UG - PROGRAM (Regular)

Power Electronics
PCE3202

Lecture – 4 : DC-DC Converters

Electrical Power & Control Engineering Department

Adama Science & Technology University
8/9/2021 Adama 1
 Introduction to DC-DC Converter
• DC-DC converter is one of power electronic circuit used to
convert unregulated DC to regulated DC voltage or converts fixed
DC voltage to variable DC voltage.
Fixed/
DC/DC Fixed/variable
Variable
(Regulated)
unregulated CONVERTER DC output
DC input
• It is also called DC Transformer.
❖ The main challenge of DC/DC converter is, it requires very
severe & strict specifications.
Applications of DC-DC Converters
UPS
PV system
Electric vehicles
Industrial drives
Trolley cars
Traction motor control
Marine
In computers & in almost all electronic devices. . .
Advantages of DC-DC Converters
Higher efficiency

Smooth acceleration

Fast dynamic response

Regeneration
 Chopper Principle
• A chopper is an On-off device with high
switching frequency. It connects source to
load and disconnects the load from source at
a fast rate.
• When switch is ON, source voltage is applied
to load.
• When switch is opened, load current
continuous through freewheeling diode (FD)
because of stored energy in the inductance
and the load voltage is zero.
• On (TON) and Off (TOFF) time intervals are very
small and the switching frequency [f = 1/T =
1/(TON+TOff)] is very high.
•
Example
1. A DC chopper is connected to an inductive load with a
resistance of 5 ohm. On time and off time of the chopper is
20ms 10ms respectively. The DC supply voltage is 300V.
Estimate (i) Duty ratio (ii) Chopping frequency (iii) Average
load voltage (iv) Average load current.
2. A DC chopper has an input voltage of 200V and a load of 20
ohm resistance. When chopper is on, its voltage drop is
1.5V and the chopping frequency is 10KHz. If the duty cycle
is 80%,
find (a) average output voltage (b) RMS output voltage (c)
Chopper on time
 Chopper control strategies
(i) Constant frequency system
(ii) Variable frequency system and
(iii) Current limit control.
 Constant frequency
system
Constant frequency
system pulse width
modulation (PWM)
or time ratio control
(TRC). TOn is varied
to vary the output
voltage and the
chopping frequency
(T) is kept constant
 Variable frequency system
Variable frequency system: The chopping period T (or chopping
frequency f) is varied keeping either TOn or TOff constant. This
scheme is also called as frequency modulation.
• Disadvantages of variable constant frequency system over
constant frequency system:
1. Filter design is difficult for variable frequency system as the
frequency is varying
2. Variable frequency may cause interference in the neighbouring
communication lines.
3. Large Off times may result in discontinuous conduction in the
load circuit.
 Current limit control
• Current limit control: In
this control, current is
controlled between two
set values of IO.min &
IO.max. If the difference
between IO.min & IO.max is
less, the circuit demands
high frequency switching
devices and cause more
switching losses. It
requires closed loop
control and usually PWM
control is used to control
the duty ratio of chopper.
 Classifications of DC-DC Converter
• Regulated DC power supply can be obtained in either of the
following ways.
i. Linear regulated power supply
ii. Switch mode power supply

• When we say DC/DC converter, by default it is to mean Switch

mode power supply (SMPS)

• Hence main focus of the topic is on SMPS.

 Linear regulator
• Transistor is operated in linear
(active) mode.
• Output voltage
Vo =Vin –Vce
• Modeled by an equivalent
variable resistor, as shown.
• Power loss is high at high
current due to:
 Switching Regulator
• Transistor is operated in switched-
mode:
– Switch closed: Fully on (saturated)
– Switch opened: Fully off (cut-off)
– When switch is open, no current flow
in it
– When switch is closed no voltage
drop across it.
• Since P=V.I, no losses occurs in the
switch.
– Power is 100% transferred from
source to load.
– Power loss is zero (for ideal switch):
• Switching regulator is the basis of all DC-
DC converters
 Comparison of Linear mode and
switch mode power supply
Linear power supply Switch mode power supply
• It operates in low frequency. • It operates in high frequency.

• The transistor operates in • The transistor operates in saturation

active region (as an amplifier). or cut off region (as a switch).

• Since it operate in low • Since it operate in high

frequency, the magnetic ckt are frequency, the magnetic ckt are

heavy & Bulky. light .

• used for low power application • Can be used for High Power app
 Continuous conduction mode (CCM) and
Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)
Continuous conduction mode Discontinuous conduction mode

• The current across inductor is • The inductor current is not

continuous. continuous throughout the
period.
Duty cycle (D)
 Types of DC-DC converters
• DC-DC converters can be classified as:

a) Buck converter (step down)

b) Boost converter (step –up)

c) Buck-boost converters
Buck (step-down) converter
 Switch is turned on (closed)
• Diode is reversed biased.
• Switch conducts inductor
current
• This results in positive inductor
voltage, i.e:
vL =Vd –Vo
• It causes linear increase in the
inductor current
 Switch turned off (opened)
• Because of inductive energy
storage, iL continues to flow.
• Diode is forward biased
• Current now flows
(freewheeling) through the
diode.
• The inductor voltage can be
derived as:
vL = -Vo
Analysis

Where D = ton / T
And T = time period for one cycle
Steady-state operation
 Average, Maximum and
Minimum Inductor Current
Continuous Current Mode (CCM)
Output voltage ripple

But ∆iL=(Vo/L) (1-D)T

Vo
 Summary
NOTE: To decrease the voltage ripple
1) Increasing capacitor size.
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing switching frequency
 Examples
• A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given
L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and D=0.4.
Calculate:
(a) Output voltage,
(b) Maximum and minimum inductor current,
(c) Output voltage ripple.

• A buck converter has an input voltage of 50V and output of 25V.

The switching frequency is 10KHz. The power output is 125W.
Calculate:
(a) Determine the duty cycle,
(b) Value of L to limit the peak inductor current to 6.25A,
(c) Value of capacitance to limit the output voltage ripple factor
to 0 .5%.
Boost (step-up) converter
Boost (step-up) Analysis
Switch Opened
Steady-state operation
• Boost converter produces
output voltage that is greater or
equal to the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
– When switch is closed, diode is
reversed. Thus output is
isolated. The input supplies
energy to inductor.
– When switch is opened, the
output stage receives energy
from the input as well as from
the inductor. Hence output is
large.
– Output voltage is maintained
constant by virtue of large C.
Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current
L and C values
 Examples
• The boost converter has the following parameters:
Vd=20V, D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF,
fs=40KHz.
Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum, and
minimum inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.

• Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage

of 36V from a 24V source. The load is 50W. The voltage
ripple factor must be less than 0.5%.
(a) Specify the duty cycle ratio, (b) switching frequency,
(C)inductor and capacitor size, and power device.
 Buck-Boost converter

CIRCUIT OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

 Buck-boost analysis

CIRCUIT OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

Cnd…
 Summary
NOTE: Output of a buck-boost converter either be higher
or lower than input.
– If D>0.5, output is higher than input
– If D<0.5, output is lower than input
• Output voltage is always negative.
• Note that output is never directly connected to load.
• Energy is stored in inductor when switch is closed and
transferred to load when switch is opened.
Average inductor current
Converters in CCM: Summary
Cnd…
Cnd…
Thank you