniques/equipment sensitivity 23:1, Selection of test frequency 232 Selection of correct probe scalings in relation to the test 233. Selection of correct communication rates 30. Interpretation and Evaluation of Signals 3 Flaw detection 40 Procedures Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines Electromagnetic Testing Method, Level |, Il, and III Training References ASNT, 2004, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 5 Electromagnetic Testing, thied edition, American Society for [Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OH." ASNT, 2014, ASNT Level I Study Guide: Electromagnetic Testing, ‘American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, ons ASNT, 2014, ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Electromagnetic Testing, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OF." ASNT, 2016, Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Ine, Columbus, OH? ASNT, 2018, Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP Series), Ametican Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, O ASTM, 2010, ASTM £690 ~ 10: Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic (Pddy-Current) Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM, 2018, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03: Nondestructive Testing, American Society for Testing and Matetals, Philadelphia, PA.* Beissner, R, G. Matzkanin, and C, Teller, 1980, NTIAC-80-1, NDE Applications of Magnetic Leakage Field Methods, Bray, D. and D. MeBride, 1982, Nondestructive Testing Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Cecco, V.,G. Van Drunen, and P. Sharp, 1987, Bddy Current Testing, US Edition, (AECL-7523), Nichols Publishing In, Columbia, MD Kilgore, Rand S. Ramchandran, “Remote-Field Eddy Current Testing of Small-Diameter Carbon Steel Tubes,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 47, No.1, pp. 32-36" Libby, H., 1979, Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, Robert F. Krieger Publishing Co,, Huntington, NY. ‘Mackintosh, D, D. Atherton, and P. Puhach, 1998, “Through ‘Transmission Equations for Remote-Field Eddy Current Inspection of Small-Bore Ferromagnetic Tubes," Materials Evaluation, Vol 5t, No.6, pp. 744-748." ‘Mackintosh, D, D. Atherton, 7. Schmidt, and D. Russel, 1996, “Remote Field Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic “Tubes,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. $4, No. 6, pp. 652-657." ‘Mordfn, 1, 2002, Handbook of Reference Data for Nondestructive ‘Testing, second edition, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.** Schmidt, , 1984, “The Remote Field Bddy Current Technique,” ‘Materials Evaluation, Vol. 42, No.2, pp. 223-230." 7ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 Schmid, T., 1989, “History ofthe Remote Field Fddy Current Inspection Technique,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 14-22 Schmidt, T., D, Atherton, and S. Sullivan, 1989, “The Remote Field Transition Zone,” Materials Bvaluation, Vol 47, No.9 pp- 969-979 Smith, H., and D. Mackintosh, 1995, "Remote Field Pddy Current Examination of Boiler Tubes,” Proceedings of EPRI Topical ‘Workshop on Electromagnetic NDE Application in the Blectric Power Industry, Charlotte, Sollsh, D, 1991, “Field Experience in Boiler Examinations Using Remote Field Fddy Current,” Corrosion 91: NACE Annual Conference and Corrosion Show, Cincinnati, OH, Sullivan, 8, and D, Atherton, 1989, "Analysis ofthe Remote Field Bddy Current Effect in Non-magnetic Tubes” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 80-86." Taylor, J ed, 1988, Base Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing revised edition, W.H. Houldershaw Lid, British Institute of Non- destructive Testing, Essex, England." Additional Papers ‘The following selected papers are available from PC Certification Services, British Institute of NDT, 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton NNI SAA. The list of available papers may be extended by the addition of later publications. ‘This, document will not be revised to show the extended list in every case, 18 British Standaed institution, latest edition, BS 3683: Part 5 Kady Current Flaw Detection Glossary. Collins, R-and M. Luge, 1991, “Use of AC Field Measurements for Non-Destructive Testing.” Fatigue Crack Measurement Techniques and Applications, Engineering Materials Advisory Services Lid PCN, latest edition, PON Classroom ~ Product Technology, PCN Cantfication Services, British Insitute of NDT. Raine, A., 1994, “An Alternative Method for Offshore Inspection, Insight, Vol 36, No, 9 Raine, A., andl C, Laenen, 1998, "Additional Applications with the Alternating Cursent Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique,” Proceedings of the ASNT Spring Conference and 7th Annual Research Symposium, Anaheim, CA, ‘Topp, D., 1994, “The Alternating Current Field Measurement ‘Technique and its Application to the Inspection of Oil and Gas Installations” Insight, Vol. 36, No.6. Topp, D. and B, Jones, 1994, Operational Experience with the ACEM Inspection Technique for Sub-Sea Weld Inspection, British Gas Environmental Engineering. ‘Topp, O., 1994, OSHA 94.137: The Use of Manual and Automated Alternating Current Field Measurement Techniques for Subsea and ‘Topside Crack Detection and Sizing, Offshore S * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Tne, Columbus, OH.GPR Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines Ground Penetrating Radar Level | Topical Outline Theory Course jon fo Ground Penctrating Radar (GPR) 111 Reflection 112 Radar equation 113 Polatiation LA Interference 12 The history of GR 2.0 Electromagnetic Theory 2.41 Electromagnetic wave propagation 2.2. Velocity 2.3 Wavelength 24 Interference 241 Attenuation 242 Dispersion 243. Noise 2d Clutter 2.5. Electrical properties 25.1, Relative dielectric permittivity 2.52 Electrical conductivity 253. Dielectric materials 253.1 Conductors 2532 Insulators 2.53.3. Semiconductors 254 Types of materials 254.1 Soil 2542 Concrete 2543 Rocks 25.44 Water salt/tesh 2545 lee 254.6 Others 2.6 Magnetic properties in materials 26.1 Ferromagnetic 2.62 Paramagnetic 263. Super paramagnetic 3.0 GPR Equipment 34 Antennas 3.1 Polarization 3.12. Fresnel reflection 3.1.3. Snell angle 31.4 Near fleldifa field 3.15. Frequencies 32. Coupling 32.1 Impedance matehing 3.22. Unloading 42.4 Ringing 33, Waveguides Basic Techniques Course 10 Surveys LA. Defining the objectives 1.2 Antenna selection and orientation 121 Speed 12.2 Frequency 1.23. Application 1.24 Materials 125. Targets 13 Depth of penetration 131 Gain controls 132 Sensitivity controls 1.33. Standaedization 1A Range settings 15 Filter settings 1.6. Scanning parameters 16. Mapping 1462. Grid layout 163. Spacing 30 21 Test methods 22. Advantages 23. Limitations Data Display and Interpretation 3.1 Material properties 32. Layer reflection 321 Trench effect 33. Target reflection 33.1. Point targets 34. Detection accuracy 3.5. Horizontal accuracy and resolution 3.6 Depth accuracy and resolution 3.7 Measurement techniquesANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 Ground Penetrating Radar Level II Topical Outline Principles and Applications Course 10. Review of Electromagnetic Theory M1 Radar equation 12 Stokes vector 13. Mueller matrix 14 Poincaré sphere 20 Types of Tests 3.0. Factors Affecting Tests 3.1 Depth of investigation 32. Orientation 33. Noise 33.1. Signal-to-noise ratios 332. Causes 333. Filters 34 Interferences 35. Noninvasive surfaces 4.0 Field Strength AI Antenna drive 42 fects of conductivity 43. Permeability effects 44 Ground truth 4.5. Hyperbolic shape analysis 5.0. Instrument Design Considerations 5:1 Waveguides Maltipathing [Near field and far field factors Resonance Resolution 60 Data 64 Data acquisition 62. Data processing 62.1. Displays 63. Modeling 64 Interpretation 64.1, Uncertainty Ground Penetrating Radar Level Il! Topical Outline Theory Course 1.0 Introduction Li History 12 Applications 20 20. Systems Design 21 Range 2441 Antenna loss 2412 Transmission loss 2.13 Coupling lass 2.14 Mismatch 25 Target scatter 2.1.6 Material attenuation 2.2 Velocity propagation 23. Cuter 24. Resolution 24.1 Depth 242 Plan 30 Modeling 3. Time domain models 32. Antenna radiation 43 Numerical modeling 33. Schemes 332. Applications 3.33 Absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) properties 34 Target shape effects 40 Material Properties 4 Dielectric materials 42. Tee, water 43 Soil, rocks 44 Suitability 45° Manmade materials 46 Techniques 47 Measurement techniques 5.0 Antennas 51 Types Sil Element 5.12 Traveling wave 5.1.3 Impulse radiating 5.14 Frequency dependent 51.5 Horn 5.16 Dielectsic antennas 52. Asrays 53. Polarization 6.0 Signal Modulation 6. Ultea-wideband signal resolution 6.1.1 Waveform characteristics 6.12. Signals 61.2.1 Time domain 6122 Noise 6.1.23 Comparisons 61.24 Spectra comparisons 62 Amplitude modulation {63 Continuous wave frequency modulation (64 Polarization modulation7.0. Signal processing 74 A-scan processing 71.1 Zero offset 712 Noise 743. Cltter 714 Gain 715. Bitering 7.4.6 Target resonances 72. Besean processing 23. C-scan processing 74 Migration 75. Image processing 76 Deconvolution 77 Data acquisition 78 Data processing 79. Microwave 740 Cater 7.41 Anomalies Applications Course 1.0. Archeology LL Application 12 Mdentifiation 20. Civil Engineering 2.1 Roads and pavement 22 Conduits 23. Techniques 24. Concrete 24,1 Walls 242 Reinforcement 243. Dowels and anchors 25. Buildings 25.1 Masonry 252 Floors 253 Walls 252 Joints 26 Tunnels 3.0 Forensic Applications Bil Principles of search 3.2 Methods 33. Graves 34 Remains 35, Excavation 36 Fxamples ‘Geophysical Applications 41 Radar systems 42. Frozen materials 42.1. Short pulse and frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar 42.2 Firm layering and isochrones 423 Crevasses detection 424 Hydraulic pathways 425 Topography 426 Lake ice 50 70 80 Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines 43. Polythermal glaciers 43.1 Radar system, 43.2 Bottom topography 43.3 Internal structure 434 Snow cover 44. Oil spills 45 Contamination 46 Soil erosion 47, Coaland salt 48. Rocks: Bore Hole Radar (Long Distance) 54 Radar design 52. Data 53 Subsurface fracture characterization 54. Radar polarimetry 55 Specifications 5.6 Data acquisition 57. Problems 58. Signal/image processing 59. Electromagnetic modeling Mine Detection 6.1 Humanitarian and military programs G11. United States 6.12 Europe 613 Others 62. Performance assessment 63. Mine detection 63.1 Handheld 63.2 Vehicle mounted 533 Airborne 634 Data processing {635 Clutter characteristics and removal Utilities 74 Technology 7.2. Pipes and cables 73. Pipe hawk 74 Mapping 75. Drainage 7.6. Inspection of pipe Remote Sensing 81 Airborne systems 82 Satellite systems 83. Planetary exploration 8.3.1. Interplanetary body measurement 83.2 Scientific objectives 83.3 Models 834. Performance 21ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 9.0. Equipment 9.1 Survey methods 9.2. Site characteristics 9.3. Surface characteristics 9.4 Material characteristics 9.5. Target characteristics 10.0 Regulations, Radiological Aspects, and Electromagnetic ‘Compatability (EMC) 10.1 US regulations 102 European regulations 1033 Radiological aspects 104 EMC 2 Ground Penetrating Radar Method, Level 1, I, and Ill Training References Daniels, D, ed, 2004, Ground Penetrating Radar, second edition, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, UK. ASNT, 2016, GPR Compendium: Articles on Ground Penetrating Radar ~ Collected from ASNT Publications, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OH. * Jol, H, ed, 2009, Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications, Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK. > “Avilale from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing They Columbus, OF.GW Guided Wave Testing Topical Outlines Guided Wave Testing Level | Topical Outline Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive instruction, in this course prior to performing work in guided wave test ing (GW), GW, or long-range ultrasonic testing, is uniquely different and specialized such that it should be considered a separate ‘method for Level I and II personnel. The intent of this doc ‘ument is to provide basic body of knowledge requirements for GW of piping that is consistent with other methods and not intended to replace specific training or schemes identi fied by the various equipment manufacturers. 1.0 Introduction 1.1. Basic understanding of nondestructive testing 12. Responsibilities of levels of certification 13: Terminology of GW 14 History of GW: 13 Product technology 1.5.1 Pipe designs and manufacturing processes 1.5.2. Process versus sevice-induced defects 2.0. Basic Principles of GW 21 Utility of GW 2.2. Characteristics of guided wave propagation 23. Basic concepts of GW of piping 24. Various types of guided waves 30 Equipment 3.1 Transmission and reception of guided waves 32. Piezoelectric effect 33. Magnetostriction effet 34° Transduction 34.1. Pulser-recever unit(s) 3A2_ Sensor rings 34.3 “Types of sensors 344 Array arrangement 345 Directionality 346 Frequency limits 347 Dead zone and near field 3.48 Influence of transduction and frequency on inspection 349 Guided wave focusing 3.4.10 Factors influencing selection of text conditions 3.4.11 Influence of pipe geometry and pipe configuration 40 60 35. Cables 36 Computer interface 3.7 Blectromagnetic xoustc transducers (EMATS) ‘Testing Techniques 4 Pulse-echo 42. Through-transmission Standardization 5.1. Distance standardization 5.2. Amplitude standardization (DAC and TCG) Procedures 64 Specific applications 6.1.1, Weld/feature location 612 Corrosion and wal loss evaluation 6.1.21 Aboveground piping ~ uninsulated 6.1.22. Aboveground piping - insulated 62. Basic data collection 52.1 Choosing atest location 6.2.2. Selection of wave modes 623 Selection of frequency 63. Basi data evaluation 63.1 Data quality 63.2 Inflvence of geometry and structure 63.3 Recognition of symmetrical features 634 Distance-amplitude correction 63.5. Recognition of nonsymmettcal features 6.3.6 Influence of coatings, linings, and pipe condition of pulse-echo analysis 63.7 Recogniting false indications 64. Basic reporting 64.1 A-scan presentations 642 Feature ist Guided Wave Testing Level II Topical Outline 10 Introduction 11 Review of Level I knowledge 1.2 Terminology of GW 13 Level I responsibilities 14 Product technology 1.4.1 Various types of pipeline supports 1.42. Advanced information on girth welds and other accessories welded to pipe (including typical defects) 1.4.3. Structural integrity of pipelines ~ codes and standards forthe specific sector 23ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 2.1 Various types of guided wave modes (deeper knowledge) 22. Factors influencing selection of test parameters 23. Sensitivity to cross-sectional changes 24 Bifect of feature geometry 23. Transducer configura 30 Equipment 3.1 Advanced transduction configuration 3.2. Hardware and software requirements for optimization of test parameters 3.3. Data presentation (deeper knowledge) 40. Procedures ALL Contents and requirements of instructions, procedures and standards 42. Preparation of written instructions 43. Cased piping (oad erossings) 4A Buried piping 4.5. Coated piping 5.0 Advanced GW Data Analysis Comparison procedures 6.1 Standards and references 6.1.2 Application of results of other NDT methods 62. Object appraisal 62.1. History of pipe 62.2 Intended use of pipe 62.3 Existing and applicable code interpretation 624 Type of discontinuity and location 63. Followup 70 Reporting 7A Influence of frequency 72. Influence of focusing 7.3. Estimation of indication severity Guided Wave Testing Level Ill Topical Outline 1.0 Introduction LL Terminology of Gw 1.2 Level il responsibilities 1.2 Preparation of inspection procedures 1.22 Preparation of taining materials for Level 1 and Level I 1.23, Developing material for Level 1 and Level Il tests including written and practical tests 24 20. Principles of GW 2.1 Review of mathematical basis 2.11 Advanced GW propagation theory 2.1.2. Dispersion effect and compensation factors 2.13. Bffect of material properties 2.14 Bi-layer systems 2.15 Attenuation due to viscoelastic coatings and embedded medium (parameters affecting and ‘mathematical prediction) 2.146. Sensitivity to stifiness changes 2.17 Properties of guided waves in pipes and plates 22. Various types of GW modes 2.2.1. ‘Torsional, longitudinal, and flexural 22.2. Modes in bends wentional Applications 3.1 Advanced array configuration 32. Transduction selection parameters 33. Advanced standardization systems 34 Underwater inspection 35, Guided wave monitoring 3.6 Guided wave focusing 3.7 Advanced transduction systems 40. Interpretations/Evaluations 4.1, Identification of discontinoities in various industrial ‘environments 42. Vavables affecting test results 42.1 ‘Transducer performance 4222 Instrument performance 42.3. Blect of testing environment 424 Pipe specifications (diameter, thickness, manufacturing method, tolerances) and condition (temperature, roughness, stress) 43. Range and sensitivity 44 Signal-to-nois ratio 45. Detailed knowledge on how to classify and assess ‘abservations and identification of best NDT method for sizing (UT, RT, etc) or monitoring defect growth (GW, UT.ete) 5.0 Writing Procedures for Specific Applications 5. General and bare or painted piping 5.2. Insulated piping 5.3. Inspection under supports (simple, welded, clamped) 54. Road crossings 55. Buried piping 56 Plate 5.7 Stel cable or wire rope 5.8 Rods or ral stock 59. Tubes 6.0 Understanding of Codes, Standards, and SpecificationsGuided Wave Testing, Level |, II, and Ill Training References ‘Achenbach, J, 1987, Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids, North Holland, New York Alets, G, 2004, “Bletromagnetic Induction of Ultrasonic Waves: EMAT, EMUS, EMAR," 16th World Conference on NDT, ‘Montreal, Canada. Alleyne, D.,B, Pavlakovic, M. Lowe, and P. Cawley, 2004, “Rapid ‘Long-Range Inspection of Chemical Plant Pipework using Guided Waves,” Key Engineering Matertas, Vol. 270-273 Advances in ‘Nondestructive Evaluation, pp. 434-461 Alleyne, D, M. Lowe, and P. Cawley, 1998, "The Reflection of| Guided Waves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol 68, No. 3, pp. 635-641, ASNT, 2016, ASNT Level If Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing, sec: fond edition, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc. Columbus, OH" ASNT, 2016, GW Compendium: Articles on Guided Wave ~ Goliected from ASNT Publications, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Ine, Columbus, OH.* ASTM, 2011, ASTM £2775-11: Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Grownd Steel Pipework using Piezoelectric Effect Transduction, ASTM International, West Conshochocken, PA, ASTM, 2013, ASTM £2929-13: Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Stel Pipework with Magnetostrctve ‘Transduction, ASTM International, West Conshochocken, PA. Auld, B. 1973, Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solis, Vol. and I, Wiley, Interscience, New York, NY. Barshinger, J, and J. Rose, 2004, “Guided Wave Propagation in an Elastic Hollow Cylinder Coated with a Viscoelastic Mateval,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, ad Prequency Control Vol. 51, No. 11, p. 1547-1556. Barshinger, JJ Rose, and M. Avioli, r, 2002, “Guided Wave Resonance Tuning for Pipe Inspection,” Journal of Pressure Vessel ‘Technology, Vol. 124, pp. 303-310. Beatd, M, M. Lowe, and P, Cawley, 2003, “Inspection of Stee! ‘Tendons in Concrete Using Guided Waves,” AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 657, pp. 1139-1147. Biagiotti, 8. A. Crompton, and, RL. Royer, 2012, “Integrated Ingpection and Analytical Technologies for Buried Pipe Assessment,” Proceedings of the Electric Power Research Institute ‘th International Conference on NDF in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components, Seattle, WA. British Standards Institution, 2011, BS 9690-1:2011: Non- Destructive Testing - Guided Wave Testing, Part 1: General Guidance and Principles, Guided Wave Testing Topical Outlines British Standards Institution, 2011, BS 9680-2:201 1: Non- Destructive Testing - Guided Wave Testing, Part 2: Basic Requirements for Guided Wave Testing of Pipes, Pipelines and Structural Tubulars Catton, P,P, Mudge, and W. Balachandran, 2008, “Advances in Defect Characterization using Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing of Pipes,” Insight, Vol. 50, No.9. Choi, M-S, S-Y, Kim, H. Kwun, and G, Light, 2004, “Transmission Line Model for Simulation of Guided-Wave Defect Signals in Piping.” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, ‘and Prequency Contro, Vol. 51, No.5. Crompton, A., R, Royer, M. Tallon, and S. Biagiotti, 2012, “Guided. ‘Wave Testing: Maximizing Buried Pipe Corrosion Knowledge from Fach Excavation,” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 PVP, Conference - PVP2012-78561, Toronto, Ontario, Canada emma, A.,P. Cawley, M, Lowe, and A. Roosenbrand, 2003, "The Reflection ofthe Fundamental Torsional Mode From Cracks and [Notches in Pipes,” The Journal ofthe Acoustical Society of. America, Vol.114, No.2, pp. 611-625. Ditr, J, and J, Rose, 1992, "Excitation of Guided Elastic Wave Modes in Hollow Cylinders by Applied Surface Tractions,” Journal of Applied Physies, Vol. 72, No.7, pp. 2589-2597. iti, J, 1994, “Utilization of Guided Elastic Waves for the (Characterization of Circumferential Cracks in Hollow Cylinders,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 3769-3775, Ditri, J.J. Rose, and A. Pilarski, 1993, "Generation of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type “Transducers,” Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Bvaluation, pp. 211-218. Gazis, D, 1959, "Fhree-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation of Waves in Hollow Cireular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vel 31, No.5, pp. 568-573, Graff, K, 1991, Wave Motion in Elastic Solids, revised edition, Dover Publications, NY. Hayashi, K. Kawashima, Z. Sun, and J. Rose, 2002, “Analysis of Flexural Mode Focusing by a Semi-Analytica Finite Element Method,” The Journal of the Acoustical Socety of America, Vol 113, No.3, pp. 1241-1248, Hirao, M. and H. Ogi, 1999, “An SH-wave EMAT Technique for Gas Pipeline Inspection,” NDTSE International, Vol. 32, No.3, pp. 127-132, Hirao, M., and H. Ogi, 2003, EMATS for Science and Industry - Noncontacting Ultrasonic Measurements ninth edition, Kluvtet, Boston, MA, ‘Krautkramer, J, and H, Krautkramer, 1990, Ultrasonic Testing of ‘Materials, fourth edition, Springer-Verlag, New York. 25ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 i J. and J, Rose, 2002, “Angular-Profile Tuning of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders using a Circumferential Phased Arvay.” IEEE ‘Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 49, No. 12, pp. 1720-1729, Liu, G, and J. Qu, 1988, “Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular Annulus,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 424-430, Luo, W., and J. Rose, 2007, "Phased Array Focusing with Guided ‘Waves in a Viscoelstic Coated Hollow Cylinder,” The Jounal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 121, No. 4, pp. 1945-1955. Mu, J, and J. Rose, 2008, “Guided Wave Propagation and Mode Differentiation in Hollow Cylinders with Viscoelastic Coatings, The Journal ofthe Acoustical Society of America, Vol 124, No.2, pp. 866-874, ‘Mudge, P, and D. Alleyne, 1996, “A Long Range Method OF Detection Of Corrosion Under Insulation In Process Pipework,” The Strategic Importance of Oil and Gas Technology Sth European Union Hydrocarbons Symposium. NACE International, 2013, $P0313-2013: Standard Practice Guided Wave Technology for Piping Applications, National Corrosion Engineers Inteenational Association of Redwood, M., 1960, Mechanical Wave-Guides, The Propagation of, Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves in Fluids and Solids with Boundaries, Pergamon, New York Rose, J Uliraconie Guided Waves in Solid Media, revised edition. Cambridge University Press, New York. Rose, J, 2014, “A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Inspection Potential,” fournal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol 124, No.3, pp, 273-282, Rose, Jy R. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick, 2008, “Guided ‘Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part I - Theory." Proceedings of| the Electric Power Research Institute Seventh International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components Rose. R. Reyer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick, 2009, “Guided ‘Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 2 ~ Experiments,” Proceedings ofthe Seventh International Conference on NDE in Relation to Steuctural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components Royer, RJ. Van Velsor and JL. Rose, 2008, “An Ultrasonic Guided Wave Approach for Pipeline Health Monitoring,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuiclear and Pressurized ‘Components 2% Royer, RK. Rach, A. Crompton, and D. Keene, 2013, "Safety Related Service Water Piping Assessment for Nuclear Power Stations,” Proceedings ofthe Tenth International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components Silk, M, and K.Bainton, 1979, "The Propagation in Metal Tubing ‘of Ulrasonic Wave Modes Equivalent to Lamb Waves," Ultrasonics, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 1-12. Sun, ZL, Zhang, and J. Rose, 2005, "Flexural Torsional Guided ‘Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pip,” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 471-478, ‘Thompson, D., and D. Chimenti eds 1997, ‘Disperse: A General Purpose Program For Creating Dispersion Curves.” Twenty-Third Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 16A, pp. 185-192, "Thompson, D,, and D. Chiment, eds, 2006, *Phased-Array Focusing Potential in Pipe with Viscoelastic Coating,” Thirty ‘Third Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 6A, pp. 188-123 ‘Thompson, D, and D. Chimenti, eds, 2006, “Circumferential Guided Waves for Defect Detection in Coated Pipes,” Thirty ‘Second Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol.25A, pp. 165-172. ‘Thompson, R, 1990, “Physical Principles of Measurements with EMAT Transducers." Physical Acoustics, Vol. 19, pp. 157-200. ‘Van Velsor, JK, H. Goo, and LL. Rose, 2007, “Guided-Wave ‘Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Pipe Using a Probabilistic Reconstruction Algorithm,” Insight, Vol 49, No.9, pp. 532-837, Viktorov, LA., 1967, Rayleigh and Lamb Waves, Physical Theory ‘and Applications, Plenum Press, New York. “Zemanek J Ja 1972, "An Experimental and Theoretical Tinvestigation of Elastic Wave Propagation ina Cylinder,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol, 51, No. 1B, pp. 265-288. Zhao, X, and J. Rose, 2004, “Guided Circumferential Shear Horizontal Waves in an Isotropic Hollow Cylinder,” The Journal ofthe Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 115, No.5, pp. 1912-1916, Available from The American Socety for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OHLM Laser Methods Testing Topical Outlines Laser Methods Testing — Holography/Shearography Level I Topical Outline Basic Holography/Shearography Physics Course 10 20 30 Introduction 11. Nondestructive testing (NDT) 1.2 Overview of shearography and holography NDT (basic premise) 1.2.1 Relationship between stress and strain for @ ‘material o structure 1.22 Inherent material or structural stiffness (eg, Young's modulus) Looking for sub-surface defects by observing the surface ofthe test article as i is acted upon by an applied stress 13 History of hologtaphy/shearography TA. Definition of speckle interferometry 1.5 Application of shearography (SNDT) holography (anT) 1.6. Overview of international NDT certification 17 Responsibilities oflevels of certification 123 ic Principles of Light and Shearography 2a Wave nature ofight 22 Wave particle duality 23. Visible light versus monochromatic light 24. Definition of coherence 25. Interference 2.6. Interferometey 2.6.1. What isan interferometer? 26.1.1 Michelson interferometer example ‘Wavelength of light used as a measuring stick Shearography and holography cameras are interferometers 262 263 Lasers 3.1 Introduction to lasers 32. Properties of laser light 3.21. Practical sources of monochromatic-coherent light 3.22. High power densities 323. Polarized outputs 33. Interference and the formation of laser speckle 33.1. Laser speckle and interferometry provide the basis for holography and shearography 40 3.4 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic properties) B41. Solid-state lasers 342. Gas lasers 343. Ton lasers 344 Diode lasers 345. Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS) 35. Use of multiple laser sources 35.1. Multiple beams from single lasers (beam splitting) 3.52 Independent laser sources (eg, laser diodes) 3.52.1. Coherence and phase limitations 36. Use of iber optic delivery systems Laser Safety 41 Introduction 42 Potential dangers 421 Eye exposure 4AZ.L.1 Dangers ofntea-beam (collimated) viewing 42.12 Dangers of concentrated (magnitied) viewing Skin exposure Potential ignitions source 4.24 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 425 Hazardous byproducts (eg., ozone production) 43 Levels of laser classification 1-4 based on inereasing, level of potential danger 43.1 Classification limits and safety requirements 444 Expanded beams ~ inverse square lw 45. Laser system clasification 45.1, Potential exposure during normal operation and 45.2. Safety during service operations 45.3. Measurement locations 454 Aversion response time (blink response) 455. Enclosures and interlocks 46 Rules forthe safe use of lasers 47 Keeping laser systems safe 48. Safety requirements forthe production and field applications 49 Laser safety officers 4.10 Laser safety references 422 423 Basic Holography/Shearography Systems 5.1 Laser illumination (use of monochromatic coherent ight) 5.2 Differences between holography camera and sheatography camera 5.21 Independent reference beam versus sheared images 5.22. Sheat vector (definition) 5.2.2.1 Magnitude and sensitivity 5.22.2. Direction (orientation) and sensitivity 2ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 53 523 524 Beam ratio (definition) ~ holography Holography sensitive to absolute displacement S.2A.1.Single-lobed indication similar toa topographical map 5.242 Increased stability requirements Shearography sensitive to relative displacements. 5.25.1. Double-lobed indications showing first derivative of displacement Basic Holography/Shearography 531 Basic premise 5.3.2 Image capture 5.33. Application of tress 53.4 Observation of surface deformation ‘Basic image formation process (general overview) 54.1 Subleaction 542 Phase stepping 54.2.1. Wrapped versus unwrapped images ‘Continuous phase stepping with variable reference Hybrid techniques (eg. phase reversal, additive subtractive phace modilatian, ete.) 525 543 544 Basic Operating Course 1.0 Holography/Shearography System Setup 28 1 12 ‘Camera ang test article stability 1:11 Three-point mounting 1.12 Additional requirements for holography 1.13. Benefits of common camera/test article platform Camera settings 121 Focuslelarty 1.2.1.1 Relationship between iis and focus setting 12.12. Proper procedure for setting focus at minimum depth of field 1.22. Irisfapestare 1.22.1. Selecting the proper irs setting 1.222 Saturation 1.22.3 Relationship between iris and speckle size 1.23. Shear vector 1.231. Relationship between shear distance and camera sheat angle 1.232 Shear distance and eystem sensitivity 1.23.3 Common shearing convention and its importance 1.2.34 Nominal shear magnitudes 1235. Shear orientation and direction of| ‘maximum sensitivity 1235.1 Minimizing effect of part or camera motion 1.2.36 Effect of shear vector orientation on indication appearance 1.24. Beam ratio (holography only) 1.24.1 Optimum 1:1 ratio for digital holography 1.25. Test arte illumination 125. 1252 Ensuring full coverage of test area ‘Multiple illumination sources (eg. aligning multiple laser diodes) Parallax correction for camera-to-part distance 1253 20 30 1.3 Test article imaging considerations 13.1 Specular versus diffuse reflectors 132 Overall reflectivity 1.33 Transparent or translucent surfsce 1.3.4. Orient test article to minimize glare 1.35 Possible surface preparations 1.4 Measurement standardization 14.1 Mapping screen resolution to inspection area 14.1.1 Defining pixelsunit distance 1.42 Accounting for shear veetor when making measurements “Manual video scale and shear standardization Automatic video scale and shear standardization via spot projection 145. Video scale and shear measurement limitations 15. Measuring indications 1.5.1 Overall indication sizing (single lobe versus double lobe) 1.52. Marking defect location on test articles 1.6. Image pracessorsetings (fined within Level 1 technique description) 1.6.1 Video signal optimization 1.62. System specific settings 1.63, Processing modes (review) 163.1. Subtraction 1.63.2. Phase stepping 1.6321 Wrapped versus unwrapped mages Continuous phase stepping with varkable reference 143) 14a 1633 L634 Hybrid techniques (eg, phase reversal, adalitive subtractive phase reversal, etc) File saving L641. File types 1164.2. Linking images to test data 164 Primary Stressing Methods (Introduction) 241 Mechanical loading 22. Thermal stressing 23. Vacuum (pressure reduction) stressing 23.1 Chamber whole body pressure reduction 23.2. Vacuum hood or window, single-sided vacuum stressing Pressurization stressing Vibration stressing 25.1 Acoustic versus mechanical 252 Contact versus noncontact 2.5.3 Frequency limitations acoustic versus mechanical Combined stressing systems 2.6.1. Sequential application 262 Combined application 24 26 ‘Test Standards 3.1, Importance of test standards 3.2. Representativeelevant standards 32.1. Representative defects for test article 3.22. Representative defects for chosen stressing method 33 Operational validation40 Documentation 4.1 Introduction to documentation image files Generic image formats QPEG, TIFF, BMP, AVL, MPEG) 4.2.2. System spect filetypes 4.23. Incorporation of images into reports 424 File naming and storage linking images to est par) 43. Report writing Basic Applications Course 10 20 Basic Image Interpretation 1L1_ Fringe generation (subtraction and phase stepped) 1.2 Basic quantitative interpretation of fringes 1.21 Holography versus shearography (single-lobed versus double-labed indications) 13. Wrapped versus unwrapped images 14 Common defect types and test results 141 Disbonds 142. Crushed core 1.43. Impact damage in solid laminates 1.5. Depth, indication size, and stressing relationships 1.51, Fringe growth versus stressing level, 1.52. Number of finges versus depth for constant size defect and fixed stress [Number of fringes versus defect size for constan depts and fixed stress Relative rate of growth for varying sie defects a constant depth 153 134 Basic Stressing Methods 2.1 Mechanical loading 2.1.1 Point loading 212 Load cells or fatigue fixture 213. Single-sided vacuum stressing” 2.14 Applications 22. Interpretation of example results 23. Thermal stressing 231. Basic premise 23.1.1 Thermal expansion effects 23.12 Effects of internal structures or anomalies 23.13. Simple disbond or delamination example ‘Thermal steessing sources 232.1 Infrared flash lamps 232.2 Conventional heat lamps 23.23 Heat gun 23.24 Cold air generators Uniform application of heat 23.311 Thermal gradient versus equilibrium temperature Basic thermal stressing techniques 2.34.1. Refresh before heat 2.3.4.2 Refresh after heat 2.35. Time versus temperature effects 23.6. Time versus depth effects 232 234 30 40 50 60 Laser Methods Testing Topical Outlines 24. Applications 25. Interpretation of example results ‘Vacuum (Pressure Reduction) Stressing 3.1 Types of stressing 3.1.1 Vacuum chamber (whole body pressure reduction) 31.141. Basie premise 3.1412. Basic requirements for effective stressing 3.1113 Potential problems with laminates BILLA Reference image capture at reduced pressure versus ambient pressure Portable single-sided vacuum stressing (vac hood vactuum windows) 3.12.1 Combined single-sided pressure seduction with uneluanical stress 32. Applications 33 Interpretation of example results 32 Pressurization Stress AL Types of stressing ALL Increase of decrease in internal pressure of test article Biaxial strain implications 42.1 Directional sensitivity of shearography (hoop versus axial stress) Applications Interpretation of example results 42 43 44 Vibration Excitation: Acoustic and Mechanical 5.1 Basic premise 152 Physical contact requirements 52.1 Acoustic (noncontact) 5.22 Mechanical (contact required) Frequency range limitation ‘Types of excitation 54.1. White noise 542 Single frequency 543. Prequency sweep 55, Image processing modes 55.1 Phase reversal General relationships 156.1 Frequency response versus material stifiness 562. Frequency response versus depth 56.3. Frequency response versus defect size 57 Amplitude 58. Safety when using 59. Applications 5.10 Interpretation of example results 53 5a. 56 ih intensity sound Complex Structures 6.1 Typesof constructions {62 Interpretation of example resultsANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 Holography /Shearography Level Il Topical Outline Intermediate Physics Course 1.0. Introduction to Holography and Shearography LL. Basic premise ~ looking for subsurface defects and anomalies by observing changes in the surface of atest article while itis acted on by an applied stress 1.2. Stressstran relationship ofa specific material or structure (Young’s modulus) 13. Difference between holography and shearography systems 20. Physics of Light 2.1 Basic wave theory 2.2. White light versus monochromatic light 23. Coherence and interference 24 Interferometry 24.1. Michelson interferometer example 242 Wavelength of light used as a measuring stick 3.0 Lasers 3.1 Introduction t lasers 3.2. Properties oflase light 3.21 Practical sources of monochromatic. coherent light 3.2.11 Coherence length 3.22 High power densities 323. Polarized outputs Interference and the formation of laser speckle Laser speckle and interferometry Speckle interferometry ‘Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic properties) 3.61. Solid-state lasers 362 Gaslasers 36.3 Ion lasers 364 Diode lasers 365 DPSS 37 Logistics and the choice of lasers 3.8. Use of multiple laser sources 3.8.1, Multiple beams from single lasers (beam spliting) 3.82. Independent laser sources (eg, laser diodes) 38.3. Coherence and phase imitations 39 Use of fiber optic delivery systems 40 Laser Safety 41 Introduction 42. Potential dangers 421 Bye exposure 42.2. Skin exposure 4.2.3. Potential ignitions source 42.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 425. Hazardous byproducts (eg. ozone production) 43 Levels of laser classification 1-4 based on increasing level of potential danger 60 44 Laser classification based on: 44,1 Pulsed or continuous wave emission 442 Wavelength 443 Power 444 Expanded or collimated beam 44.4.1 Power density reduction via inverse square aw 445. Extended source or point source 4466 Expanding beams ~ inverse square law 45. Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing 4.6 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing 47 Laser system classification 47.1. Potential exposure during normal operation and ‘maintenance versus service 4.72. Safety during service operations 4.73. Measurement locations 4.74 Aversion response time (blink response) 47.5. Enclosures and interlocks 4.8 Rules forthe safe use of lasers 49 Keeping laser systems safe 4.10 Safety requirements for the boratory 4.11 Safety requitements for production 4.12 Safety equirements for the workshop of field 4.13 Laser safety officers 4.14 Additional laser safety references Holography and Speckle Interferometry (Historical Development) 5.1 Holographic recording process (wave-front recording and reconstruction) 5.11 Stability requirements Holography Practical limitations of digital wave front recording Speckle photography and speckle correlation Speckle interferometry 5.5.1 Reference beam makes speckle image phase 5.6. Digital holography ~ basic image formation (conreltion/subtraction) 561 Stability requirements Digital Holography and Shearography Optics 6.1 Holography camera optics 6.1.1 Independent reference beam 6.1.1.1 Beam ratio 6.1.2. Sensitive to absolute displacement changes 6.1.3. Single-lobed indications fora simple displacement 62. Sheatography camera optics 62.1. Laterally sheared object and reference beams (shearing interferometer) 622. Sensitive to relative displacements between sheared points on test aticle 623 Double-lobed indications showing first derivative of the displacement 623.1 Strain gradient (lines of isostrain) 63. Shear Vector 63.1. Relationship between shear distance and camera shear angle632 Shear distance and system sensitivity 63.3 Common shearing convention and its importance 634 Nominal shear magnitudes 635. Shear orientation and ditection of maximum sensitivity 63.6 Minimizing effect of part or camera motion 637. Bffect of shear vector orientation on indication appearance 64. ‘Types of shearography cameras 64.1 Fixed shear 642 Adjustable shear 64.3 Phase stepped 65. Phase stepping 65.1. Correlation shearography review (subtraction) 652 Phase stepping defined 65.3 Image capture 654 Phase map creation 655 Phase map advantages 65.6 Unwrapped phase maps 65.7 Unwrapped phase map adv tages 7.0 Physics of Materials 7. Suess strain and strain relationship (Young's modulus) 7.2. Deformation versus strain 73. Flt plate deformation equation 74. Thermal expansion 25. Vacuum stressing loads 7.6. Pressurization loads (biaxial straln/axial and hoop) 73 Vibrations stressing and resonance Intermediate Operating Course 1.0 Holography and Shearography Systems 1.1 Automated inspection systems 12. Tripod-based systems 1.3. On vehicle inspections 2.0 Sources of Noise and Solutions 21 Stability 22. Vibration 23. Thermal currents 24 Air currents 3.0 Fixturing for Test Parts and Camera Systems 3.1. Simple forms 3.41 Three-point mounting 312. Use of preloads 32. Automated system requirements 4.0 Speckle Interferometry Camera 4 Field of view 42. Resolution versus field of view 43. Focus and iri settings 44 Sensitivity versus angles 45_In-plane and out-of plane considerations 46 Effects of shear orientation 47 Specular reflections Laser Methods Testing Topical Outlines 5.0. Speckle Interferometry - Image Processor 5.1 Advanced processor adjustment 52. Advanced post-processing techniques 533 Interface options 54 Documentation options 6.0. Stressing Systems, Setup, and Operation 6.1 Thermal stressing systems 62. Vacuum inspection systems 63. Pressucization systems 64 Vibration excitation 7.0 Method Development 7A Test standards 72. Befective research for optimum defect detection 73. Representative defect sample/confidence pieces 74. Method formatiprocedure/technique writing 8.0 Documentation 8.1 Digital image file management 82. Reporting 83. Archiving data Intermediate Applications Course 1.0. Materials and Applications LL Laminates 1.2. Honeycombs 13 Foam core materials [4 Advanced materials LS. Pressure vessel, piping, and tubing 6. Plasma spray and ceramics 17 Bonded metal 2.0 Fringe Interpretation 2.1 Quantitative fringe measurement 22. Defect measurement and characterization 23. Strain measurement 3.0 Mechanical Loading 3.1. Review of mechanical loading methods 3.2. Applications 32.1 Cracks: 3.22 Material weaknesses 3.23. Detection of ply wrinkling 3.24 Interpretation of results 3.25 Strain gradient versus loading 40 ‘Thermal stressing. 4.1 Review of thermal stressing methods 4,11 "Time versus temperature thermal gradient 4.1.2. Time versus depth. 4.1.3 Muliple image analysis 42. Applications 42.1 Delaminations 42.2. Impact damage 42.3 Composite repair evaluation 424 Foreign material 43. Interpretation of results ~ phase change 3ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 5.0 Vacuum Stressing 5.1 Review of stressing methods 5.11 The general purpose method 5.1.2 Depth versus fringes 52. Applications 5.2.1 Near-side disbonds 2.2 Far-sidedisbonds 5.23 Composite repair evaluation 5.24 Delaminations 5.3, Interpretations of results 53.1. Effects of windows 6.0. Pressurization Stressing 5.1 Review of pressure stressing methods 52. Applications 62.1 Piping and tubing 62.2. Pressure vesels 62.3. Aircealt fuselage 6.3. Interpretation of results 7. Vibration Excitation, Mechanical 7.1, Review of mechanical vibration excitation methods TiAl Frequency versus material stifiness 7.12 Frequency versus material thickness/depth 7.13. Frequency versus defect size 7.14 Amplitude ZS. Sweep rate 7.1.6 White noise 2.2. Applications 73. Interpretation of results 80 Vibration Excitation, Acoustic 8.1 Review of acoustic vibration excitation methods B.LL Frequency versus material stiffness 8.1.2 Frequency versus materilthicknesi/depth 8.13 Frequency versus defect size 8.14 Amplitude S15 Sweep rate 8.16 White noise 8.2. Applications 83 Interpretation of results 84 Safe use of scoustic exciters 9.0 Other Stressing Methods 9.1 Review of stress relaxation methods 9.2. Applications 9.3. Interpretations Holography /Shearography Level Ill Topical Outline 10. Principles/Theory LA Light LL Light and basic wave theory 1.12. Coherence and inference 1.13. Electronic speckle LAA Speckle interferometry 32 Lasers 121 Introduction to lasers 122 Properties of laser light 1.2.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic: ‘coherent light 1221.1 Coherence length 1.22.2 High power densities 122.3 Polarized outputs 1.23. Interference and the formation of laser speckle 1.24. Laser speckle and interferometry 125 Speckle interferometry 1.2.6 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic properties) 1.26.1 Solid-state lasers 1.262. Gas lasers 1.263 Ion asers 1.264 Diode lasers 1265 DPss 41.27 Logistics and the choice of lasers 1.28 Use of multiple laser sources 1.28.1. Multiple beams from single lasers (beam spliting) 1.282 Independent laser sources (eg. laser diodes) 1.283 Coherence and phase limitations 1.28. Use of fiber optic delivery systems Optics 1.3. Holographic optics 132. Sheatography optics 1.33 Polarization 134. Fikers Material properties LA. Strese/strain Young's modulus of elasticity 42. Plate deformation equation 143. Deformation versus strain Lad Specular versus diffuse reflections 145) Transparent costing and translucent materials 146. Thermal expansion of materials 147 Vacuum stress and out-of plane strain 148 Pressurieation, sxal, hoop, and out-of-plane strain 1449 Vibration and resonance 1.0 Stress relaxation 2.0 Equipment/Materials 21 Holographic systems 2.11, Fundamentals ofholography 21.2. Holographic instruments 21.3 Interpreting results ‘Types of shearography systems 2.2.1. Image subtraction correlation systems 2.2.2. Phase-stepped systems 2.2.3. Phase-stepped systems with variable reference 22.4 Hybrid systems (eg, phase reversal, additive subtractive phase modulation ete.) 2.25 Production system examples 2.2.6. Automated system examples 2.2.7 Fiold inspection system examplesLaser Methods Testing Topical Outlines 23. Basic setup 3.1.3. Material weakness 23.1 Mlumination 3.14 Ply weinkling detection 231.1 Illumination and view af view 32. Thermal stressing 231.2. Laser speckle considerations 1 Thermal stressing methods 23.13 Invplane and out-of-plane 5.22 Types of thermal energy application 2.32. Fixtuin 3.22.1. Time versus temperature 2321. Simple forms 3.22.2 Time versus depth 23.22. Automated system requirements 3.2.3. Substructure 233. Sensitivity shear vector (in portable systems a8 3.24 Impact damage system rotational relationships) 325 Composite repair evaluation 23.31 Sensitivity relating to shear magnitude 3.26 Foreign material detection 233.2 Sensitivity relating to sheae dieection 327 Near-side defects 23.33. Sensitivity relation to in-plane/out-of- 3.28 Far-side defects plane strain 33. Vacuum Stressing 234. Sensitivity shear vector (in manual systems and 3.3.1 Ambient pressure reduction (chamber) automated systems) 33.2 Contact vacuum stressing (vacuum hood/ window) 234.1. Sensitivity relating to shear magnitude 33.3. Depth versus fringe density 2.342 Sensitivity relating to shear direction 34 Pressuriaation stressing 23.43 Sensitivity relation to in-plane/out-of- 34.1. ‘Types of stressing plane stain 34.2 Applications 235 Sources of noise and solutions 3421 Piping 235.1 Stability 3.4.22 Composite pressure vessels 2352. Vibration 3423. Biaxial strain implications 2353. Thermal gradients 3.424. Fuselage (barrel) inspections 2354 Aircurrents 3.425. Control surfaces 2355. Shear vector settings 35. Vibration stressing 24. Instrument settings 35.1. Mechanical vibration (MECAD) 24.1 Focus 3.51 Applications 242 Iris settings 35112 Interpretation of results 24.3. Shear optics and vector 352 Acoustic vibrations (ACAD) 244. Sensitivity versus shear vector 352.1. Applications 245. fects of shear orientation 352.2 Interpretations 24.6 Aligning illumination and camera axis 353 Common excitation considerations 247 Field of view (FOV) 353.1 Frequency versus material stiffness 24.8: Resolution versus FOV 3.5.32 Frequency versus material thicknes/depth 249 Phase stepping 35.33. Frequency versus defect size 249.1 Single reference systems 3534. Amplitude 249.2 Multiple reference systems 3535 Sweep rate 2.4.10 Reflections 35.36 White noise 25. Measurement standardization 35.37 Phase reversal 25.1. Mapping screen resolution to inspection area 36. Other stressing methods 25.1.1 Defining pixelsunit distance 366.1. Stress relaxation, 2.5.2. Accounting for shear vector when making 3.62 Tensile stressing how is this applicable _measurements 25.3 Manual video scale and shear standardization 40 Interpretation/Evaluation 2.54 Automatic video scale and shear standardization 4.1, Fringe interpretation via spot projection 42. Double-lobed fringe set 258 Video scale and shear measurement limitations 43. Shear orientation effects 26 Phase-step standardization 44. Strain concenteations 2.7 Advanced settings 45. Defect sizing 28. Image processing 46 Strain measurement 28.1. Image formation techniques 47 In-planefout-of plane considerations 2.82 Advanced post processing 283. Bffecs of processing 50 Procedures 54 Documentation 30. Stressing Methods and Example Applications 5.11 Digital file management 3.1 Mechanical loading 5.1.2 Reporting 3 Cracks 5.13. Postiprocessing 3.1.2 Revealing substructure 5.14 Data extraction 33ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2020 SAS Archiving data 5.16 Developing procedures Guideline standards Standardized procedures User-developed standards Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures Responsibilities ofa Level IIL Responsibilities as an external Level II ‘Training and examining Level [and Level Il NDT personnel 6.0 Laser Safety 6.1 Introduction 62. Potential dangers 621. Bye exposure 62.2 Skin exposure 62.3. Potential igitions source 6.24 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 625 Hazardous byproducts (eg, ozone production) 63. Levels of loser classification 1-4 based on increasing level of potential danger 64 Laser classification based om: 6.4.1. Pulsed ot continuous wave emission 64.2. Wavelength 643 Power 644 Expanded or collimated beam 644.1. Power density reduction via inverse squate law 645 Extended source or point source 646 Expanding beams - inverse square law 65 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing 66 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing 67 Laser system dassification 67.1 Potential exposute during normal operation and 6.7.2. Safety during service operations 67.3. Measurement locations {674 Aversion response time (blink response) 675. Enclosures and interlocks 68. Rules forthe safe use of lasers 69. Keeping laser systems safe 6.10 Safety equirements for the laboratory 6.11 Safety requirements for production 6.12 Safety equirements for the workshop or field 6.13 Laser safety officers 6.14 Additional laser safety references 7.0 Applications 7. Holography applications 7AL- Felt metal 7.12. Plasma bonding 73 Other inspections earography applications 7.21 Aerospace applications 72.1.1 Composite materials 7.2.1.2 Laminates 72.13 Sandwich constructions 72.1.1 Honeycomb 72. 34 72132 Foam cores 721.33 Other core material 72:14 Advanced materials 72.15 Bonded metal 722. Marine applications 7.22.1. Solid laminates 72.2.2 Sandwich structures 7.22.3 Ply dropoff 7.22.4 Bulkhead detection 7.22.5. Repair evaluation 7.23 Tire inspection 7.23.1 Equipment 72.32 Fault detection 7.24 Encapsulated microcircuit leak detection 72:4. Leak rate 7242 Volume 7.25. Civil engineering applications 7.25. Composite reinforcement 7.25.2. Insulation panel inspection 7.2.6 Complex structures 7.2.6. Types of construction 72.6.2. Interpretation of results Holography/Shearography Level |, Il, and Ill Training References ASNT, 2012, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 10 Nondestructive Testing Overview, third edition, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Ine, Columbus, OH." ASNT, 1995, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 9: Special Nondestructive Testing Methods, second edition, American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc, Columbus, OHL.* ASNT, 2014, ASNT Industry Handbook: Aerospace NDT, ‘American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc,, Columbus, one ASTM, 2014, ASTM £2581-15 Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Applications, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA ‘ASTM, 2015, ASTM E2981-15 Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing ofthe Composite Overwrap in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Gabor, D, 1949, "Microscopy by Reconstructed Wavefront Proceedings ofthe Royal Socety, London, Hung, ¥., 1982, “Shearography: A New Optical Method for Strain ‘Measorement and Nondestructive Testing” Optical Pngincering, Vol. 21, pp. 391-395 Hung, ¥., 1999, “Applications of Digital Shearography for Composite Materials,” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 30, No.7, pp. 765-773Johnston, 8, 2006, Holographic Visions, Oxford University Press, Oxford Leith, E. and J. Upatnieks, 1964, “Waveftont Reconstruction with Diffused llumination and TIeree Dimensional Objects," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 1295-1301. Lui, Dilferent Materials” No. 12, pp. 1462-1468, » tal, 2011, "NDT Capability of Digital Shearography for ptics and Lasers in Engineering, Vol. 49, Nakadata, S, 1988, “Phase Detection of Equidistant Fringes for Highly Sensitive Optical Sensing,” Journal of the Optical Society of Ameria A, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 1265-1268, Newman, J, and J Lindberg, 2010, “Laser Shesrography of Wind ‘Turbine Blades,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 68, No, 7, pp. 828-837. Prescott, 4 1961, Applied Elasticity, Dover, New York, NY. Avail tom The American Society or Nondestructive Teting nc, (Columbus OF: Laser Methods Testing - Profilometry Level | Topical Outline 10 Introduction LI. Brief history of NDT and laser methods (LM) 12 Purpose for laser proflometry 1.3 Benefits and limitations of laser profilometry 20. Lasers and Laser Safety 21 Introduction to lasers 22. Laser classifications 23. Basic laser safety 24. Precautions for safe laser operation 25. Definitions 3.0 Theory of Laser Profilometry 3.1 Introduction to basic optical tlangulation 32. Photodetectors 33. Calibration 40 Laser Profilometry 4.1. Preparation of test parts 42. Environmental considerations and limitations 43 System setup 44 Instrument standardization 43. Data acquisition 46. Data storage 5.0 Introduction to Data Processing and Analysis 5. Confirming quality of inspection results 5.2. Basic interpretation of test results 5.3. Data storage and archival Laser Methods Testing Topical Outlines Laser Methods Testing - Profilometry Level II Topical Outline 1.0 Introduction 1LL_ Purpose for laser methods and laser proflometry 1.2. Review of basic principles of laser profilometcy 1.3. Benefits and imitations of laser profilometry 1A Responsibilities of Level I! laser proflometry examiner 1.5 Limitations of Level I laser profilometey examiner 20 Laser Safety 2.1 Types laser types 22 Laser classifications 23. Laser safety equipment 2.4. Precautions for safe laser operation 25. Regulations and governing organizations 30. Intermediate Theory of Profilometry 3.1 Optical triangulation 32 Lasers 3.21 Gas lasers 3.22. Diode lasers 33. Lenses and optical filters 34. Photodetectors 341 Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) 3.42 Lateral effect photodetectors 35. Basic signal processing 36 Calibration 40 Conducting Laser Profilometric Inspection 41 Equipment selection and setup 42. Environmental considerations 421. Test material 42.2 Dust and other contamination 423. Humidity and moisture 424 Power considerations 43. Standardization 43.1 When to standardize 43.2. actors that affect standardization 44 Acquiring and saving inspection results 5.0 Evaluation of Indications 5.1 General 5.11 Flaws in various materials 5.12 Overview of typical causes of flaws in materials 5.1.3 Appearance of laws 5114 Nonflawrelated indication 5.2. Factors affecting quality of inspection results 5.2.1 Condition/cleanlness of test component surface 5.22. Reflectivity of test component surface 5.23. Shaep comners/gints 5.24. Signal too high/too low 60. Inspection Procedures and Standards 6.1 Inspection procedures and specifications 62. Standards 63. Codes 35