Chapter – 3

“Network Protocols”
Definition:
Network protocol is a group of sorted or layered stages, hardware and software,
to be setup inside any terminal in order to be part of network.

Standard Models for Network Protocols:

1- OSI Model: Open System Interconnection constructed by IBM team in 1970
which contained 7 layers (or stages) but not compatible with internet
connection.
2- TCP/ IP Model: Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol constructed
also by IBM team in 1974 which contained only 4 layers (or stages) and
compatible with internet connection.
 7-
7-
6-
6-

5-
5-
4-
4-

3-
3-
2-
2-
1-
1-
 OSI Data Encapsulation Process
7 Application L7H Data

6 Presentation L6H L7H Data

5 Session L5H L6H L7H Data

4 TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data Segment

Transport

3 Network IP TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data Packet

2 Data Link MAC IP TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data CRC Frame

Physical
1
7- Application - responsible for displaying data and images to the user in a human-recognizable
format known by GUI (graphical user interface) designed by HTML (hypertext
markup language). Such as:
Protocols for Application Layer
1- Web Browsing Protocols:
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secured

2- Email Protocols:
• SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• POP: Post Office Protocol.
• IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol

3- File Sharing Protocol:

• FTP: File Transfer Protocols.
• TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocols.
Applies first coding process stage; sources
coding, data compression and encryption.
• Session means data connection between
client and server.
• A client can run more than one session at
the same time.
• Session layer performs session security,
name recognition, timing, logging, and
so on.
• Segmentation and segment sequencing.
• Identifying type of application via port
numbers according to which one protocol is
activated; TCP or UDP .
• Tracking the Conversation from source to
destination using flow and error control
algorithms (only in case of TCP).
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
• Performs routing process and mapping
between physical address (MAC) and logical
address (IP).

10 18
1 2 3
A B
12 4 4
5

4 5
10
• Insert MAC address as a header to each segment
and CRC as trailer.
• MAC address is called hob- to- hob address since
it’s changed by data link layer at every hob in the
path between transmitter and receiver.
• Whereas, IP address is called end- to- end address
since it’s kept unchanged till transmitted frame
reach final destination.
• Converts frame bits into signal dependent on
type of NIC:
1- in case of wire NIC, physical layer applies
line coding process.
2- in case of wireless NIC (WIFI), physical layer
applies CW modulation such as; FSK or PSK.
 Physical Layer
• Wire NIC:
Two common Line Coding techniques: 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
+V
1- ON- OFF in case of optical fiber NIC 0V

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
+V
2- NRZ in case of twisted pair NIC
-V

• Wireless NIC:
Two common CW modulation techniques may
be applied:
1- FSK as in case of PC.

2- PSK as in case of mobile.

 TCP / IP Model

1
 TCP/ IP Data Encapsulation Process

4 Application
Data

3 TCP or UDP Part of Data Segment

Transport
2 Internet IP TCP or UDP Part of Data Packet

MAC IP TCP or UDP Part of Data CRC Frame

1 Network Access