ACID + NEUTRAL

LAB (4)
Neutral is:
Hydrocarbons
Carbohydrate
Acid salts

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 Carbohydrate sections:
Monosaccharides:
The simplest carbohydrate - the initial formula Cn(H2O)n , is not affected by
hydrolysis.
Examples glucose, fructose and galactose

Disaccharides:
It consists of two molecules of monosaccharides to a covalent chemical bond. A
single molecule hydrolysis to give two molecules of monosaccharides.
Examples:
Sucrose (cane sugar): glucose + fructose.
Lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactose.
Maltose (malt sugar): alpha + beta glucose.

polysaccharides::
Large molecules of carbohydrates can be hydrolysis to give many molecules of
monosaccharides.
Examples: starch and cellulose.

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 Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides:

Glucose Fructose
Soluble Soluble

Disaccharides:
Lactose
Maltose
Soluble Sucrose Soluble

polysaccharides:

Starch
Insoluble
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 Test for Carbohydrates

1) Molisch’s test: (for all Carbohydrates)

Mix equal amount of sugar solution and α naphthol

then carefully add to 12 drops of Conc. sulphuric acid.
Violet ring is obtained which spread by shaking.

2) Iodine test: (for Starch)

Solid solution + one drop Iodine solution Deep
blue color

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 Test for Carbohydrates
3) Fehling test: (for reducing Sugar (glucose, fructose, Lactose and Maltose))
In a test tube, add to part of the solution , equal amount of Fehling A and B.
Then heat on direct flame , Orange precipitate is formed.

4) Barafoed’s test: (Soluble Carbohydrate)

In a test tube, add to sugar solution Barafoed’s reagent heat
on direct flame.
:. If red precipitate is formed in 2 minute Mono saccharide
:. If red precipitate after long time Disaccharide

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 Test for Carbohydrates
5) Hydrolysis test: (for Starch)

In a beaker, add dil.HCl to starch solution. Heat for 10 minutes, then add equal
amount of Fehling A and B. Heat, orange precipitate is formed.

Notice the orange ppt,

you can stop here
no need to complete heating

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 ACID + NEUTRAL
1-Do test Molisch’s on part of the mixture

-ve Molisch’s test +ve Molisch’s test

Acid + Acid salts Violet ring spread with shaking
or hydrocarbon Acid + Carbohydrate
Continued (**)

Continued (*)
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 Continued (*)
+ve Molisch’s test
Add Iodine solution on part of mixture

Continued (***)
-ve Blue color
Mono or Di carbohydrate Starch +
+ aliphatic or aromatic acid aliphatic or aromatic acid

Add cold water to the mixture,

filter then do acidity test on filtrate

-ve
Starch +Aromatic acid Effervescence and evolution of (CO2)
Starch + Aliphatic acid

Add to the mixture

+ NH4OH

ppt. Filtrate
Filtrate ppt. Starch Aliphatic acid
Aromatic acid Starch Hydrolysis test (scheme in LAB 1)
(scheme in LAB 1) Hydrolysis test 10
Continued (***)
Add water to a part of mixture

Partially soluble Completely soluble (no ppt.)

Aliphatic acid and soluble carbohydrate
You can investigate each one
in presence of the other as previously mentioned
Filter
Filtrate

Filtrate ppt.
Soluble Aromatic acid
Carbohydrate (scheme in LAB 1)
Add
Add toto part
part of
of filtrate
filtrate
Fehling’s
fehling Reagent
Reagent
Orange
ppt. red brown ppt. after 2 minute
Barafoed’s test
reducing 1ry carbohydrate (glucose or fructose)
sugars red brown ppt after long time
2ry carbohydrate
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 (B)
Basic radical
ACID + ACID SALT
(A)
-ve Molisch’s test Acidic radical

Acid + Acid salts

or hydrocarbon
Continued (**)

LAB 1
LAB 1

LAB 1 LAB 1
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