bead Fig. 8.17 8.26 Solar Constant ‘The sun is the source of heat radiations and it emits heat radiations in all directions. The eat receives only a fraction of the energy emitted by the sun. The atmosphere also absorbs a part of tke heat radiations and air, clouds, dust particles etc. in the atmosphere scatter the heat and light radiations falling on them. From the quantity of heat radiations received by the earth, it is possible to estimate the temperature of the sun. Therefore, to determine the value of a constant, called solar constant, certain ideal conditions are taken into consideration. Solar Constant. 11 is the amount of heat energy (radiation) absorbed per minute by the sq emai 2 perfectly black body surface placed at a mean distance of the earth from the sun, in the absence the atmosphere, the surface being held perpendicular to the sun's rays. : ‘The instruments used to measure the solar constant are called Pytheliometers. The heat energy absorbed by a known area in a fixed time is found with the help ofthe pyrheliometer. To elimina effects of absorption by the atmosphere, the value of the solar constant is found at various altitudes of the sun on the same day under similar sky conditions. If S is the observed solar constant, 5 the Tue solar constant and Z the altitude (angular elevation) of the sun, then : 5 = Sat? or log S = log S, + sec Zlog a GID Here a is @ constant, A graph is plotied between log $ along the y-axis and sec Z along the x-axis, The graph is 4 straight line. Produce the graph to meet the y-axis. The intercept on the y-axis gives log S,, Fromuthe value of log Sy, the value of 5, the solar constant can be calculates. ‘The value obtained varies * between 1,90 and 2.60 calories per sq cm per minute. 8.27_Temperature of the Sun ‘The sun consists ofa central hot portion surrounded by the photosphere: The central portion has ‘Scanned with CamSeanner‘Guartex 8 : Radiation « 321 yee ofthe order of 10" K. The photosphee has a termperatre of about 6000 K. This A ciel ete peat eum. Ctr te a opr Dack re enrol Ane nan distance of the sm fom the earth Rand § the solar constant. Then, the otal of heal energy received by the sphere of radius R in one minute = Are RS, | Pyrite radia ofthe son, then the aro of heat energy radiated by 1 sqjem surface of he sun |e | “ders pay ee Seta Tang R= 148.48 x 10! km = 6928 x 10° km renean a of 'S= 1.94cals per em? per minute, _ (148aexi0! ¥ 104 E = |__| x75 cals per second fi) (sex ane oo ‘so e=ot Bat = 5.15 x10" ens per caper send 55x10" , cn pr econ 42x10" SOPH PE 42x10 : ‘Equi (2) and (i x10? asst? Y 194 (SF ie (Sn o i) T= sn0K ‘This temperature gives the effective temperature of the sm acting a aback body raise. The ‘nee ofthe sn is higher than is vale The temperature ofthe sun is usually taken a5 K “Teper ofthe sun can lo be calculate ran Wins dplacemen i, é Tg T = 02882 wm igi tek fhe isons fo wih cae asim in he pam i 0 . _ Singh vale of he vas of Tt to be SDK. Thi wae isin greet eee ever of an (phaser ht 00K Let ceca ne back body temperaare of the wn fromthe flowing dats: a af 200,Rahikhand 199? Improvement, Bangalore 200% Mare 2004) Sie constant = 11x10 alent ‘Solar constant = 2:3 alfa Radius ofthe sun = 7 10% | | | ‘between the sun and the cath ee ‘Scanned with CamSeanner322. © Heat, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics Here, Baiting () and (9), we gt 8.28 _Angstrom’s Pyrheliometer "~Pyiteliometer is an instrument which is sed tofind th amount of incident heat radiations and UY Sin ica YY congists of two identical strips A and B of ‘ackened platinum fi Fig. 8.18), The stip Ais exposed tothe sun and B is shielded by cover CA themoccuple having 2 sensve gvanometer with ase junction sad ‘asthe other junction i used. The stp B ean bo heated by an cece rangement an autable arent psig tough canbe adjed with the bp of theosat, ‘When bot the supe and B are shied from the sun, this junctions aré atthe same lemperature and the gevanemeer shows 90 Resin Te 4 expel tesa nd A it kept shiclded, The stip receives beat ‘sts one una ts egret teen ‘tbe planet shows deflecton Te sp ‘i 2's gradually heated by pssngcureat hrugh a 3and the caren nated otha Det eee Msg ; defen ae vente cost! acne eats the rps Aan are gain at the same tznperture and hey are een 2" Lettre fea be nie blac A= A aye al eps ord ss ton on em surface af the rip in one mint. TH concent a. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerSASERS EEE Crtarter 8 : Radiation # 323 The amount of heat radiations absorbed in one minute by the plate A = H Aa calories. wi) Heat produced in one minute in the strip B EI x60 s = ait cal Ail) Here E volts is the potential difference across the strip B and J amperes is the current flowing through it, Equating (i) and (if), Hag = XO (820) Hence H can be calculated. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner