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Abm 11 Stats and Prob q3 Module 1
Abm 11 Stats and Prob q3 Module 1
Statistics
and
Probability
Statistics and
Probability
Illustrating a Random Variable
(Discrete and Continuous)
Statistics and Probability
Illustrating a Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Grade 11 Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist
you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21 st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do
the tasks included in the module.
Welcome to the Grade 11 Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
The hands are one of the greatest assets of the human body. No other beings in the world has hands that can grasp, hold, move , and
manipulate objects like human hands. Through our hands, we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning
resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant and essential competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own
pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous
one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key
at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes questions or blank sentence/ paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill
of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
Week
1
What I Need to Know
You have studied probability and frequency distributions in statistics in the
previous level. This module was designed and written collaboratively to help you in
illustrating random variables (discrete and continuous) which are essential in
solving real life problems.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lesson is arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
The module consists of only one lesson entitled illustrating random variables
(discrete and continuous).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. define random variable; and
2. illustrate random variables (discrete and continues).
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?
a. Number of white marbles in the box
b. Number of students present in the classroom
c. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled “8 ounces.”
d. The number of arrivals customers in the restaurants between 7:00 a. m to
5:00 p.m.
2. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
a. Distance travelled between tricycles
b. Height of the students in a certain class
c. Number of red marbles in the basket
d. Weight of student
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called
a. Random sample
b. Random notation
c. Random variable
d. Random elimination
4. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring?
a. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Interval
D. Nominal
5. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is
a. Quantitative variable
b. Discrete variable
c. Qualitative variable
d. Continuous variable
As you can see in one- peso coin, it has Dr. Jose P. Rizal on one side, which
we will call it as Head (H), and the other side is the Tail (T). Toss your one-peso coin
three times and record in your notebook the results of the three tosses. In order to
write the result easily, use letter H for the heads and letter T for the tails.
If the results of your three tosses are heads, tails, heads, then you will write
HTH on your notebook.
Example 1: How many heads when we toss 3 coins?
Continue tossing your coin and record the time. If possible, use mobile phone
timer and record up to the last minutes.
Let say in a minute, how many times the heads and tails appeared. Then,
record all the possible answers on your notebook.
Write all eight possible outcomes. You can do this systematically so that you
do not get confused later on.
In this instance, there might be 0 heads, 1 Head, 2 Heads or 3 Heads.
Thus, the sample space is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3
Then this time the results or outcomes are NOT entirely equally likely.
The three coins land in eight possible ways:
X = Number of Head
P(X=3) = 1/8
P(X=2) = 3/8
P(X=1) = 3/8
P(X=0) = 1/8
In Graphical Form:
1 3 3 7
= + + =
8 8 8 8
= 1 – 1/8 = 7/8
Example 2;
For a fair coin tosses twice, the probability of each of the possible values for Number
of Heads can be tabulated as shown:
Let x is equal to the number of heads observed. x is what we called random variable.
Number of
0 1 2
Heads
2/4
Probability 1/4 1/4
or 1/2
P( X=2) = 1/4
P( X=1) = 2/4
P( X=0) = 1/4
This is again an example of a discrete variable. Thus, a discrete random
variable X has possible values x1, x2 , x3, .....
In Graphical Form:
1 2 3
= + =
4 4 4
= 1 – 1/4 = 3/4
What is It
To make you understand better
the previous activities, another
illustration is shown below.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the topic.
Types of
Number X or the Random
Experiment Random
Variable X
Variable
What I Can Do
Answer the following.
Classify whether the given experiment implies a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
_____ 1. The temperature of a solution in the laboratory
_____ 2. Collecting data about the heights of students in a public school
_____ 3. Recording the distance travelled by the bus
_____ 4. Surveying about the number of cases due to Covid - 19 pandemic
in Quezon Province
_____ 5. Number of promoted students at the end of school year
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is
A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative variable
2. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students present in a Class Temperance
B. The average distance travelled by a tricycle in a month
C. The number of motorcycle owned by a randomly selected household
D. The number of girls taller than 5 feet in a random sample of 6 girls
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called
A. Random sample
B. Random variable
C. Random notation
D. Random elimination
4. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring?
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Interval
D. Normal
5. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?
A. Number of book per student
B. Number of green marbles in the box
C. The number of arrivals of customers in the clinic between 8:00 a. m to 4:00
p.m.
D. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled 12 ounces.
6. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
A. Distance travelled between cars
B. Height of the students in a section Prudence
C. Number of blue marbles in the box
D. Weight of potatoes in the basket
10
Additional Activities
Hondagua National High School-Senior High School would like to conduct election
for the Accountancy Business and Management (ABM) officers. Complete the table
for the possible outcomes from a sample of four voters and identify also the value of
random variable of the number of “yes” votes.
Value of Random
Event Voter # 1 Voter #2 Voter #3 Voter #4 Variables
(Number of Yes votes)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
11
Statistics and
Probability
Distinguishing Between a
Discrete and a Continuous
Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a Continuous Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
12
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lesson is arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this pre-test to find out how much you already
know about the topic covered. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
13
14
The word random has a different meaning in the field of statistics. Something is
random when it differs by chance. For example, when a coin is tossed twice, the
possible outcomes that can occur are {HH, HT, TT, TH} where H represent head and
T represent tail, the observed outcomes on any one toss is random.
This module will help you understand the process of distinguishing between a
discrete and a continuous random variable.
What’s In
Remember that a variable is a quantity that may change within the context of a
mathematical problem or experiment. Typically, we use a single letter to represent a
variable. The letters x, y, and z are common generic symbols used for variables. In
this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are associated with probabilities, called
random variables.
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following.
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Flipping a coin
2. Rolling a die
3. Drawing a card at random from a deck of 6
identical card suits labeled 1 to 6
4. Spinning the wheel shown,
assuming that the
arrow will never fall on the lines
separating the 8 sectors
What’s New
To understand how one distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random
variable. Do the activity below.
Complete the following table. The first one is done for you.
15
16
or has a numerical values associated with it); qualitative variable (a broad category
that for any variable that can’t be counted) and there’s a lot more variable that you
may encounter in the field of statistics, but our focused in this module, is on random
variable.
A Random Variable is a function that associates a real number with each element
in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance. Thus,
in simple words, a Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the
outcomes of a random experiment.
In the experiment of tossing a coin, the number of times the coin turns up a head is
an example of random variables. Below are some examples of random variables.
a. Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of the two numbers that face up is
an example of a random variable. This variable
make take on integers
from 2 to 12.
b. Suppose the spinner shown below is spun.
An example of a random variable for this experiment
is the number of times that the spinner stops at
number 3.
There are two types of random variables, the
discrete and continuous random variables
Discrete Continuous
A discrete random variable A continuous random
is a random variable whose variable is a random
values represented by variable that takes values
count data. This happens on a continuous scale. This
when the set of possible hap pens when the set of
outcomes from an possible outcomes from an
experiment can be counted experiment cannot be
such as can be counted counted but can be
such as the number of measured such as height
household in a barangay, of Grade 11 students.
thus making the values of Continuous random
the random variable variables represent
countable of the random measured data like height,
variable countable just like weight and temperature.
whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3.
17
From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete while
example 4 and 5 are continuous
Example 6. Brand Z is a company that manufactures batteries. They record
the number of defective batteries that are contained in each box
before it is sent out for delivery. If X is the number of defective
batteries per box, then what type of random variable is X?
Solution. X is a discrete random variable, and X can be a set {0, 1, 2, …, n}
where n is the total number of batteries in each box.
Example 7. Suppose Brand Z in example number 6 wants to check the
average life span of their batteries. If Y is the average number of
days that each battery lasts, then what can you conclude about
the variable Y?
Solution. We can conclude from above, that Y is a continuous random
variable. It may be assigned time intervals that corresponds to
each battery’s life span.
Because of the way the discrete random variable is defined, we can say that the range
of values that can be assigned to it is confined to the set of whole numbers. That is,
a discrete random variable may NOT take on non-integers.
What’s More
Independent Activity 1.
Look Back and Reflect
1. How do you determine the values of a random variable?
2. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?
What is the difference between the two types of random variables?
Independent Assessment 1.
Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
1. the speed of a tricycle.
2. the number of female students.
18
19
What I Can Do
This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the following questions.
1. Eight students were asked to solve the Rubik’s cube. The time it took for them to
complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.
Time (in min) Less than
1 min 1 - 2 min 2 - 3 min Greater than 3 min
Number of children who completed the Rubik’s cube 2 2 3 1
Classify what type of random variable is shown.
2. Suppose a Meter-man Apprentice was told by his superior to measure the voltage
of a certain electric outlet. The voltage reading ranges from 118 V < x < 122 V. Does
the scenario represent a discrete or a continuous random variable?
Assessment
Let us test how far you understood the lesson on random variables. Answer the test
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I believe that with your effort
and determination, you can do it once again!
20
C. 5
D. 10
6. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?
A. The number of students present in a class
B. The average distance traveled by a jeep in a week
C. The number of correct guesses on a multiple choice test
D. The number of women taller than 68 inches in a random sample of 5
Women
7. Which of the following is a continuous random variable?
A. Height of sunflower as measured each day
B. Number of gadgets a business sell per day
C. Number of people attending mass every Sunday
D. Number of people eating at the restaurant everyday
8. Which of the following is discrete random variable?
A. Hipolito weighs 65 kg
B. Hipolito is 160 cm tall
C. Hipolito has two brother
D. Hipolito ran 100 meters in 10.2 seconds
9. Which of the following variable is discrete random variable?
A. Lifetime of a AAA battery
B. The amount of gasoline in a car
C. Number of goals of a football team
D. The time it takes to commute to word
10. Which of the following is NOT a discrete random variable?
A. Height of rose as measured each day
B. Number of appliances a business sell each day
C. Number of people went to church every Sunday
D. Number of students late in going to school each day
11. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a discrete random
variable?
A. The number of children who do household chores everyday
B. The average amount of milk consumption of a baby each day
C. The number of students who excelled in mathematics in a certain
grade level
D. The number of children who love to pray a rosary every 6 o’clock in
the afternoon
12. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous random
variable?
A. The distance traveled by a truck in an hour
B. The average height of a coconut tree each day
C. The number of provinces belong to Region IV-A
D. The intensity of an earthquake that happens last month
13. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. The amount of water on a jug
B. The length of time attending a “Webinar”
C. The number of OFW who traveled abroad each day
D. The height of the tallest mountain in the Philippine
21
14. You decide to collect a bunch of cans of soda and measure the volume of
soda in each can. Let x be the number of soda in each can. What type of
variable is x?
A. x is a constant
B. x is a place holder
C. x is a discrete random variable
D. x is a continuous random variable
15. You decided to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are
interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in each
family. Is this a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable
B. No, it is not a random variable
C. Maybe
D. Cannot be determine
Additional Activities
Answer the following.
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
_____ 1. Getting the distance travelled by a car
_____ 2. Collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school
_____ 3. The temperature in Quezon at noon times
_____ 4. Picking a multiple of 3 less than 200
_____ 5. Tallying the number of PUI (Person Under Investigation) due to
Covid-19 pandemic.
22
Statistics and
Probability
Finding Possible Values of a
Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
23
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the process of finding the possible values of a random variables. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lesson is arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson:
Lesson 1 – Finding possible values of a random variable.
After going through this module, you are expected to find possible values of random
variables.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this pre-test to find out how much you already
know about the topic covered. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A quantity resulting from an experiment by chance that can assume
different values is called ________________.
A. Ran dom sample
B. Random variable
C. Random process
D. Random experiment
2. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could be zero.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is
always equal to one.
3. If a coin is tossed, what are the possible values of the random variable for the
number of heads?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 4 - 9. Suppose you tossed two coins.
4. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HH, TT
B. HH, HT, TT
C. HH, TH, TT
D. HH, HT, TT, TH
5. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment above?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
6. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of
heads?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
24
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
7. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of tails?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
8. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for the
number of heads?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
9. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for the
number of tails?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
For numbers 10 – 11. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two
children. You are interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in
each family.
10. Is the above experiment “counting the number of girls (out of 2 children in
each family” a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable.
B. No, it is not a random variable.
C. Maybe.
D. It cannot be determined.
11. If the experiment above shows a random variable, then what are the possible
values of it?
A. Its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Its value can be 0, 1, or 2.
C. Its value can be 2 or 4.
D. None, since it is not a random variable.
12. In a local community, a couple was asked the questions, “Are you satisfied
with the work of the current president?” If the husband and the wife both said
“yes”, the response is written as YY. If the husband said yes and the wife said
“no”, the response is YN. Let X be the number of “yes” responses, what are the
possible values of the random variables?
A. 0, 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 4
D. 1, 1, 2
For numbers 13 - 15. Suppose two laptops are tested. Let D represent the
defective laptop and N represent the non-defective laptop.
25
13. What are the possible sample spaces for the experiment?
A. DD, NN
B. DD, DN, NN
C. DD, ND, NN
D. DD, DN, NN, ND
14. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
15. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of defective
laptops. What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
Well, what do you think about the pre-test? Did you do it well? Compare your
answers with those in the Answer Key on the last part of this module to find out your
level of performance in this test. If all your answers are correct, then it’s excellent!
This shows that you already know much about the topic. You may SKIP this module
and PROCEED to the next module.
If you got a low score or missed a point, it’s ok. This module was made to help
you understand important concepts about random variables that you can apply in
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all
the items in the test and a lot more!
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be assigned for the frequency of heads
that will occur? If three cards are drawn from a deck, what number can be assigned
for the frequency of face cards that will occur? These questions may be answered
using random variables which you will learn in this module.
What’s In
Recall that a variable is an attribute that can assume different values. We use letters
to denote or represent a variable. In this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are
resulted from an experiment by chance, called random variables.
26
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, try to determine whether each
of the following experiments/situations involved discrete or a continuous random
variable.
1. Choosing an even number less than 100.
2. Tallying the number of households in a subdivision that has a least one
vehicle.
3. Gathering information about the average monthly income of a
household.
4. Teacher applicants in the Division of Quezon.
5. Recording the number of patients who recovered from COVID-19.
What’s New
To understand how one finds possible values of random variables, do the activity
below.
Suppose two iPhone are tested at random. We want to find out the number of
defective iPhone. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value.
These are 0, 1, or 2. If there is no defective iPhone, we assign the number 0; if there
is 1 defective iPhone, we assign the number 1; and 2, if there are two defective iPhone.
The number of defective iPhone is a random variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, and 2.
Read and analyze the given situation below.
Illustration
Let D represent the defective iPhone and N for the non-defective iPhone. If we let Y
be the random variable representing the number of defective iPhone, show the values
of the random variable Y. Complete the table below to show the values of the random
variable.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective iPhone)
DD 2
NN 0
DN 1
ND 1
27
Suppose three laptops are tested at random. We want to find out the number of
non-defective laptops. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective laptop, we assign the number
0; if there is 1 non-defective laptop, we assign the number 1; if there are two non-
defective laptops, we assign the number 2 and 3, if there are three non-
defective laptops. The number of non-defective laptops is a random variable. Let D
represents the defective laptop and N represents the non-defective laptop. If we let
X be the random variable representing the number of non-defective laptops, show
the values of the random variable X. Complete the table below to show the values of
the random variable.
This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help you to
understand the appropriate way in finding the possible values of a random variable.
Answer the following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
3. Will you be able to find the values of a random variable? If yes,
how? If no, why?
4. In your own words, how will you describe a random variable?
5. How do you find the possible values of a random variable?
What is It
A random variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of
random experiments.
The random variable in the activity above is a discrete random variable because the
set of possible outcomes is countable. The possible values of random variable Y
(number of defective iPhone) are 0, 1, and 2, while the possible values of random
variable X (number of non-defective laptops) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the random variable representing
the number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
28
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. The sample space for this experiment is:
Let H represent head and T for S = {TT, TH, HH, HT}
tail.
2. Count the number of heads in
each outcome in the sample Possible Outcomes Value of the
space and assign this number Random variable Z
to this outcome. (Number of heads)
TT 0
TH 1
HH 2
HT 1
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. Let The sample space for this experiment is:
W represent the white ball and Y S = {WW, YY, WY, YW}
for the yellow ball.
2. Count the number of white balls
in each outcome in the sample Value of the
space and assign this number to Possible random variable X
this outcome. Outcomes (Number of white
balls)
WW 2
YY 0
WY 1
YW 1
.
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.
What’s More
Independent Activity 1.
Understanding Possible Values of Random Variables.
Answer the following questions.
1. How do you find the values of a random variable?
2. How is this variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random variable?
How do they differ?
Independent Assessment 1
Two cards are drawn from a deck. How many possible values can each of the
following variables take?
1. sum of the numbers on the cards
2. number of times both cards are black
3. Number of times both cards are 7s
4. Number of times the first card is six and the second card is red
29
5. Number of times the first card is face card and the second card is not a
face card
Independent Activity 2. Getting Balls from a Box
Two balls are picked in succession without replacement - 4 white balls and 5 green
balls. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of green balls. Find the
values of the random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes (number of green balls)
Independent Assessment 2
Four coins are toss. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
30
What I Can Do
This time, it is your turn to shine. Answer the problem below.
The households of a local community were surveyed about the number of occupants
who are working. It was found out that 25 households have one occupant working,
18 have two occupants working, 12 have three occupants working, and 5 have four
occupants working. Let X be the number of occupants working from a randomly
selected household. What are the possible values for the random variable?
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper. .
1.A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
A. Random sample C. Random variable
B. Random process D. Random experiment
2.Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could not be zero.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is not
equal to one.
3.If a coin is tossed, what are the possible values of the random variable for
the number of tails?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 4 - 9. Suppose you tossed three coins.
4. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HHH, TTT
B. TTT, HHH, TTH, THT, HTH
C. TTT, HHH, HHT, THT, HTH
D. TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH
5. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment above?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
6.What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of
heads?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
31
7. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of tails?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
8. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for
the number of heads?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
9. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for
the number of tails?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
For numbers 10 - 11. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children.
You are interested in counting the number of boys (out of 2 children) in each family
10. Is the above experiment “counting the number of boys (out of 2
children) in each family” a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable. C. Maybe.
B. No, it is not a random variable. D. It cannot be determined.
11.If the statement above shows a random variable, then what are the possible
values?
A. Its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Its value can be 0, 1, or 2.
C. Its value can be 2 or 4.
D. None, since it is not a random variable.
For numbers 12 - 13. Suppose two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 6 blue balls and 5 red balls.
12.How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
13. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of blue balls.
What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 14 - 15. Suppose three laptops are tested. Let D represent the defective
laptop and N for the non-defective laptop.
32
14. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 3 C. 8
B. 4 D. 9
15. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of
non-defective laptops. What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
Additional Activities
Answer the following.
An umbrella - check girl returns 2 umbrellas at random to 2 customers who had
previously checked in, namely Andrea and Althea. If Andrea’s umbrella was black
and Althea’s umbrella was Yellow:
1. list the elements of the sample space, S - all possible orders in which the
umbrellas can be returned, and;
2. list all possible values of the random variable X, the number of correct
matches.
33
Statistics and
Probability
Illustrating a Probability
Distribution for a Discrete
Random Variable and its
Properties
Statistics and Probability
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and its Properties
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
34
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed to give you the appropriate ways of illustrating a
probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties. After
determining the values of the random variable in your previous lesson, there is a
need to illustrate the probability distribution. This will also help you analyze real-life
situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them.
In this module, you will also learn how to determine if the distribution represents a
probability distribution or not. The application of the properties of probability
distribution will help you arrive at the correct conclusion regarding probabilities.
This module will also help you to improve your computation skills. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students and the lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course.
After going through this module, you are expected to illustrate a probability
distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋))= 0
B. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1/10
C. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1
D. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 2-3
2. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. If the value of the random variable X
represents the number of blue balls, what is the probability of getting two
blue balls?
A. 1/8
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 1/2
3. Which probability distribution represents the given problem?
A. X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/2 1/4 1/4
B. X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
C. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
D. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 3/8 1/8 3/8 1/8
35
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.40 0.15 n
A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.45
D. 0.6
10. Which of the following table represents probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44
B. X 1 3 5 7
36
C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12
D. X 0 2 4 6
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
11. If the values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3 where X
represents the number of heads in tossing a coin thrice, what is the
probability that three heads will come up?
A. 1/2
B. 3/8
C. 1/4
D. 1/8
𝑋
12. What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2?
3
A. 0, 0.33, 0.67
B. 0, 1,2
C. 0, 0.45, 0.55
D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5
13. Which of the following values can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X?
1
A.P(X)= for x =1,2, 3…..9
6
3+𝑋
B. P(X)= for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
3−𝑋
1
C.P(X)= for x = 1,2,3……8
8
3
D.PX) = for x = 1,2,3
5𝑥
14. The number of absences from June to March of a student based on
his class adviser’s record is shown below.
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 2/10 2/10 3/10 3/10
B. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/10 3/10 3/10 3/10
C. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/10 1/10 3/10 3/10 1/5
D. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/5 3/10 3/10 1/10 1/10
37
A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.32
B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.06
C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.20 0.14 0.32 0.28
D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20
Lesson 1 Illustrating a Probability
Distribution for a Discrete Random
Variable and its Properties
In this module, the concept of the probability distribution for a discrete
random variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by assigning
probabilities to all possible outcomes related to the situation. When we draw
a conclusion from an experiment like tossing a coin, tossing dice, or from
other situations, it requires the use of random variable and probability
distribution. You will also learn how to determine if the given distribution
represents a probability distribution.
What’s In
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to find the possible values of a random
variable. In this module, you will learn how to illustrate a probability distribution of
a discrete random variable. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson,
answer the following questions.
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False. If the answer is false, you
can modify the statement to make it true.
Statement True False
1. There are 4 outcomes if you tossed two coins.
2. If you tossed three coins where X be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. The possible
values of the random variable X are 0, 1 and 2
3 1 5
3.The sum of + =
4 2 8
4. The sum of 0.25 + 06 +0.36 +0.28=0.95
𝑋+1 1
5.If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6 2
3 3
6. If P(x)= , the value of P(4) is
𝑥−2 2
38
Solution:
1. True.
2. False: The possible values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3.
3 1 5
3. False: + =
4 2 4
4. True
𝑋+1 1
5. False: If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6 3
6. True
B. Recall how to determine the values of the random variable by answering the given
problem.
Find the values of the random variable Y representing the number of green balls
when 2 balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a jar containing 4
red balls and 5 green balls.
Solution:
a. Determine the sample space. Let R represent the red ball and G represent
the green ball. The sample size for this experiment is: { RR, RG, GR, GG }.
b. Count the number of green balls in each outcome in the sample space and
assign the number to this outcome.
39
Based on the above problem, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are
possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in each
outcome and assign this number to this outcome. What is the value of the
random variable X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value P(X) to
each value of the random variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random
variable?
What is It
To solve the problem above, you have to consider first the steps in determining the
values of the random variable that you have learned from your previous lesson.
There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number of
defective computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the
number of outcomes is 8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come out
40
1 1 3
is or P (0) = , the probability that 1 defective computer will come out is or
8 8 8
1 3
P(1)= is , the probability that 2 defective computers will come out is or P(2)=
8 8
3 1 3
and the probability that 3 defective computers will come out is or P(3)= .
8 8 8
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
X 1 5 7 8 9
PX) 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
41
The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be
a.) from 0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities
must be equal to 1.
By adding all the values of P(X)
1 1 1 1 1 𝟓
Σ P(X)= + + + + =
3 3 3 3 3 𝟑
1
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is
3
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1.
Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1
Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution
You can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form.
X 1 3 5 7
Ex. 3. Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a
probability distribution.
3 7 1
b. P(1) = , P(2)= , P(3)=
20 20 2
3 7 1 3 7 10 20
+ + = + + = =1
20 20 2 20 20 20 20
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.
Ex. 4. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X.
1
a. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,…….9
7
1
This means that the value of P(1) to P(9)=
7
Illustrating this in a table would give as:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(X) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is
7
9
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is which is not
7
equal to 1. Hence, this is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1
42
12
b. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,
25𝑥
Evaluate P(X), given the value of x :
12 12 12
P(1)= = = = 0.48
25𝑥 25(1) 25
12 12 12
P(2)= = = = 0.24
25𝑥 25(2) 50
12 12 12
P(3)= = = =0.16
25𝑥 25(3) 75
12 12 12
P(4)= = = = 0.12
25𝑥 25(4) 100
Illustrating this in a table would give as:
X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.48 0.24 0.16 0.12
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.
What’s More
Independent Activity 1
A. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not.
Explain your answer.
1 X 1 5 7 8
1 1 1 1
P(X) 4 8 4 8
2 X 0 2 3 4 6
1 1 1 1 1
P(X) 6 6 6 3 6
3 X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
Independent Activity II
Number of Girls
Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly selected three-
child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely to be selected, illustrate
the probability distribution of a random variable X.
43
Using the sample space for rolling two dice, illustrates a probability distribution for
the random variable X representing the sum of the numbers that appear.
Independent Activity IV
Face Mask
Julia is a boutique shop owner in her town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a
face mask of a person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks
available, she decided to start another business by making a face mask. She started
selling face masks from day 1 to day 10. The data she collected is shown in the table
below.
44
What I Can Do
COVID -19 Recoveries
The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel infectious disease
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome was spread in the Philippines on
January 30, 2020. Thousands of people in the country tested positive in this virus,
and some of them recovered from the disease. The following table shows the number
of recoveries from April 24-May 3, 2020.
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What must be the value of the probability of each random variable?
A. P(X) ≥ 0
B. 0≤ P(X) ≤ 1
C. -1≤ P(X) ≤ 1
D. P(X) ≤ 1
2. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable?
A. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋))= 0
B. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1/10
C. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 1
D. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋)) = 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 3-4
3. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an
urn containing 4 red balls and 5 blue balls. If the value of the
random variable X represents the number of blue balls. What is the
probability of getting two blue balls?
1
A.
2
1
B.
3
1
C.
4
1
D.
8
45
A X 0 1 2
1 1 1
P(X) 2 4 4
B X 0 1 2
1 1 1
P(X) 4 2 4
C X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P(X) 8 8 8 8
D X 0 1 2 3
3 1 3 1
P(X) 8 8 8 8
5. Which of the following values is not the value of the probability of the
random variable?
A. 1.01
B.1
C.0.50
D. 0.05
6. Which of the following table represents probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44
B. X 1 3 5 7
1 1 1 1
P(X)
3 2 3 3
C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12
D. X 0 2 4 6
1 1 1 1
P(X) 5 5
5 5
46
𝑥
8. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a probability
6
distribution?
A.0,2,3
B. 1,1,2
C. 2,3,4
D. 1,2,3
9. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the
table?
X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3 1/6
1
A. P(X) =
𝑋
𝑋
B. P(X) =
6
6
C. P(X) =
𝑋
1
D. P(X) =
6
10. The following table shows the probability distribution of a
discrete random variable X. Find the value of n.
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.4 0.25 n
A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.28
D. 0.35
11. The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a grocery
store are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.20 respectively. Which probability
distribution represents the given problem?
A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32
B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.2 0.14 0.06
C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20
D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32
47
𝑋
13. What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2
3
A.0,1,2
B.0,0.33, 0.67
C. 0,0.45, 0.55
D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5
14. Which of the following can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X?
1
A. P(X) = for x =1,2, 3…...8
8
3+𝑋
B. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
3−𝑋
1
C. P(X) = for x = 1,2,3……9
6
3
D. P(X) = for x = 1,2,3
5𝑥
15. The number of absences from June to March of a student based on his class
adviser’s record is shown below. If X be the random variable representing the
number of absences.
A. X 0 1 2 3
2 2 3 3
P(X) 10 10 10 10
B. X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 3
P(X) 10 10 10 10
C. X 0 1 2 3 4
1 3 3 1 1
P(X) 10 10 10 10 5
D. X 0 1 2 3 4
1 3 3 1 1
P(X) 5 10 10 10 10
48
Additional Activities
1. Tossing Four Coins
Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent the number of
tails that occur. Illustrate a probability distribution for a random variable X.
2.Spin and Add
A spinner has 3 equal sections that are labeled 1,2,
and 3. If the spinner spins twice, find the sum of the
3 1
two numbers it lands on. Let X be the random
variable that represents the sum of the two numbers.
a. List all sample spaces and identify how many 2
they are.
b. Let X be the random variable that represents
the sum of two numbers. What are the possible values of X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution for a random variable X.
49
Statistics and
Probability
Computing Probability
Corresponding to a Given
Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
50
Week
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind to help you on computing
probabilities corresponding to a given random variable. The probability of certain
events occurring or not can be important to be applied in real-life problems. You can
use probability to make judgments when you are unsure what the outcome will be.
This module will also help you to improve your computation skills. You can apply
this not only in experiments like tossing a coin, playing cards, and throwing a die
but also in different situations like in business or financial matters wherein a
statistical process is required. This will also help you in decision making regarding
future financial situations and on business decision practices.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1 1 1 2
A. B. C. D.
6 3 2 3
Refer to the given table in answering numbers 2-3.
In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the following table shows the probability
distribution. What is P (X≤ 2)?
X 0 1 2
P(X) 1 1 1
4 2 4
4. Find P (X ≥ 1)
A. 0.125 B. 0.5 C. 0.625 D. 0.875
5. Find P (X ≤ 1)
51
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y) 1 3 3 2 1
10 10 10 10 10
3 2 1 4
A. B. C. D.
10 5 2 5
7. Find P (1 ≤ Y ≤ 4)
9 4 1 3
A. B. C. D.
10 5 2 10
8. Find P (Y> 1)
1 3 7 9
A. B. C. D.
5 5 10 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 9-10.
Two jars both contain the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8. The following table shows the
probability distribution of the sum when one number from each jar is taken at a
time with replacement.
X 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
P(X) 1 1 3 1 3 1 1
16 8 16 4 16 8 16
52
4 0.05
5 0.14
14. What is the probability that two or more copies will be demanded on
a particular day?
A. 0.30 B. 0.35 C. 0.65 D. 0.75
15. What is the probability that the demand will be at least one but not
more than four?
A.0.76 B. 0.71 C.0.51 D. 0.35
What’s In
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
of a discrete random variable. To understand this lesson, your knowledge of getting
the probability of an event is very important as you have learned from your previous
lesson in Mathematics. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson,
determine the probability of the following.
Find the probability of the following events.
53
b. The event of getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck is 4. Since there
4
are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting an ace is or
52
1
.
13
c. The event of getting a number greater than 2 in a single roll of a die has four
outcomes: 3, 4, 5, and 6. Since there are 6 faces in a die, then the probability
4 2
of getting a number greater than 2 is or .
6 3
d. The event of getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck is 2. Since
there are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting a red
2 1
queen is or .
52 26
e. The event of getting doubles when two dice are rolled has 6 outcomes:
{(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}.Since there are 36 outcomes in rolling two
6 1
dice, then the probability of getting doubles is or .
36 6
f. The event of getting a sum of 5 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes:
4
{(1,4), (4,1),(2,3),(3,2)}.Hence, the probability is .The event of getting a sum
36
of 9 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes: {(4,5),(5,4),(3,6),(6,3)}. Hence,
4
the probability is .
36
The probability of getting a sum of 5 or a sum of 9 when two dice are rolled is P(sum
number of pairs with sums of 5 number of pairs with sums of 9
of 5 or sum of 9)= +
total number of outcomes total number of outcomes
4 4
= +
36 36
8 2
= or
36 9
What’s New
Golden’s bakery is known for its famous Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which
is a native delicious food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The bakeshop owner
recorded the number of boxes of “leche puto” that were delivered each day. The
number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below.
Number of
Day
Boxes(X)
1 35
2 37
3 50
4 45
5 37
6 45
7 40
a. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will
8 42
be delivered on a day?
9 45
b. What is the probability that the number of boxes
delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50? 10 42
54
What is It
In the previous module, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
for a discrete random variable and its properties. Some experiments like tossing a
coin, throwing a die, and other activities consist of one or more outcomes. If each of
the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
To answer the given question, you have to construct first the probability distribution.
Let X the value of the random variable represented by the number of boxes of “leche
puto”. The probability distribution is shown below.
Number of Boxes X Probability P(X)
35 1
10
37 1
5
40 1
10
42 1
5
45 3
10
50 1
10
a. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a particular day means
P (X≥ 40).
This means that you have to add P(X=40), P(X=42), P (X= 45), and (X= 50).
P (X≥ 40) = P(40) + P(42) + P(45) + P(50)
then, substitute its corresponding probability
1 1 3 1
= + + +
10 5 10 10
1 2 3 1
= + + +
10 10 10 10
7
= or 0.7
10
b. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not
more than 50 means P (37≤ X< 50).
Hence, the values included are P(37), P(40), P42) and P(45), then substitute
its corresponding probability
P (37≤ X< 50) = P(37) + P(40) +P(42) + P(45),
1 1 1 3
= + + +
5 10 5 10
2 1 2 3
= + + +
10 10 10 10
8
=
10
55
4
= or 0.8
5
3 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
10 5 10 5 10
3 2 1 2 1
= + + + +
10 10 10 10 10
9
= or 0.90
10
Other solution:
1
= 1-
10
9
=
10
1 1
e. Find P (40) + P (50) = +
10 10
2
=
10
1
= or 0.10
5
What’s More
Independent Activity I
Number of Cell Phones
The number of cell phones sold per day at Gadgets Zone has the following probability
distribution.
56
3 0.30
4 0.20
Find:
1.P(X≥ 2)
2.P(x≤ 3)
3. P(1≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4)
4.P(2) + P(4)
Independent Activity II
Number of Absences
The monthly absences of a student based on his class adviser’s record are presented
in the probability distribution below.
X 0 1 2 3 4
1 3 3 1 1
P(X) 10 10 10 10 5
57
c. What is the probability that at least 60 years old but less than 70 years old
senior citizen will receive the SAP
What I Have Learned
Answer the following statements.
1. Specify the formula on how to compute the probability of a discrete
random variable.
__________________________________________________________________
2. What important skills did you develop in getting the probability?
___________________________________________________________________
3. Cite examples of an experiments or activities wherein we can apply the
computation of probabilities of a random variable.
___________________________________________________________________
4. In your own words, define experiment, outcomes and probabilities.
You can cite your own example.
___________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
A pair of fair dice is rolled. Let X the random variable representing the sum of the
numbers that appear.
1 1
A. C.
6 2
1 2
B. D.
3 3
Refer to the given table in answering numbers 2-3.
In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the following table shows the
probability distribution. What is P (X≤ 2)?
X 0 1 2
P(X) 1 1 1
4 2 4
58
4. Find P (X ≤ 1)
A. 0.125 C. 0.625
B. 0.5 D. 0.875
5. Find P (X ≥ 1)
A. 0.125 C. 0.625
B. 0.5 D. 0.875
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 6-8.
6. The random variable Y representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has
the following probability distribution. Find P (odd)
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y) 1 3 3 2 1
10 10 10 10 10
3 1
A. C.
10 2
2 4
B. D.
5 5
7. Find P (0 ≤ Y ≤ 3 )
9 1
A. C.
10 2
4 3
B. D.
5 10
8. Find P (Y< 3 )
1 7
A. C.
5 10
3 9
B. D.
5 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 9-10.
Two jars both contain the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8. The following table shows the
probability distribution of the sum when one number from each jar is taken at a
time with replacement.
X 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
P(X) 1 1 3 1 3 1 1
16 8 16 4 16 8 16
9. Find P(6) + P(8)
9 5
A. C.
16 16
7 3
B. D.
16 16
59
10. Find the probability that X assumes a value greater than 12.
3 9
A. C.
8 16
3 5
B. D.
16 8
11. Find the probability that X assumes a value between 6 and 14.
3 9
A. C.
8 16
5 5
B. D.
16 8
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 12-13.
The given table shows the probability distribution of a random variable Z which
represents the percentage of male students per section among Grade 11 senior high
school students.
Z 8 9 11 14 15 18
P(Z) 8% 8% 25% 17% 25% 17%
12. Find P(Z≥9)
A. 92% C. 59%
B.84% D.43 %
13. Find P(8< Z <15)
A. 84% C. 59 %
B.73 % D.50 %
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 14-15.
The daily demand for copies of a magazine at a variety store has the probability
distribution as follows.
60
61
Statistics and
Probability
Computing Probability
Corresponding to a Given
Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
62
Week
2
What I need to know?
This module was created and written with you in mind on how to illustrate
the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. This will also help you analyze
real-life situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and
beauty of Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create
statistical measures of your own. From this module, you will also learn how to use
the given illustration to determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
discrete random variables.
Your patience in analyzing figures and illustrations offered here in the module
will help you upgrade your good pattern recognition skills as it tackles appropriate
culture-based situated problems. Your ability to analyze, reason–out, and make a
judgment or even decision out of statistical measures will also be practiced here. The
extent of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focused on illustrating the mean and variance of a discrete
random variable.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. learn the important concepts of mean and variance of a discrete random
variable; and
2. illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
What know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following terms is considered as a measure of the `central location'
of a random variable?
A. Probability Value
B. Mean Value
C. Numerical Value
D. Variance
2. Which of the following notations is equivalent to the mean of the probability
distribution?
A. 𝜎
B. ∞
C. 𝜇
D. None of the Above
3. Which of the following notations is equivalent to the expected value of the
probability distribution?
A. 𝐸(𝑋)
B. 𝜀
C. 𝜎
D. 𝑃(𝑥)
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the standard deviation of a
discrete random variable?
A. It shows the spread out or dispersion of discrete random variables.
B. It is obtained by multiplying the x values and their corresponding probability.
C. It deals with the average or center of location of the probability distribution.
63
D. It is the summation of the product of the square of the difference of x and its
probability.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
64
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
12 24 36 48 60 72
65
What is In
Let’s have this first for a review.
Suppose you tossed a fair coin twice. Let X be the number of heads that are observed.
a. Construct the probability distribution of X.
b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.
Solution:
a. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, and 2. Each of these numbers
corresponds to an event in the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} of equally likely
outcomes for this experiment:
For X = 0 the corresponding sample space will be {TT};
For X = 1 the corresponding sample space will be {HT, TH} and
For X = 2 to {HH}.
X 0 1 2
b. At least one head is the event X ≥ 1, which is the union of the mutually exclusive
events X = 1 and X = 2. Thus
P(X≥1) = P(1) + P(2) = 0.50 + 0.25 = 0.75
Therefore, the probability that at least one head is 0.75
66
What’s New
Let’s Roll a Die!
Read and analyze the situation given below:
During Town Fiesta, people used to go to Carnival that most folks call it
“Perya”. Mang Ben used to play “Beto–beto” hoping that he would win.
While he is thinking about what possible outcomes in every roll would be, he
is always hoping that his bet is right.
Let us help Mang Ben to know the probabilities of each outcome by filling the
table below.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Based on the data above, observe, analyze, and answer the following
questions:
67
What is It
If you roll a fair die several times, what will be the average outcome? Imagine
rolling it 6000 times. You would expect to roll about 1000 ones, 1000 twos, and so
on: about 1000 occurrences of each possible outcome. What would be the average
value of the outcomes obtained? Approximately, the mean or expected value would
be;
(1000 ∗ 1) + (1000 ∗ 2) + ⋯ + (1000 ∗ 6) 21 000
= = 3.5
6000 6000
It only implies that the weighted average of the six possible outcomes 1, 2,…,
6 with weights provided by the relative frequencies. Remember that 3.5 isn’t a value
that we can observe if we will do the experiment.
By similarity with information and relative frequencies, we can characterize
the mean of a discrete random variable by utilizing probabilities from its dispersion,
as follows.
1. The mean is considered as a measure of the `central location' of a random
variable. It is the weighted average of the values that random variable X can take,
with weights provided by the probability distribution.
2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be
computed by first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing
that value and then adding the resulting quantities. Symbolically,
𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁𝒙 = 𝑋1 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋1 ) + 𝑋2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑿 ∗ 𝑷(𝑿)
Example1: Suppose a random variable X that has the discrete uniform distribution
with possible values 1, 2,…, n. The mean or expected value is presented by
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 ∗ ( ) = ∑ 𝑥 = ∗ =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2 2
𝑥=1 𝑥=1
Since the possible values are 1, 2,…, n when rolling a die a fair of die the mean
6+1 7
is = = 𝟑. 𝟓. This 3.5 is the expectation only. That’s the reason why in question 4,
2 2
we come up to 3.5 as its mean value.
So, doing the experiment which is rolling a single die several times and getting
average or mean of the total possible outcomes, we, therefore, conclude that the
average tends to be close to 3.5. This also implies that the more rolls we do, the closer
the average will be to 3.5.
Example 2.
0.1669500
0.1669000
P(X) 0.1668500
0.1668000
0.1667500
0.1667000
0.1666500
0.1666000
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
68
From the figure above, it shows the probability distribution for the possible
outcome in rolling a fair die. Notice that they have equal probabilities or chances to
occur. This distribution is symmetric and the mean is 3.5 which found in the middle
of the distribution, it is in the axis of symmetry.
We have noticed that the mean of a random variable X is a measure of the
central location of the distribution of X. If we are summarizing highlights of the
distribution of X, it is evident that location is not the only significant aspect
If the example above complicated you, a simpler one is provided for you.
Example 3. Suppose you want to find the average number of apples sold in any five
grocery stores as indicated by the figure below.
Analyzing the illustration above, then the mean or expected value is 11. If you
are wondering why this happens you may also follow with these processes:
1. Separate 8 elements on the left side of the mean then get the average of those a
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) which is equal to 6.5
2. Do the same on the right side of mean (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19) which
is equal to 15.5.
3. Get the average value of the numbers 6.5, 11, and 15.5. It will be equal to 11 also
As a whole, we can generate a physical representation and interpretation of
the discrete random variable X with its probability P(X). Assume that the x-axis is an
unbounded see-saw in both directions, and we put weights corresponds to
probability P(X) at each associated value(x) of random variable X. Therefore, the mean
(𝝁𝒙 ) is the point where the see-saw balance. In other words, it is the center of weights
of the observation.
In the off chance, that value of X close to its mean 𝜇𝑥 are likely and values
further away from 𝜇𝑥 have small probability, at that point, the distribution of X will
be firmly concentrated around 𝜇𝑥 . For this situation, the spread of the distribution
of X is little. On the contrary, if the expected value of X some distance from its mean
𝜇𝑥 are likely, the spread of the distribution of X will be sizeable.
These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread,
the variance, and a closely related measure of variability, the standard deviation.
You probably have met the concepts of variance and standard deviation when
summarizing data in your Junior High School Mathematics. These were the sample
variance and the sample standard deviation. The difference here is that we are
referring to properties of the distribution of a discrete random variable.
The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the dispersions
of the random variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by 𝝈𝟐𝒙 is computed
by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain the deviations,
then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the probability of the
corresponding x value, and then finally adding these quantities.
Definition: If X is a random variable with mean 𝐸(𝑋) = µ𝑥 , then the variance of X is
defined by,
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑ (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙
69
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by 𝝈𝒙 , is the square root of the
Variance. In symbol,
𝜎𝑥 = √𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) or 𝝈𝒙 = √𝝈𝒙 𝟐
Example 4. Let us consider the same histogram above. Illustrate the variance and
standard deviation.
To be able to determine the element spread away from the mean, we can do
this by adding this procedure in the illustration given.
0.1669500 3 3
0.1669000
P(X) 7
0.1668500 4 10
0.1668000
0.1667500
0.1667000
0.1666500
0.1666000
1 2 3 4 5 6
X
Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left side of the
mean and 4 and 6 in the right., the 𝜇𝑥 3.5 will be doubled which became 7. Adding
1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly on the right side adding 4 and 6 gives us 10.
Get the average value of 4 and 10 which resulted in 7 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract
7 by 4 which is 3, likewise subtract 10 by 7 which resulted in 3. This implies that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes
the spread of the elements in the observation.
And this is how we come up with the answer in question under What’s More.
Example 5. Consider this figure.
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
70
7 12 17
2 5 7 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure A. 𝜇𝑥
Since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 5 on the left side of the
mean and 7 and 10 in the right, the 𝜇𝑥 is doubled which became 12. Adding 2 and 5
elements gives us 7, similarly on the right side adding 7 and 10 gives us 17. Get the
average value of 7 and 17 which resulted in 12 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract 12 by
7 which is 5, likewise subtract 17 by 12 which also resulted in 5. This implies that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 5 which describes
the spread of the elements in the observation.
Example 6. Compare the variance and standard deviation of this distribution.
4 4
16
8 12
4
3 9
3
2 5 7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure B 𝜇𝑥
71
Following the same procedure just like in example 4, for figure A, the 𝜇𝑥 is 6.
Now let’s compare 3 and 5 on the left side of the mean and 7 and 9 in the right.
Adding 3 and 5 which is 8 and on the right side add 7 and 9 which results in 16. The
average of 8 and 16 is 12 which happens to be our new mean. Subtract 8 from 12
which is 4, similarly subtract 12 from 1 wherein the result is also 4. This shows that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 4 which expresses
the spread of the elements in the observation.
Example 7. Analyze and observe the figure below
6 6
6 12 18
2
2 4 8 10
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C 𝜇𝑥
Again, since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 4 on the left side
of the mean and 8 and 10 in the right, the 𝜇𝑥 is doubled which became 12. Adding 2
and 4 elements give us 6, similarly, on the right side adding 8 and 10 gives us 17.
Get the average of 6 and 18 which also results in 12 which is our new 𝜇𝑥 . Subtract
12 by 6 which is 6, likewise subtract 18 by 12 which also results in 6. This suggests
that the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 6 which
describes the spread of the elements in the observation.
This time let us compare the variance and standard deviation of the three
given illustrations. Because Figure A has a spread value of 5, Figure B has 4 and
Figure C has spread value of 6 in either direction then we can have this comparison;
𝜎𝐵 < 𝜎𝐴 < 𝜎𝐶
Which illustrations show less spread out? Then we can easily answer it by
simply observing the figure we generated. Figure B is less dispersion since it spread
by 4 in either direction. Moreover, which illustrations shows the farthest spread out?
Looking back to the three illustrations we have, then the farthest spread out is Figure
C since the element dispersed 6 away from the mean.
In general, unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of the
variance or standard deviation. The variance is undifferentiated to the moment of
inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily widely understood by students. What
is important to understand is that, in relative terms:
a small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of
the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
72
a large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
is spread out, with some possibility of observing values at some distance
from the mean.
What’s More
Independent Activity: Study and analyze.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1. Figure above shows the number of polo shirt sold by 5 different RTW boutiques.
a. Illustrate the mean. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures provided.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Figure A
73
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Figure B
What I Can Do
Family Budget
Things to do:
74
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
Presentation.
TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the Data Gathered 50%
Clarity and content of the visual 25%
representation
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following use the formula of (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥) ?
A. Probability Distribution
B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
2. Among the notations below, which is equivalent to 𝐸(𝑥)?
A. 𝜎𝑥2
B. 𝜎𝑥
C. 𝜇𝑧
D. 𝑃 (𝑋)
3. Which of the following statements best describe the expected value of a discrete
random variable?
A. It is the simple average of all possible outcomes.
B. It is the geometric average of all possible outcomes.
C. It is the weighted average over all possible outcomes.
D. It is the complex average of all possible outcomes in the distribution.
4. To which of the following concepts refer this statement “the sum of the product of
each value of a discrete random variable and its corresponding probability”?
A. Probability Distribution
B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
5. Use the illustration below. What is the mean of the distribution?
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
75
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
76
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
12. What is the value of 𝜇𝑥 ?
A. 6
B. 9
C. 12
D. 15
13. How dispersed are the elements from the mean?
A. 9
B. 12
C. 15
D. 18
For items 14 -15, refer to the diagram below.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
77
Figure A Figure B
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C
A. Compare the means of the three figures.
B. Show the relationship between the variance and standard deviation among
three given figures.
78
Statistics and
Probability
Calculating Mean and Variance
of a Discrete Random Variable
Statistics and Probability
Calculating Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
79
Week
2
What I Need to Know
This module was created and written with you in mind on how to calculate the mean
and variance of a discrete random variable. This will also help you analyze real-life
situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and
beauty of Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create
statistical measures of your own. From this module, you will also learn how to
determine the value of the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the discrete
random variables, and the purpose of the author for a better understanding of the
story.
Your patience in solving problems here in the module will help you upgrade your
computational skills as it tackles appropriate culture-based situated problems. Your
ability to explain, reason–out, and make a judgment or even decision out of statistical
measures will also be practiced here. The extent of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focused on calculating the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT included in the process of calculating the
mean of the discrete random variable X?
A. Identify the correct probabilities for each x value.
B. Multiply each x value by its probability.
C. Get the summation of the product.
D. Get the square root of the product.
2. Which of the following is TRUE about the value of the mean of a discrete
random variable?
A. Mean Value is always equal to 1
B. Mean Value cannot be negative.
C. Men value is equal to the expected value
D. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation are equal.
3. To determine the expected value of the discrete random variable which
processes should be done?
A. Get the squared sum of the difference of each value of a discrete
random variable its probability.
B. Get the summation of the difference of each value of a discrete random
variable and its probability.
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B. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.0625 0.5625 0.375
C. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.375 0.0625 0.0625
D. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.5625 0.0625 0.375
1 0.45
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2 0.35
What’s In
Let’s have this first for a review.
The number of COVID -19 patients seen in the ER in any given hour is a random
variable represented by X. The probability distribution for X is presented below.
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P(X)
0.5
COVID-19 Patients
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 X
15 16 17 18 19
3 3
31 34 37
P(X)
0.45 15
0.4
16
0.35
0.3 18 19
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 X
15 16 17 18 19
𝜇𝑥
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What’s New
Time to Check
Read and analyze the situation given below:
Mr. Umali, a Mathematics teacher, regularly gives a formative assessment composed
of 5 multiple-choice items. After the assessment, he used to check the probability
distribution of the correct responses, and the data is presented below:
What is It
In the previous module, mean or expected value characteristics had been presented,
even variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Expected Value or Mean Value is the sum of the products of each possible value of
a random variable and that value’s probability. In symbol,
So, in what way can we use the concept of expected value to calculate the mean and
variance of a probability distribution?
Using the previously given data, multiply each x value by its probability and add the
results to get the mean (𝜇 x ) or expected value(𝑬(𝑿)).
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0 0.03 0
1 0.05 0.05
2 0.12 0.24
3 0.30 0.9
4 0.28 1.12
5 0.22 1.1
𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 = ∑ (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝒙)
𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by 𝝈𝒙 , is the square root of the Variance. In
symbol,
𝜎𝑥 = √𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) or 𝝈𝒙 = √𝝈𝒙 𝟐
Again, let’s use the same data above, variance and standard deviation of the given
random variable can be presented in this manner. The formula for 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) says to
take a weighted average of the squared distance to the mean. By squaring, remember
that we are averaging only non-negative values so that the spread to the right of the
mean won’t cancel that to the left. By using expected value, we are weighting high
probability values more than low probability values. So, the table will now look like
this.
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The Variance is 1.5819, and the Standard Deviation is √𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗 , and it is
equivalent to 𝝈𝒙 = 1.26
Therefore, the correct answers for question 4 are 1.5819 and 1.26 respectively.
For uniformity of the answers, expected value or mean and standard deviation are
both expressed into two decimal places while variance is up to four decimal places
to lessen rounding error.
Take note on units:
1. 𝜎𝑥 has the same units as X.
2. 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) or 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 has the same units as the square of X. So, if X is in
meters, then 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) is in meters squared.
Since 𝜎𝑥 and X have the same units, the standard deviation is a natural
measure of spread. In some ways, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the
two measures, since it is in the same units as X.
Suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is S = {𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻,
𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇}. Let X represent the “number of heads that can come up”, Based on the
prepared discrete probability distributions of the random variable X below, calculate
the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
Outcome or Sample HH HT TH TT
Point
𝒙 2 1 1 0
Applying the concepts from the activity given above, let us complete the table below.
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We have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the average or mean (µ𝑥 ) of
random variable X. It's occasionally called a "weighted average" because more
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average. It is additionally how
we anticipate that X should behave on-average as time goes on. The mean of a
random variable X is a measurement of the central location of the distribution of X.
If we are summarizing features of the distribution of X, it is clear that location is not
the only relevant feature. The second most important component is the spread of the
distribution.
Again, the variance of a discrete random variable X is defined by
where the sum is taken over all values of x for which P(x) > 0 but less than 1. So, the
variance of X is the weighted average of the squared deviations from the mean μ,
where the weights are given by the probability function P(x) of X.
In another way around, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the two
measures, since it is in the same units as X. For example, if X is a random variable
measuring length in cm, then the standard deviation is in centimeter(𝑐𝑚), while the
variance is in 𝑐𝑚2 .
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The number of patients seen in the Emergency Room in any given hour is a random
variable represented by x. The probability distribution for x is:
X 10 11 12 13 14
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1 4 1 6 3 4 1 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
16 16 4 16 8 16 4 16
Independent Assessment 3: Fill me in and solve
Write all the necessary formula and show the complete solution.
Formula to be used:
a. Mean ________________________
b. Variance_____________________
c. Standard Deviation___________
Solution:
What I Have Learned
1. The formula for calculating Mean or Expected value is _______________________
2. I have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the_______________ of
random variable X. It's occasionally called a _______________ because more
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average.
3. The variance of a discrete random variable X is defined _____________________
4. The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of
X. In symbol it expressed into ________________________________
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TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the solution 50%
Clarity and content of the script 25%
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What formula is appropriate to use in calculating the expected value?
A. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥)
B. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 − 𝑝 (𝑥)
C. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝 (𝑥)2
D. 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 /𝑝 (𝑥)
2. Which among the list of formulas should be used to solve for the variance of
discrete random variables of the given data above?
A. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x
B. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x
C. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥); for all possible values of x
D. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑃(𝑥) + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑥 ; for all possible values of x
3. Which of the following statements does not describes the value of the
standard deviation?
A. A small standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
of the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
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X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3
7.
7. What is the expected value of X from the given table?
A. 1.3 B. 1.8 C. 1.9 D. 2.3
2
8. What is the variance (𝜎𝑥 ) of the given probability distribution?
A. 1.16 B. 1.18 C. 1.20 D. 1.28
9. Which of the following value is appropriate for deviation (𝜎𝑥 ) of the given
probability distribution?
A 1.02 B. 1.04 C. 1.06 D. 1.08
10. A Grade 11 – HUMMS researcher surveyed the households in Brgy. Quipot,
Tiaong Quezon. The random variable X represents the number of college
graduates in the households. The probability distribution of X is shown
below.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 0.25 0.5 0.25
Find the values of variance and standard deviation.
A. 0.3 and 0.51 respectively
B. 0.4 and 0.61 respectively
C. 0.5 and 0.71 respectively
D. 0.6 and 0.81 respectively
11. In the 50 items test, Miss Santos, a Mathematics teacher claimed that most
of the students’ scores lie closer to 40. In this situation, which of the following
terms parallel to the score of 40?
A. Variance
B. Standard Deviation
C. Expected Value or Mean
D. Median
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For items 12-15, refer to the scenario and table provided below.
In her Flower Shop, Vera recorded the probability distribution for the number of
flower arrangements that she delivered each day.
X 7 8 9 10 11
P(X) 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10
12. What is the probability that she made at least 9 flower arrangements?
A. 0.60 B. 0.50 C. 0.40 D. 0.30
13. What is the mean or expected value of the given probability distribution?
A. 8.5 B. 8.6 C. 8.7 D. 8.8
14. Which of the following is the appropriate value for the variance?
A. 1.55 B. 1.56 C. 1.57 D. 1.58
15. What value corresponds to the standard deviation?
A. 1.25 B. 1.26 C. 1.27 D. 1.28
Additional Activities
1. Willie works in an automotive tire factory. The number X of sound but
blemished tires that he produces on a random day has the probability
distribution.
x 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.48 0.35 0.10 0.07
a. Find the probability that Leomar will produce more than three blemished
tires.
b. Find the probability that Leomar will produce at most four blemished
tires.
c. Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a discrete random
variable.
2. The Land Bank of the Philippines Manager claimed that each saving account
customer has several credit cards. The following distribution showing the
number of credits cards people own.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.18 0.44 0.27 0.08 0.03
Show the complete table of values in calculating the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation.
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