Appendix S2.

Sites with dated macrofossils of Salix herbacea, including some pollen records determined to or assumed to represent Salix herbacea for some
regions in Greenland. Dates were calibrated by using the program OxyCal 4.0 and IntCal4 calibration curve (*; range up to 21,000 BP) or by the authors using
earlier version (IntCal98, Oxycal 3.5) of the calibration curve (+; only if no uncalibrated dates were presented). Calibrated dates were rounded to 100. For ages
given as range, calibrated dates are upper and lower limits of the calibrated range. Lat. = northern latitude, Long. = longitude.

Site Lat. Long. Age BP Cal. age BP Reference

North America
USA, NE Illinois 42.17 -88.63 17,539±128 21,200-20,400* Curry et al., 1999
USA, Illinois, Cook County 42.17 -88.28 c. 17,600 19,100-18,600* Curry & Yansa, 2004
USA, Maine, Upper South Branch Pond 46.08 -68.90 c. 12,000 to 10,500 13,900-12,400* Anderson et al., 1986
USA, Massachusetts 42.33 -72.00 c. 13,000-11,000 15,600-12,900* Argus & Davis, 1962
USA, Michigan, Cheboygan County 45.50 -84.50 13,300-12,500 14,200-12,300* Miller & Benninghoff, 1969
USA, Minnesota, Spider Creek 46.97 -92.62 < 12,000 13,900-13,800* Baker, 1965; Birks, 2003
USA, southern Connecticut 41.33 72.50 15,210±80 18,800-18,200* McWeeney, 1995
USA, Connecticut, Matianuck Avenue 41.82 -72.67 13,540±90 16,600-15,700* Miller 1992, 1995; Miller & Spear, 1999
USA, Connecticut, Matianuck Avenue, 41.82 -72.67 14,000 15,200-14,400* Stone et al., 1992
Windsor
USA, Massachusetts, Tom Swamp 42.52 -72.22 12,830±120 to 10,080±110 15,600-11,300* Miller, 1989; Miller & Spear, 1999
USA, New Hampshire, Canoe Brook 42.95 -72.55 12,350±90 14,800-14,000* Miller, 1995; Miller & Spear, 1999
USA, Vermont, Columbia Bridge 44.85 -71.55 11,540±110 to 11,390±115 13,700-13,000* Miller 2003, Miller & Thompson, 1979;
Miller, 1989; Miller & Spear, 1999
USA, New York State, Hyde Park 40.78 -73.90 c. 13,000 to 12,200 15,600-14,000* Miller & Nester, 2006
Canada, SW Ontario, Clarksburg 44.53 -80.50 > 33,000 Out of range Warner et al., 1988
Canada, New Brunswick, Pine Ridge Pond 45.00 -67.00 10,160±70 to c. 10,000 12,100-11,300* Levesque et al., 1994
Canada, New Brunswick, Splan Pond 45.25 -67.33 c. 10,600 12,800-12,400* Mayle & Cwynar, 1995
Canada, Nova Scotia, Little Lake 44.67 -63.93 c. 12,000 13,900-13,800* Mayle & Cwynar, 1995
Canada, Cape Breton, Chase Pond 45.65 -60.67 10,110 ± 70 12,000-11,400* Mayle & Cwynar, 1995
Greenland
S Greenland, Quqortoq, tidal basin Q3 60.67 -46.10 7945 ± 70 9000-8600* Sparrenbom et al., 2006
W Greenland, Nordlandet 64.30 51.00 8100 9000* Fredskild, 1983
+
W Greenland, Godthåbsfjord area 64.50 -51.38 ca. 8000 ca. 9000 Kelly & Funder, 1974; Fredskild, 1983;
Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, interior Godthåbsfjord, Johannes 64.40 -50.20 7900 8800-8600* Fredskild, 1983
Iversen Sø
W Greenland, interior Godthåbsfjord, Karra 64.77 -50.58 ca. 2000 2000-1900* Fredskild, 1983
W Greenland, Nordlandet, Sârdlup Qáqá 64.40 -51.68 ca. 8000 onwards 9000-8800* Fredskild, 1983
W Greenland, Nuussuaq 70.47 -54.03 1110 ± 40 1200-900* Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, Nuussuaq 70.47 -54.03 1560 ± 40 1500-1400* Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, Nuussuaq 70.47 -54.03 2825 ± 60 3100-2800* Bennike, 2000
+
W Greenland, Nuussuaq 70.47 -54.03 - ca. 8000 Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, Svartenhuk 71.00 -53.98 1330 ± 50 1300-1100* Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, Svartenhuk 71.00 -53.98 2970 ± 40 3300-3000* Bennike, 2000
W Greenland, Disko area, Quegertassuk 69.50 -53.00 3780 ± 15 4200-4100* Böcher & Fredskild, 1993
NE Greenland, Zackenberg 75.37 -58.60 6700 7600-7500* Fredskild, 1985
NE Greenland, Zackenberg, Rundesø 75.37 -58.60 ca. 6700 onwards 7600-7500* Fredskild, 1985
NE Greenland, Zackenberg, Langesø 75.37 -58.60 6710 ± 105 7800-7400* Fredskild, 1985
NE Greenland, Zackenberg, Wollaston Forland 74.47 -20.67 7140 ± 140 8800-8600* Bennike et al., 1999
E Greenland, Jameson Land 71.00 -24.00 Eemian 130,000-115,000 Bennike & Böcher, 1994; Rundgren &
Bennike, 2002
Europe
Belgium, Soignies, Clypot 50.60 4.00 Middle Weichselian 75,000-25,000 Vanhoorne, 2005
+
Denmark, Bølling Sø 56.17 9.37 10,450±70 12,160-12,795 Bennike et al., 2004
+
Denmark, Bølling Sø 56.17 9.37 10,610±75 12,400-12,880 Bennike et al., 2004
Faroe Islands, Lykkjuvøtn 61.90 -6.90 9830±60 11,400 – 11,150* Andresen et al., 2006; Jessen et al., 2007
Faroe Islands, Skálafjørður 62.15 -6.77 c. 10,000 9700-9400* Bennike et al., 1998
Germany, Baltic Sea, Arkona Basin 54.72 12.77 12,700±110 13,400-12,500* Jensen et al., 1997
Iceland, Hafratjörn 65.58 -20.13 c. 8570±150 10,200-9300* Vasari & Vasari, 1990
Ireland, Finglas river 51.80 -10.20 10,335±70 to 9830±75 12,600-11,100* Turney et al., 2000
Ireland, Lurga 53.02 -8.87 c. 13,000 15,600-15,100* Andrieu et al., 1993; Aa. Paus, pers.
comm.
Netherlands, Hengelo 52.30 6.80 37,170±840 Out of range Tralau & Zagwijn, 1962
Netherlands, Peel 52.50 5.70 Saalian 200,000-130,000 Zagwijn & Jong, 1960
W Norway, Utsira 59.30 4.90 14,000-13,500 17,000-15,700* Birks, 1994a, b, 2003
W Norway, Blomøy 60.55 4.90 12,000 13,900-13,800* Birks 1993, 1994b, 2003
W Norway, Godøy 62.50 6.00 11,000 13,000-12,900* Birks et al., 1993
W Norway, Vågsøy, Kråkenes 62.03 5.00 10,310±50 12,400-11,800* Birks et al., 1996
W Norway, Vågsøy, Kråkenes 62.03 5.00 11,485±65 to 9600±75 13,500-13,200* Beerling et al., 1995
Norway, Svalbard, Skardtjørna 77.58 13.50 ca. 7000 and later ca. 7900* and later Birks, 1991
UK, England, Norfolk 52.70 0.70 *16,500 19,800-19,500* Beerling et al., 1993
UK, England, Norfolk 52.70 0.70 1700-1400 1700-1300* Beerling et al, 1993
UK, N Scotland, Lochan an Druim 58.47 -4.67 Allerød-YDR ca 11,000 Birks, 2003
UK, NE Scotland, Abernethy Forest 58.23 -3.72 11,115-9740 13,100-11,200* Birks & Mathewes, 1978
UK, Shetland, S Mainland, Lang Lochs Mire 60.15 -1.18 13,800-10,450±70 14,900-10,200* Hulme & Shirriffs, 1994
UK, Shetland, S Mainland, Aith Voe 60.33 -1.32 12,540±90 15,100-14,200* Birnie, 2000
+
Russia, Karelia, lake Tambichozero 61.93 37.90 - 11,200 Wohlfahrt et al, 2002
+
SW Sweden, Madtjärn 58.58 12.17 - 12,800-10,800 Rundgren & Björck, 2003
+
N Sweden, Abisko 68.37 18.70 - 9000 Rundgren & Beerling 1999; Rundgreen et
al, 2003
Switzerland: Gouillé Loére 46.00 7.00 ca. 2600 ca. 2800-2700* Tinner & Theurillat, 2003
Switzerland, Lengi Egga 46.00 8.00 9370 ± 70 to present 10,800-10,300* Tinner & Theurillat, 2003; Tinner &
Kaltenrieder, 2005
Pollen (Salix herbacea-type)
Greenland
E Greenland, Jameson Land, Morten Sø 70.87 22.45 9630±120 11,200-10,600* Funder, 1978
E Greenland, Jameson Land, Potamogetonsø 70.95 27.73 > 6200±140 >7400-6800* Funder, 1978
E Greenland, Jameson Land, Bramgåssø 70.52 28.03 6780±140 7900-7400* Funder, 1978
E Greenland, Jameson Land, Hugin Sø 70.77 24.12 10,040±150 12,100-11,200* Funder, 1978
W Greenland, Kap Farvel 59.80 -43.90 7200 8000* Fredskild, 1973, 1983
References Appendix 2

Anderson, R.S., Davis, R.B., Miller, N.G. & Stuckenrath, R. (1986) History of late- and
post-glacial vegetation and disturbance around Upper South Branch Pond,
northern Maine. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 1977-1986.
Andresen, C.S., Björck, S., Rundgren, M., Conley, D.J. & Jessen, C. (2006) Rapid
Holocene climate changes in the North Atlantic: evidence from lake sediments
from the Faroe Islands. Boreas, 35, 23-34.
Andrieu, V., Huang, C.C., O’Connell, M. & Paus, A. (1993) Lateglacial vegetation and
environment in Ireland: first results from four western sites. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 12, 681-705.
Argus, G.W. & Davis, M.B. (1962) Macrofossils from a late-glacial deposit at
Cambridge, Massachusetts. American Midland Naturalist, 67, 106-117.
Baker, R.G. (1965) Late-glacial pollen and plant macrofossils from Spider Creek,
southern St Louis County, Minnesota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76,
601-610.
Beerling, D.J., Birks, H.H. & Woodward, F.I. (1995) Rapid late-glacial atmospheric CO2
changes reconstructed from the stomatal density record of fossil leaves. Journal of
Quaternary Science, 10, 379-384.
Beerling, D.J., Chaloner, W.G., Huntley, B., Pearson, J.A. & Tooley, M.J. (1993)
Stomatal density responds to the glacial cycle of environmental change.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, Biological
Sciences, 336, 215-224.
Bennike, O. (2000) Palaeoecological studies of Holocene lake sediments from west
Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 155, 285-304.
Bennike, O., Björck, S., Böcher, J., Hansen, L., Heinemeier, J. & Wohlfahrt, B. (1999)
Early Holocene plant and animal remains from North-east Greenland. Journal of
Biogeography, 26, 667-677.
Bennike, O. & Böcher, J. (1994) Land biotas of the last interglacial/glacial cycle on
Jameson Land, East Greenland. Boreas, 23, 479-487.
Bennike, O., Böcher, J., Konradi, P., Kuijpers, A. & Larsen, B. 1998: Macrofossil studies
of lacustrine sediments from Skálafjørður, the Faroe Islands: preliminary results.
Fróðskaparrit 46, 267-275.
Bennike, O., Sarmaja-Korjonen, K. & Seppänen, A. (2004) Reinvestigation of the classic
late-glacial Bølling Sø sequence, Denmark: chronology, macrofossils, Cladocera
and chydorid ephippia. Journal of Quaternay Science, 19, 465-478.
Birks, H.H. (1991) Holocene vegetational history and climatic change on west
Spitsbergen – plant macrofossils from Skardtjørna, an Arctic lake. The Holocene,
1, 209-218.
Birks, H.H. (1993) The importance of plant macrofossils in late-glacial climatic
reconstructions – an example from western Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews,
12, 719-726.
Birks, H.H. (1994a) Plant macrofossils and the nunatak theory of per-glacial survival. In:
Lotter, A.F. & Ammann, B. (eds.): Festschrift Gerhard Lang. Dissertationes
Botanicae, 234, 29-134.
Birks, H.H. (1994b) Late-glacial vegetational ecotones and climatic patterns in westerns
Norway. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 3, 107-119.
Birks, H.H. (2003) The importance of plant macrofossils in the reconstruction of
Lateglacial vegetation and climate: examples from Scotland, western Norway,
and Minnesota, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 453-473.
Birks, H.H., Gulliksen, S., Haflidason, H., Mangerud, J. & Possnert, G. (1996) New
radiocarbon dates for the Vedde ash and the Saksunarvatn ash from western
Norway. Quaternary Research, 45, 119-127.
Birks, H.H., Lemdahl, G., Svendsen, J.I. & Landvik, J.Y. (1993) Palaeoecology of a late
Allerød peat bed at Godøy, western Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science, 8,
147-159.
Birks, H.J.B. & Mathewes, R.W. (1978) Studies in the vegetational history of Scotland.
V. Late Devensian and Early Flandrian pollen and macrofossil stratigraphy at
Abernethy Forest, Invereness-shire. The New Phytologist, 80, 455-484.
Birnie, J.F. (2000) Devensian lateglacial palaeoecological changes in Shetland. Boreas,
29, 205-218.
Böcher, O. & Fredskild, B. (1993) Plant and arthropod remains from the palaeo-Eskimo
site on Quqertasussuk, West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience,
30, 1-35.
Curry, B.B., Baker, R.G., Grimley, D. & Miller, M.B. (1999) Near-glacial flora,
ostracodes, and pisidiid clams of the Wisconsin Livingston Phase in northeastern
Illinois. Geological Society of America. Abstracts with programs, 31, 11-12.
Curry, B.B. & Yansa, C.H. (2004): Evidence for stagnation of the Harvard Sublobe (Lake
Michigan Lobe) in northeastern Illinois, USA, from 24 000 to 17 600 BP and
subsequent tundra-like ice-marginal paleoenvironments from 17 6000 to 15 700
BP. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 58, 305-321.
Fredskild, B. (1973) Studies in the vegetational history of Greenland. Meddelelser om
Grønland, 198, 1-245.
Fredskild, B. (1983) The Holocene vegetational development of the Godthåbsfjord area,
West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 10, 1-28.
Fredskild, B. (1985) The Holocene vegetational development of Tugtuligssuaq and
Qeqertat, Northwest Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 14, 1-20.
Funder, S. (1978) Holocene stratigraphy and vegetation history in the Scoresby Sund
area, East Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Bulletin, 129, 1-66 +
11 pl.
Hulme, P.D. & Shirriffs, J. 1994: The Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation of the Lang
Lochs Mire area, Gulberwick, Shetland: a pollen and macrofossil investigation.
New Phytologist 128, 793-806.
Jensen, J.B., Bennike, O., Witkowski, A., Lemke, W. & Kuijpers, A. (1997) The Baltic
Ice Lake in the south-western Baltic: sequence-, chrono- and biostratigraphy.
Boreas, 26, 217-236.
Jessen, C.A., Rundgren, M., Björck, S. & Muscheler, R. (2007) Climate forced
atmospheric CO2 variability in the early Holocene: A stomatal frequency
reconstruction. Global and Planetary Change, 57, 247-260.
Kelly, M. & Funder, S. (1974) The pollen stratigraphy of late Quaternary lake sediments
of South-West Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Rapport, 64, 1-
26.
Levesque, A.J., Cwynar, L.C. & Walker, I.R. (1994) A multiproxy investigation of Late-
Glacial climate and vegetation change at Pine Ridge Pond, southwest New
Brunswick, Canada. Quaternary Research, 42, 316-327.
Mayle, F.E. & Cwynar, L.C. (1995) Impact of the Younger Dryas cooling event upon
lowland vegetation of maritime Canada. Ecological Monographs, 65, 129-154.
McWeeney, L.J. (1995) Revised vegetation history for the post-glacial period (15,200-
10,000 14C Yrs BP) in southern New England. Geological Society of America.
Abstracts with Programs, 27, 68.
Miller, N.G. (1989) Pleistocene and Holocene floras of New England as a framework for
interpreting aspects of plant rarity. Rhodora, 91, 49-69.
Miller, N.G. (1992) A preliminary account of plant fossils from Glacial Lake Hitchcock,
Windsor, Connecticut. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 84th
Annual Meeting, Department of Geology and Geography, University of
Massachusetts, Contribution 66, 316-317.
Miller, N.G. (1995) Snapshot paleobotanical analyses of late-glacial sediments in the
Connecticut River Valley, northern Vermont to central Connecticut. Geological
Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, Northeastern Section, 27, 69.
Miller, N.G. (2003) Contemporary and prior environments of the Hyde Park, New York,
mastodon on the basis of associated plant macrofossils. Geological Society of
America, Abstracts with Programs, Northeastern Section, 35, 75.
Miller, N.G. & Benninghoff, W.S (1969) Plant fossils from a Cary-Port Huron interstate
deposit and their paleoecological interpretation. Geological Society of America
Special Paper, 123, 225-248.
Miller, N.G. & Nester, P.L. (2006) Paleoecology of a late Pleistocene wetland and
associated mastodon remains in the Hudson Valley, southeastern New York State.
Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 399, 291-304.
Miller, N.G. & Spear, R.W. (1999) Late-Quaternary history of the alpine flora of the New
Hampshire White Mountains. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, 53, 137-157.
Miller, N.G. & Thompson (1979) Boreal and western North American plants in the late
Pleistocene of Vermont. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 60, 167-218.
Rundgren, M. & Beerling, D. (1999) A Holocene CO2 record from the stomatal index of
subfossil Salix herbacea leaves from northern Sweden. The Holocene, 9, 509-513.
Rundgren, M. & Bennike, O. (2002) Century-scale changes of athmospheric CO2 during
the last interglacial. Geology, 30, 187-189.
Rundgren, M. & Björck, S. (2003) Late-glacial and early Holocene variations in
atmospheric CO2 concentration indicated by high-resolution stomatal index data.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 213, 191-204.
Rundgren, M., Loader, N.J. & Hammarlund, D. (2003) Stable carbon isotope
composition of terrestrial leaves. Inter- and intraspecies variability, cellulose and
whole-leaf tissue difference, and potential for climate reconstructions. Journal of
Quaternary Science, 18, 583-590.
Sparrenbom, C.J., Bennike, O., Björck, S. & Lambeck, K. (2006) Holocene relative sea-
level changes in the Qaqortoq area, southern Greenland. Boreas, 35, 171-187.
Stone, J.R., Ashley, G.M., Miller, N.G., Thorson, R.M., McWeeney, L., Luce, H.D. &
Schafer, J.P. (1992) Ice-wedge casts, pingo scars, and the drainage of glacial Lake
Hitchcock. Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts,
Contribution, 66, 305-331.
Tinner, W. & Kaltenrieder, P. (2005) Rapid responses of high-mountain vegetation to
early Holocene environmental changes in the Swiss Alp. Journal of Ecology, 93,
936-947.
Tinner, W. & Theurillat, J.P. (2003) Uppermost limit, extent, and fluctuations of the
timberline and treeline ecocline in the Swiss Central Alps during the past 11,500
years. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 35, 158-169.
Tralau, H. & Zagwijn, W.H. (1962) Fossil Salix polaris Wahlbg. in the Netherlands. Acta
Botanica Neerlandica, 11, 425-427.
Turney, C.S.M., Coope, G.R., Harkness, D.D., Lowe, J.J. & Walker, M.J.C. (2000)
Implications for the dating of Wisconsinan (Weichselian) late-glacial events of
systematic radiocarbon age differences between terrestrial plant macrofossils from
a site in SW Ireland. Quaternary Research, 53, 114-121.
Vanhoorne, R. (2005) A micro- and macrobotanical study of two middle Weichselian
fluviatile deposits in the loam area of middle Belgium. Belgian Journal of Botany,
138, 57-66.
Vasari, Y. & Vasari, A. (1990) L'histoire Holocène des lacs islandais. Pour Jean
Malaurie. 102 témoignages en hommage à quarante ans d'études arctiques (ed.
by S. Devers), pp. 277-293. Éditions Plon, Paris.
Warner, B.G., Morgan, A.V. & Karrowe, P.F. (1988) A Wisconsinan Interstadial arctic
flora and insect fauna from Clarksburg, southwestern Ontario, Canada.
Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 68, 27-47.
Wohlfahrt, B., Filimonova, L., Bennike, O., Björkman, L., Brunnberg, L., Lavrova, N.,
Demidov, I. & Possnert, G. (2002) Late-glacial and early Holocene environmental
and climatic change at Lake Tambichozero, southeastern Russian Karelia.
Quaternary Research, 58, 261-272.
Zagwijn, W.H. & de Jong, J. (1960) Nieuwe vondsten van Dryas florae in Nederland.
Geologie en Mijnbouw, 39, 51.