ENIS/ GMMI 3

Composite Materials
Manufacturing

T. KALLEL

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this session, you will
be able to give :
1) The definition of composite materials;
2) Their advantages;
3) Their components
4) Their classification.

And to know:
The terminology of composite materials and their
applications.
INTRODUCTION

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 Definition
of composite materials

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 Composite is a combination of two or more
chemically distinct and insoluble phases.

➢ Constituent materials (monolithic) or phases must

have significantly different properties.

➢ For it to combine them and to create new material.

➢ And to have the characteristics we need for

particular application.

 The properties and performance of composites

are far superior to those of the constituents

 Composites consist of one or more

discontinuous phases (reinforcement)
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embedded in a continuous phase (matrix)
Why composite materials?

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What are the main properties
(advantages) of composite
materials?

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AMONG THE DEFINITIONS PRESENTED IN THIS
VIDEO:

I’m ancient but my spirit is always

young

 How can you interpret it?

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BASIC OF COMPOSITES

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Give examples of applications, sectors
of composite materials

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REINFORCEMENTS

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GLASS FIBERS

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GLASS FIBERS

Due to the relatively inexpensive cost,

glass fibers are the most commonly used
reinforcement

There are a variety of types of glass, they

are all compounds of silica with a variety of
metallic oxides

The most commonly used glass is E-glass,

this is the most popular because of its cost.
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GLASS FIBERS

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 25/11/2019 Cours Matériaux Composites
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CARBON FIBERS
CARBON FIBERS

 Carbon fiber composites are five times

stronger than steel; yet five times lighter.
 In comparison to aluminum, carbon fiber
composites are seven times stronger and two
times stiffer yet still 1.5 times lighter”
 Initially used exclusively by the aerospace
industry, they are becoming more and more
common in fields such as automotive, civil
infrastructure, and paper production
 Thermal stability
 X-ray non permeability
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KEVLAR FIBERS

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KEVLAR FIBERS

 They are commonly used when a degree of

impact resistance is required

 They have the highest level of specific

strength of all the common fibers

 The most common type of aramid is Kevlar

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DIFFERENT FORMS OF FIBERS

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TYPES OF WEAVE

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TYPES OF WEAVE

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OTHER COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

 Laminar composite structure – conventional

 Sandwich structure

 Honeycomb sandwich structure

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CLASSIFICATION

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MATRIX MATERIAL

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POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (PMC):
The matrix is relatively soft and flexible
The reinforcement must have high strength and
stiffness.
Since the load must be transferred from
matrix to reinforcement, the reinforcement-
matrix bond must be strong.
There are two basic categories of polymer
matrices:
- Thermoplastics.
- Thermoset plastics.
Roughly 95% of the composite market use:
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thermosetting plastics.
Thermoplastics: Polyethylene, Nylon,
Polystyrene, Polypropylene, Polycarbonate,
Polyvinyl alcohol

Thermosets: Epoxy, polyester, phenolics

They have high strength and stiffness to

weight ratio

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METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCS)

 MMCs are advanced class of structural

materials consisting of nonmetallic
reinforcements incorporated into the
metallic matrix.
 MMCs are widely used in engineering
applications where the operating
temperature lies in between 250 ºC to 750 ºC.
 Matrix materials: Aluminum, Titanium,
Copper and Magnesium .
 Reinforcement materials: Silicon carbide,
Boron, Molybdenum and Alumina 33
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CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (CMCS)

 CMCs are advanced class of structural materials

consisting of metallic/non-metallic
reinforcements incorporated into the ceramic
matrix.
 CMCs are widely used in engineering
applications where the operating temperature
lies in between 800ºC to 1650ºC

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CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE (CMC):

The matrix is relatively hard and brittle

Example of CMCs:
Silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC)
 High temperature material for use in
applications such as gas turbines
 SiC-SiC has high thermal, mechanical, and
chemical stability
 High strength to weight ratio 36
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CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES (C/CS)
 C/Cs are developed specifically for parts
that must operate in extreme temperature
ranges.
 Composed of a carbon matrix reinforced
with carbon yarn fabric, 3-D woven fabric,
3-D braiding.
 Applications: C/C composites meet
applications ranging from rockets to
aerospace because of their ability to
maintain and even increase their structural
properties at extreme temperatures. 38
CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES (C/CS)
Advantages:
 Extremely high temperature resistance (1930°C
– 2760°C).
 Strength actually increases at higher
temperatures (up to 1930°C).
 High strength and stiffness.
 Good resistance to thermal shock.

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