Modulel:FUELS

VDeinition, Tassification of fucls solid, liquid and gaseous. Characteristies

of good fuel, Calorific value Definition, L.C.V and L.C.V, Dulongs
fommula, numerieal problems.
Analysis of coal-Proximate and ultimate analysis, and its importancc,
numerical problems
liquid Fuels - Crude petroleum: composition, classification,
Octane number, Cetane number
Bio-Diesel
Gaseous fuels - CNG and LPG
Combustion - calculations for oxyeen and air requirement by weight and
volume for solid liquid and gaseous fuels.

V Fuel includes all combustible substances that can be obtained on a large scale, which
on buming produces energy. Fuel may be defined as any combustible substance which
contains carbon as a main constituent which on proper burning in air produces large amount
of heat which can be utilized for domestic and industrial purposes economically.
Classification:
Based on occurrence:
a) Natural or primary fuels - Natural gas, petroleum, wood, coal etc.
b) Artificial or secondary fuels - coke, charcoal, LPG, perol, diesel etc.

VBased on state of Aggregation -

a) Solid Fuels - Wood, coal, coke, etc
b) Liquid Fuels - Petrol, diesel; kerosene etc
) Gaseous Fuels - Natural Gas, LPG, CNG etc.
Characteristics of fuels
Calorific value : -High
A good fuel should possess higher calorific value since the amount of heat liberated and
the temperature attained depends on the calorific value.
) Ignition temperature : - Moderate
Jgnition temperature is the temperature to which the fuel must be pre heated so
that it starts burning smogthly. Low ignition temperature is dangerous for
storage and
transport it can cause fire hazards. Also a high ignition temperature causes
difficulty in
burning the fucl, but it is safe during storage handling and transport. Therefore a good fuel
should have moderate ignition temperature.
iii) Moisture content: Low
The moisture content reduces the heating value of the fuel and involves in the loss
of moncy. Hence thhe fuel should have low moisture content.
iv) Volatíle matter content : Low

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 determines tlhe intensity of the flame produced by the fuel e
The volatile matter smoky flame with less intense flame
fuel burns with a long
the volatile matter is high, the content, it burns wilh a short non smoky intense
But if the fuel is having lov volatile matter
possess low volatile matter.
lame. Therefore an ideal fuel should
v) Velocity of combustion : Moderate required high temperaturc may not be
If the rate of combustion is low, then the
radiated instead of raising the temperature. Too
possible, because a part of the heat may get
high rate of combustion is alsO not required.
vi) Ash content ; Low
the combustion the combustion is
The non combustible matter remaining after
value of the fucl. They add to the
called ash content. lt does not contribute to the calorific increases
present in the fuel
cost, storage, handling and disposal of the waste. Each % of ash
the cost of the fuel by 1.5%. A good fuel should have low ash content.
vìi) Presence of N,S etc :- Low
Fuels on burning should not produce any unwanted harmful gases. If the fuel
contains N, S etc. it will give out harmful pollutants like Sox, NOx, H2S etc. So the fuel
selected should have less amount of N,S etc.
vii) Low cost
Agood fuel should be readily available in bulk at a cheap rate.
ix) Easy to transport
Fuels must be easy to handle, store and handle at low cost. Solid and luquid fuels
can be easily transported. But transportation of, gaseous fuels is costly and it can cause fire
hazards.
x) Storage cost in bulk should be lÑy:
Calorific value
Calorific value is defined, a_ the total quantity of heat liberated when unit mass (or
volume) of fuel is burnt completely. The units are kcal/kg for solid fuels and kcal/m for
gaseous fuels.
High Calorific value (Gro[s Calorific value)
Usually all fuels contain hydrogen besides carbon. When the fuel is burnt, the
hydrogen is converted to steam. When the products of combustion are cooled to room
temperature usually 15°C or 60°F, the steam gets condensed and latent heat evolved.
Therefore the total heat produced includes the heating value of the fuel and the latent heat of
condensation. Therefore HCV can be defined as the total amount of heat
a unit quantity of fuel is burnt completely and the produced when
products of combustion are cou.ed
down to room temperature.
Low Calorific value (Net calorific
value)
In actual practice, the products of
combustion are not
such along with hot combustion gases. Hence lesser amount ofcondensed
heat
and they escape as
defined as the amount of heat produced when unit quantity of is available. So LCV is
and the products are allowed to fuel is completely burnt
escape.
Thus, LC.V = H.C.V - 1latent heat of
water vapours formed

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 - H.C.V- (weight of hydrogen per unit weight of the fuel x 9 x latent heat of
water vapour)
I atent hcat of water vapour is S87 keal/kg
9
H. CV= 1.C.V+ 100
x 587 keal/kg

Dulong's formula

.C.V = sO80 C+ 34500( -)+ 2240 S] kcal/kg.

where C, H, S and 0 are the percentage of the corresponding clements.

Solid Fucls

Coal
Coal is a highly
carbonaceous matter that has been formed as a result of alteration of
dead plants and aninmals under favourable conditions. It is chiefly
besides non combustible inorganic matter.
composed of C, H, N.O. S
Various types of coal have been recognized on the basis of rank or degree of alteration from
the parent material. They are
peat + lignite + bituminous coal anthracite coal
The transfomation into coal has taken millions of years and is
accomplished by bacteria, heat
and pressure. The transformation of wood to çoal is believed to be due to
bacterial oxidation
under anaerobic conditions resulting into degradation of organic matter.
The transformation results in
(i) Decrease in moisture content, volatile matter
(ii) Decrease in H, O, N, and S contents with a
(iii) Increase in hardness
corresponding rise in carbon content
(iv) Increase in calorific value

Analysis of coal
The analysis of coal is necessary to interpret the
results from the point of vievw of
classification, price fixation, and industrial utilization of coal. There are two types of
(i)Proximate analysis and (ii) Ultimate analysis analysis

Proximate analysis
It gives valuable information regarding the practical
utility of coal. The grading of
coal and industrial uses of coal depends on this analysis.

Determination of moisture content

About I gm of air dried coal sample taken in a crucible and is heated in an
air oven maintained at 105 - 110°C for
clectric hot
hour. t is taken out, cooled in a dessicator and
weighed. Loss in weight gives the percentage moisture content.
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 to moisture x 100
loss in weight due
% Moisture content
= Weightofcoal
the
durine burning of coal and it takes some of
evanorates
Signilicance: Moisture in coal
of evaporation. Thus moisture lowers the elfective
heat
nberated heat in the form of kalent the moisture content betler the quality of coal.
caloritic value of coal. Hence lower
Determination of volatile matter content:
moisture free coal (coal after the determination of moisture
A known amount of
heated in a muffle furnace maintained at a
content) taken in a crucible covered with a lid is weighed.
sample is cooled and
lemperature 925+20'C. After exactly 7 minutes of heating, the
Loss in weight gives the percentage of volatile matter content.
loss in weight due to volatile matter x 100
% Volatile matter = Weight of codl

Significance: High volatile matter content coal burns with a long smoky flame and gives
relatively low calorific value, whereas coal with low volatile matter burns with an intense
short flanme. Thus larger combustion space is required for coal with high volatile matter
content. Hence volatile matter content influences the furnace design.

Determination of ash content: The residuai oal after the determination of volatile matter is
heated without lid in mufMe furne at700+50°C for half an hour. It is taken out cooled and
weighed. The residue is reported as ash.

weight of the residue

O% Ash content x 100
=Weiaht of coal

Significance: Ash contains [ilica, alumina, iron oxide and small quantities of lime, magnesia
etc. Ash reduces the calorific value. Ashes also cause hindrance to the flow of air and heat
causing iregular buming of coal and reduce the temperature. It also form fused ash lumps
called clinkers. This can cause obstruction to the free flow of air. Presence of ash increases
the transporting, handling and storage costs also. Hence lower ash content, better the quality
of coal.

Determination of ixed carbon:

%fixed carbon = 100 - %(moisture + volatile matter + ash content)

Significance: It is the fixed carbon which buns in the solid state. Higher the fixed carbon
greater is its calorilic value and better is the quality of coal.

Dept. of Applied Science (Chemistry) Page 4

 Proximate analysis is an assay rather than true
signiicance. analysis, since the results have no
absolute
Ulinate analysis
l involves the
for detailed and accuratedetemination of C, H, N, S and ). T
hus ultimate analysis is
heat balance for the
cquipment which the fuel is used.
in required
Determination of Carbon and
A known weight 1-2gofllydrogen
and is bumt in a curent of Oin aaccurately weiphed air dried coal is taken in a porcelain boat
of a silica tube, 90 cm in length combustion apparatus. The combustion apparatus consists
and 12-15 mm in diameter, which is
Ag guage. CuO cnsures the complete packed with CuO and
oxidation of the sample. Ag guage retains the
oxidation
roducts of clements like S present in coal.
The coal sample is burnt at 800°C. Carbon and
H:0. The gaseous products are led through previously hydrogen are converted to CO; and
CaCl; and a bulb containing KOH. CO; and H;0 are weighed 1J tube containing anhydrous
respectively. The diflerence in weight of U tube and KOHabsorbed by KOH and CaCl2
CO: bulb gives the amount of H0 and

From this the percentage of C and H are

calculated.

organic compound CuO

pure O,-+LE
anydrous CaCl,
Fumsce
Cu gauze Cu gauze KOH solution

anhydrous CaC1,
Fig. 2 Estimation of carbon and
Let the weight of coal= W gm hydrogen

Increase in weight ofUtube = amount of water

2H2 + O2 ’ 2H>0
formed ='a' gm
From the equation,
36 gm of water is
produced by 4 gm of hydrogen.
a gm of water will be produced by 4x a
36 gm of hydrogen

Wgm of coal contains 4xa gm of hydrogen

36

4 Xax 100
% of hydrogen in coal =
36 x W
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 formed ='b gm
bulb = amount of CO;
Increase in weight ofKOH
CO:
From the equation,
gnm of carbon.
44 gm ofcO; is produced by 12
v
12 xb gm of carbon el
bgm of C02 will be produced by
12 x b
Wgm of coal contains gm of carbon
44

12 xbx 100
%of carbon in coal= 44 x W

Signiicance: Calorific value is related to carbon content: Higher the %of carbon, greater is
the calorific value and better the quality of coal. Since hydrogen is mainly present in
combination with O as water, which is not desirable, it lowers the calorific value of the fuel.
So lower the %of hydrogen, better the quality of coal.

Determination of Sulphur
A known weight of coal is burñt completely in bomb
calorimeter in a current of
oxygen. During burning, sulphufPresent in coal is oxidized and converted to sulphates. The
acid extract is heated with BaClh solution to give a white
filtered, washed, dried and weighed. precipitate of BaSO4, which is
s’ SQ BaSO
Weight of coal W
gm
32 gm of sulphur gives 233.4 gm of BaSO4
Let the weight of BásO, formed be 'x' gm
233.4 gm of BaSO4 contains 32 gm of sulphur.
X gm BaSO, contains **
233.4 Bim of sulphur.

Wgm of coal contains 32 x*

gm of sulphur.
233.4

32 Xx X 100
% of sulphur in coal =
233.4 X W

Significance: Although contributes to the heating value of coal, but its combustion products
So, have corrosive cffects and also cause
atmospheric pollution. Presence of S in

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 nelallurgical coal is harmful as it transfers to the netal and adverscly affects the properties of
netal. Hence sulphur content should be less.

Determination of Nitrogen
Nitrogen present in coal sample is determincd by Kicldahl's metlhod. In this method,
all the nitrogen present is converted to ammonium sulphate by mixing coal willh cOe.
sulphuric acid.
In this method, a known weight of powdered coal sample (0,5 g) is taken in
Kjchdahl's tlask. About 20 ml of conc. H;SO, is added topether with 10 gof K;SO, and 0.5 g
CuSO4. KSO raises the boiling point and ensures the complete reaction, whereas CuSO, act
as acatalyst. The lask is loosely covered by glass bulb and is heated in an inclined position.
Heating is continued until all the N is converted to (NH)2SO4. The solution is then
uanstered to another RB flask and 30 ml of 40% NaOH is added slowly from the sides. The
lask is conected to a condenser through a Kjcldahl's trap. The lower end of the condenser
dins in measured volume of excess of 0.1N HSO:. The RB lask is heated when the NaOH
reacts with (NH):SO, to produce NH, gas. This is absorbed ín excess of 0.1 N H2SO.
containing two drops of methyl red which gives pink colour to acid. Heating is continued
until ammonia is completely evolved and absorbed in HaSO. This stage is indicated by light
pink colour in the acid. The ammonia evolved reacts with excess acid. The unreacted acid is
detemined by titrating with 0.1 N NaOH. A blank titration is also carried out without the
sample.

Contents of
Condenser
Kjeldahl's fask
Kjeldahs ater digesuon
Flask
ANaOH

Known volume
ol suundad

Weight of coal taken =W gm

Volume of 0.1 N NaOH required for blank titration = x ml
Volume of0.1 NNaOH required for excess acid = yml
Volume of 0.1NNaOH required for reacted acid =(x- y) ml
Volume of 0.1 Nammonia formed = (x -y) ml
1000 ml of 1 N ammonia = 17 gm of NHg =14 gm of nitrogen
1000 ml of 0.1 N anmonia = 14 gm ofnilrogen

(x- y)ml of 0.1 Nammonia solution = (x-1000

y) x 1.4
gm of Nitrogen
W gm of coal contains (x-y) x1.4
1000 gm of Nitrogen

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 -)x1.4 x 100
%of Nitrogen = 1000 x W

V'olume of acid used x Normality x 1.4

%of Nitrogen -

Significance: Niluogen has no calorilie value and hence its presence in coal is undesirable.

Determination of ovygen
eofoxygen= 100 -9% (C + H+ S+Nt ash)
Ash content is determined by proximate analysis.
Significance: Oxvgen content decreases the calorific value of coal. High oxygen content
coals are characterized by high inherent moisture and lower the calorific value. An increase
in 1% oNvgen decreases the calorific value of coal by 1.7%. Lesser the oxygen better is coal.

Liquid fuels
Crude petroleum
Petroleunm or crude oil is the main source of liquid fuels. It is a dark coloured greenish
brown viscous liquid found deep within the earth's crust. As it is mined out, it is also called
mineral oil. There occurs invariably a gas in contact with petroleum deposits called natural
gas which consists mainly of lower alkanes.
Composition : Crude oil is complex mixture of alkane hydrocarbons containing up to 35
carbon atoms. It also contains varying amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes
(naphthenes). Besides this, it may also contain small quantities of oxygen, nitrogen and
sulphur compounds. Average composition is:
C= 80-87%, H=11- 15%, S=0.1-3.5%, O=0.1-0.9%, N=0.4-0.9%.
The actual composition varies with the place of origin.
Classification : Crude oil is classified as
i) Paraffin base oil: this consists mainly of saturated hydrocarbons from CHË to
C3sH2 and a little naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. These oils on
distillation gives aresidue of solid paraffin wax.
ii) Asphaltic base oil: consists mainly of non paraffinic hydrocarbons such as
naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. These oils on distillation leaves belhind
asphalt or bitumen.
ii) Mixed base oil: these are intermediate between the parafin and asphaltic base oils
and hence contains varying proportions of paraflinie, naphthenic and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Mining of petroluem
Crude oil is found in the porous strata beneath the impervious rocks. I is oflen
associated with natural gas above the oil and brine underneath the oil. The natural gas exerts
pressure on the oil surlace and drives it out with great velocity through natural penings. In
Dept. of Applied Science (Chemistry) Page 8
the case of artificial mining, holes are drilled into the earth's crust and pipes are sunk up to
the oil bearing rocks. Oil usually rushes out of the surface by itself because of the hydrostatic
pressure of the natural gas. As the gas pressure subsides, it nmay be pumped out either by lift
pump or by air lill punp mechanically. Air lift pump consists of two coaxial pipes which are
sunk in the oil bed and compressed air is forced through the outer pipe, then oil comes out
through the inner pipe. The oil is convcyed to the refineries by asystem of pipelines.
Refining of erude oil
Crude oil consists nainly mixtures of alkanes having boiling range varying from 0 -
400°C. Cude oil is coming out from the well is in the form of a frothing mixture of solid,
liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons containing sand and water in suspension. In order to make it
etc. The
a marketable product, the oil is made free from impurities like water, dissolved salts
process by which pctroleum is made frce from impurities and separated into various
useful fractions having different boiling points and their further treatment to impart
refining
specific properties is called refining of crude oil. The different steps involved in
are:
De-emulsification : Removal of water
Removal of salts (desalting) : Removal of Salts like NaCl and MgCl2
Removal of Sulphur :

Fractional distillation :
The distillation is carried out in a tubular furnace with a tall steel fractionating column. The
crude oil is heated to about 400°C, whereby.al), thevolatile constituents except the residue
(coke) are evaporated. The hot( vapours are passed to the fractionating column and the
vapours rises up they become coo<er andgets condensed at different heights. The higher
boiling fractions condense at the botom and low boiling fractions move to the higher plates.
This process of condensation, and vapourisation takes place many times causing the
separation of fractions according to their boiling points and are collected at different heights.

Composition table
Boiling
Name of fraction Composition Uses
range

|Uncondensed gases C-C% Upto 30°C as a domestic fuel as LPG

|Gasoline Cs-Clo 30 -200°C
(i)Petroluem ether Cs-Co 30- 80°C as a solvent for fats r d oils
(i)light petrol C-Cs 80- 120°C As motor fuel
(ii)solvent naphtha C-Cio As solvent for dry cleaning, for paints
120-200°C and varnishes

Kerosenc As domestic fuel, illuminant, jet

Ci-Ci6 180-250°C engine
fuel, for preparing laboratory gases
Diescl Ci6-C1s 200- 320CFuel for diesel cngine,

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 Cu Cho 320-400C Fuels for ships, metallurgical furnaces
lleavy oil As lubricant
lubricating oil Cn-C0 For preparing candles, boot polish, wax
(iparatin wav C- C2
puper
In cosietics, medicines, as Jubricants
(iüvaseline
As lubricant
(Ngrases
Residue (Asyhalt or Co and For water proofing, road making.
bitumen) above

Knocking in engines
Knocking is deined as the sharp metallic noise produced in an internal combustion
engine and results in loss of energy. Knocking is also defined as a sharp metallic noise
paduced in an intemal combustion engine and results in a loss of energy.
In en l.C.Engine (spark ignition) a mixture of fuel and air is compressed and ignited by an
clectric spark and the essential chemical reaction is oxidation of hydrocarbon molecules.
After the initiation of the combustion reaction by the spark, the flame should spread rapidly
and smoothly through the gas mixture and the expanding gas drives the piston down the
cylinder. In some cases the rate of oxidation becomes so great so that the mixture gets ignited
spontaneously producing a sound called knocking. The rate of oxidation depends on the
number of carbon atoms in the molecule, on the structure of hydrocarbon and on the
temperature. The temperature in turn depends on the compression ratio i.e., the ratio of the
gaseous volume at the end of the suctionstroke to that at the end of the compression stroke.
Theoretically the power output and the eficiency should increase continuously with increase
in C.R. The compression ratio corre_ponding to the maximum output is called the Highest
Useful Compression Ratio. When the C.R is increascd beyond this value the fuel gets ignited
even before the regular spark. This pre ignition of the fuel ahead of the flame is called
Knocking.
The knocking tendency depends on the fuel constituents. The tendency to knock
decreases in the order:
Sraight chain hydrocarbons > branched chain hydrocarbons > olefins >
aromatics
cycloalkanes >

Octane number
It has been found that n- heptanes knocks
very badly and has poor resistance to
knocking and its antiknock value has arbitrarily been given zero. Iso octane (2, 2,4-
pentane) is a highly branched paraffi has very good trimethyl
number 100. Thus Octane number is defincd as the knocking resistance and has an octane
present in a mixture of iso octane and n- heptane which percentage by volume of iso octane
as the fuel under
has the same knocking tendency
consideration.
Example: Gasoline said to have an octane number 80,
when it matches its knocking
properties with the mixture of 80% is00ctane and 20% n-
heptane.
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Page 10
Antiknocking agents
increased by adding small anmounts
The anti knock properties of gasoline are usually
specific gravity 1.62 and boiling
TELtetra ethyl lead). TEL is a colourless oily liquid withpoisonous. Peirol containing TEL is
has a sweet odour, but it is extremely
point 200°C. Ih
coloured.
combustion TEL retards the rapid combustion of petrol vapour in the cylinder
During plug, cylinder
of metallie lead deposits on the spark lead, chytlene
and deconposes to lead oxide. The cloud
to enpine life. To avoid the deposition of
walls, piston head which is harmful converted to lead
and ethylene dichloride are added. The lead oxide formed is
dibromide
will be removed along with exhaust gases into the atmosphere leading
halides which TEIL.
ollution, MTBE is used as a substituent for

Cetane number
should casily ignite as soon as it is injected into the cylinder
In dìesel engines, the fuel combustion of a fuel in a diesel engine is not
The
of a compression ignition engine. between the injection and start of ignition is called ignition
instantaneous and the interval
is saturated
delay.
diesel fuel is determined byv its cetane number. Cetane
The suitability of a cetane
thus has a short ignition delay. Hence given
hydrocarbon ignites very quickly and compared to any
2-methyl naphthalene has a very long ignition delay as
number l00, but
number =0.
diesel fuel. Hence given cetane cetane present in a
number is defined as the percentage by volume of
Cetane as the
2-methyl naphthalene which has the same ignition quality
mixture of cetane and
diesel fuel under test.
decrèases in the order
Ignition quality of hydrocarbons cycloalkanes > olefins > branched chain hydrocarbons
Straight chain hydrocarbons
aromatics compounds
number of the diesel fuel can be increased by the addition of certain
The cetane nitrate, ethyl
Theignition accelerators added are ethyl
called dopes or ignition accelerators. are added to diesel fuels, it will reduce
nitrate, acetone peroxide. When these
nitrite, iso amyl
reduce the flash point of the fuel. They are added
the delay period. Most ignition accelerators
in diesel fuels having low cetane number.
only in small amounts (2%). They are not effective
Comparison of octane number and cetane number
Cetane number
Octane number

Cetune number denotes the quality of

Octane number denotes the quality of
diesel.
petrol.
It is defined as the % by volume of It is delined as the % by volume of cetane
isooctane present in a mixture of isooctane present in a mixture of cectane and 2-methvl
and n-heplane which has the same knocking naphthalene which has the same ignition
property as the fuel under consideration. property as the diesel uel under
consideration.

Dept. of Applied Science (Chemistry) Pag 11

 can be increased by adding | Cetane number can be incrensed by addin
Octane number ignition accelerators.
antiknocking agents.
with straight chain compounds have Fucls with straight chain compounds bave
Fuels high celane number.
low octane number.

Biodiesel
industrial development of most countries.
Diesel fuels play an important role in the the development of the society. The high
The intensiy of fuel consumption is proportional to by its
demand for diesel in the industrializeddevelop world and pollution problems causeda smaller
renewable encrgy sources with
widespread use makes it necessary to another renewable fucl is required and
envionmental impact. Therefore to replace diesel fuel,esters of higher fatty acids. Biodiesel is
ethyl
that could be biodiesel. Biodiesels are methyl or oils. The conversion of one ester to another is
prepared by the trans esterification of vegelablealcoholysis. This process is done by using
called transesterification. It is also called
methanol/ethanol in presence of Na.

CH-0-0C R' R'- CO0CH3 CH;OH

3CH,OH R"- CÓOCH; CHOH

CH -O-0C R"
CH-0-0C R» R"" CÔOCH, CH,OH CGlycezoi)
Tiglycerj des MonometBiodiesel
thy )
(veqetable oil) ester (
The catalyst is dissolved in alcohol and this mixture is charged into a closed vessel
and the vegetable oil is added. This mixtufe is heated to 55°C and a time of 1-8 hrs is given.
Excess alcohol is normally used to ensure ,complete conversion of oils to biodiesel. The
glycerol phase being dense is separated from the bottom. The phase separation can be
observed within 10 minutes and gets completed within several hours. In some cases a
centrifuge may be used to separate the two phases. The excess alcohol from the biodiesel is
removed by distillation. It is further purified by washing gently with warm water to remove
residual catalyst or sóaps, dried and sent to storage.
Advantages
Biodiesel is renewáble, energy efficient, can be used in most diesel engines with no or
minor modifications, Iis biodegradable and non toxic. It is a clean fuel because of its lower
hydrocarbon emissjóns, CO emissions and reduced production of green house gases.
Natural Gas and Compressed Natural Gas
Natural Gas deposits exist either as free gas or in association with crude oil. The average
composition of Natural Gas is CHy =70- 90 %, CHo, CsHs, CaHo =5- 10%. Natural Gas
is put under high pressur of 1200- 1400 atn. Calorific value is 12500 kcal/m3
CNG is used to power the vehicles.
Advantages:
Cost of CNG is less than gasoline.
Noise Jevel is less.
Octane rating is more than petrol.
It is a safe fuel - no harmful emissions.

Dept. of Applied Science (Chemistry) Page 12

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LPGisobtained as a gascous fuel by product during fractional
distillation of crude
mixture of propane and butane with small amount of propylene and butylene. Theoil. It is a
composition is Propane = 24.5%, Butane =38.5 % and iso butane 37%. To identifyaverage
the gas
leakage some amount of mercaptons are added.
LPG is a gas at nomal atmospheric pressure, but compressed to liquid by
pressure. Calorific value is 25,000 kcal/m applying moderate
Advantages :
Burns without any residue
Has higher C.V
Less hazardous

P CNE ePwa n v

Dept. of