ELECTRICAL MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS

INSTRUCTORS: NAME : HETTIARACHCHI M.A

EMJC EKANAYAKA REGISTRATION NO : 102869

TUK EDIRISINGHE INDEX NO : 21_ENG_102869

KTLO PERERA GROUP :D

J BANDARA PRACTICAL DATE : 20/04/2022

SUBMISSION DATE : 28/04/2022
PRELIMINARY WORK
01.a)

FIGURE 01: RESISTOR

1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance Resistors are usually very small, and it is
Black 0 100 (1) difficult to print the resistance values on
Brown 1 101 1% them. So, for identification purposes
Red 2 102 2% colored bands, known as resistor color
Orange 3 103 codes, are printed on them.
Yellow 4 104
When calculating the resistance color
Green 5 105 0.5%
coded bands are reading from left-to-right.
Blue 6 106 0.25%
For example, if a resistor has the
Violet 7 107 0.1%
following-colored markings;
Grey 8 108
White 9 109 Yellow violet red=4 7 2=47 ×102 =4700Ω
The fourth and fifth bands are used to
Gold 10-1 5%
determine the percentage tolerance of the
silver 10-2 10%
resistor. If above resistor has gold colored
No color band 20% as fourth band, (tolerance of gold=5%)
resistance of the resistor can be written as
TABLE 01: STANDARD RESISTOR COLOUR following;
CODE CHART Resistance=47×102 ± 5%Ω (i.e.4700±5%)

b)

Resistor Point meter

Variable Resistor

Light dependant resistor Single pole single throw switch n-p-n transistor
 Relay Polarized capacitor Non polarized capacitor

Light emitting diode Diode Battery of primary or secondary

cells

c)
I. Digital multimeter is used for measuring different parameters pertaining to electricity such as resistance,
current, voltage and capacitance etc.
II. For resistance measurement, meter contains a constant low current source through the unknown resistor
because it gives a D.C.Voltage.
III.60V/3A in the power supply unit represent that power supply`s range which shows that the voltage can be
change between 0-60V and the current of the power supply can be change between 0-3A.

02.a)
4

1
voltage (V)

0 10kHz and 6V
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 5kHz and 6V
-1

-2

-3

-4
time (ms)

Graph 01: sine waves for a) and d)

 1
b) Period of the waveform (T) = frequency (f)

1
= (1kHz=103 )
10 𝑘𝐻𝑧

= 1 × 10-4 s
𝑉𝑝
c) Root mean square voltage (VRMS) = √2

3
=
√2

= 2.1213 V

d) If the period is doubled in above graph, 0.2ms.(0.1ms×2) would be the new period. Thus frequency is halved
when the period is double because the connection between T and f is not proportional.

03.a) i) Ohm’s law

The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing when all physical conditions and
temperature remains constant.
V=IR (V-Voltage, I-Current, R-Resistance)

ii) Kirchoff’s current law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents at a junction of a network at any instance is equal to zero.
I1 = I2 + I3
I1

I3 I2

iii) Kirchoff’s voltage law

In closed loop, the algebraic sum of the voltage acting around that same loop at any instance is equal to zero.
∑V = 0
b)
A 13/3Ω

Loop 01

4×2
Resultant resistance of the circuit =( 4+2 + 3) kΩ
13
= 3
kΩ = 4.33Ω

By ohm’s law,
By current dividing concept,
V = IR
2I3 = I2
13
5 = I1×
3
15
I1 = 13 mA = 1.15mA

By applying KCL to A node,

I1 = 1.15 mA
I1 = I2 + I3
I2 = 0.77 mA
1.15 mA = 3I3
I3 = 0.385 mA
I3 = 0.385 mA, I2 = 0.77 mA

ii) If voltage drops across 3kΩ, 4 kΩ and 2 kΩ are V1, V2 and V3

By applying ohm’s law to 3kΩ,
V = IR
V1 = 1.15 mA × 3 kΩ
V1 = 3.45V
Applying KVL to loop 01,
V2 = V3 (connected to same nodes)
V1 + V3 = 5V
V2 = 1.55V
V3 = 5-3.45
V3 = 1.55V
PRACTICAL WORK
01. a)

Supply Voltage DMM Voltage (V) Supply Current (A)

1V 0.501 0.01
2V 1.325 0.02
3V 2.138 0.03
6V 5.148 0.05
9V 8.693 0.07
12V 11.664 0.09
Table 02; reading of digital multimeter

b) No. The measured voltage is different from the voltage displayed on the power supply. Many reasons can be
affect for that difference. Mainly in experiment we assumed that digital multimeter is an ideal equipment. But in
real, digital multimeter is not ideal because it has current flow due to its internal resistance. Not only DMM’s
resistance but also conductor’s resistance may cause for that voltage difference. So on that the measuring voltage
can be lower than the voltage displayed on the power supply. Also tolerance of the DMM and variable supply of
the power supply can make an impact for the difference between measured voltage and displayed voltage.

c)

Graph 02: DMM Voltage Vs supply Current

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
Supply Current (A)

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.501 1.325 2.138 5.148 8.693 11.664
DMM Voltage (v)

d) In above current against voltage graph’s slop represent the resultant resistant of the circuit with internal
resistance of DDM, resistance of bulb and conductors.
According to Ohm’s law V=IR when plot a V vs I graph that looks like y=mx. In this case 1/R (conductance)
should be constant. Due to that the graph should be linear. As above situation graph is not linear and the graph is
not started from origin. So this is not obey the Ohm’s law.
e)
Supply Current Supply Voltage (V) DMM Current (mA)
10mA 0.7 8.48
20mA 0.8 18.42
30mA 1.1 26.15
40mA 1.2 33.25
50mA 1.4 36.48
60mA 2.1 46.38
Table 03 : current displayed on DMM

f) Not actually. Measured current values are not same with the displayed power supply’s current values.
g)

Graph 03: Supply voltage vs DMM current

60

50 y = 23.429x
DMM current (mA)

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
supply Voltage (V)

According to the Ohm’s law,

V=IR
1
I= V similar to y=mx.
𝑅

So the gradient of the graph shows the conductance.

Gradient=23.429×10-3
1
𝑅
= 23.429×10-3

R= 42.7Ω

h) No. DMM displayed resistance across the light bulb and calculated resistance across the light bulb are not
similar. DMM displayed that the resistance of the light bulb is 12Ω. But from the calculation resistance valued as
42.7Ω. Because of errors that can appear when plotting graph or multimeter’s internal resistance can be affect for
the difference between those values.
02.

a)
Node Number Node Voltage (V)
0 0.31
1 9.5
2 6.33
3 4.9
4 2.26
Table 04: node’s voltages

b) If this circuit is ideal there should not be a voltage drop between reference node and 0 node. But in this case,
there is a voltage drop (0.31V) between those nodes because of the resistance of conducting wires. Also between
reference node and node number 1, there must be 10V voltage difference (If assumed as all components are ideal).
But in here voltage difference measured as 8.19V (9.5V-0.31V). This may result of DMM’s internal resistance
and errors. Due to errors and the resistance of the circuit the theoretical value can be different from the measured
value.

c) from Ohm’s law,

V=IR
V(1,2)=I1R1
(9.5-6.33)V=I1×100Ω
I1=3.17×10-2 A
V(2,0)=I2R2
(6.33-0.31)V=I2×220Ω
I2=2.736×10-2 A
V(2,3)=I3R3
(6.33-4.9)V=I3×330Ω
I3=4.333×10-3 A
d) for node 2,applying KCL,
∑i=0
I1-I2-I3=0
Prove:
L.H.S= I1-I2-I3
=(3.17-2.736-0.4333)×10-2 A
= 0.001A (This value can be consider as 0 because it is too small. This value can be occurred
due to some errors. (precision, resistance, etc.))
Therefore, KCL is verified.

e) According to current dividing theory,

I5= 0.00258A (I5 – current through the R5)
I6= 0.00172A (I6- current through the R6)
Applying KVL;
Loop 01:
-9.5+0.31+I1R1+I3R3+I6R6+I3R4=0
L.H.S =-9.19+0.0317×100+0.00433×330+0.00172×1500+0.00433×470
= -9.19+3.17+1.4289+2.58+2.0351
= 0.024V (approximately equal to 0)
Loop 02 :
I3R3+I5R5+I3R4-I2R2=0
L.H.S =0.00433×330+0.00258×1000+0.00433×470-0.02736×220
= 1.4289+2.58+2.0351-6.0192
=0.0248V (approximately equal to 0)
According to above calculations KVL is verified.
03.a)

500mV=V/Div
2.5ms =T/Div

Figure 02: triangular wave in oscilloscope

b)

2.5V =V/Div
0.025ms = T/Div

Figure 03: sine wave in oscilloscope

c)

1.25V = V/Div
0.5ns = T/Div

Figure 04: square wave in oscilloscope

d) According to figure 02, According to figure 04,

Vrms=Vpp/2√3 ( triangular wave) Vrms= Vpp /2 (Square wave)

=2.4/2√3 =5/2
=0.69V =2.5V

e) maximum vertical resolution = 10V/Div

f) maximum horizontal resolution =50s/Div