CHAPTER

7 METALLURGY
IMPORTANT TERMSAND DEFINITIONS Elements of group 3 to 12 are
knownn
transition metals.
Division of Elements:
divided into metals,
Elements can be Metalloids: They show the properties
non-metals, metalloids metals as well as non-metals, e.g., arsenic
and noble gases.
Metals: Metals are antimony.
and have a
electropositive elements Activity series of metals can be represented
tendency to form positive ions as Li> K > Na > Ca Mg > Al > Zn >Fe
>
by losing their valence electrons. The
P b > H> Cu > Hg > Ag> Pt> Au. On
number of electrons lost
by an atom of a moving from top to bottom, the reactivity
metal to form a
positive ion is the valency of their oxides goes on
of that metal. decreasing.
Non-metals: Non-metals are Electrolytic reduction is used for the
elements and have a tendency to form
electronegative extraction of metals placed near the
top
of the activity series eg., K, Na,
negative ions by gaining electrons. The Al, etc.
number of electrons gained Chemical reduction is
used for the
by an atom extraction of metals
of a non-metal is the
valency of that non- present in the middle
of the activity series
metal. e.g., Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb
Cu. Reduction of oxide ores is
Metals are placed at the left, in the middle
done by C, Co or H2.
mainly
and at the bottom of the
periodic table, Metals
whereas non-metals on the right hand side placed near the bottom of the
of the series e.g., Hg, Ag are extracted by
periodic table.
thermal decomposition of their oxides,
Elements of group 1 (IA) -

Li, Na, K, Rb,

Cs and Fr whereas silver and gold are extracted by
known as
are alkali metals. These
elements have low displacement from their salt solutions.
and boiling
density, low melting Minerals: These are the
points, low ionisation energy, naturally occurring
and they are
highly electropositive and compounds of metals associated with
highly reactive (usually in kept kerosene). earthly impurities such as sand, limestone,
They get tarnished in air. They are rocks, etc.
strong
reducing agents. Ores: These are the minerals from whic
Elements of group 2 (11A) metals can be extracted
Be, Mg, Ca,
-

conveniently and
Sr, Ba and Ra are known as
alkaline earth economically.
metals. They are quite reactive Gangue or Matrix: These
but less are the earthiy
reactive than alkali metals. impurities such as sand, limestone, rock
2 Chemistry-X etc., associated with
minerals or ores.
 ANSWERRS
.Flux: It is material added to the contents
a EXPECTED QUESTIONS WITH
of a furnace during ore smelting to remove
Q.1. Compare the properties
of a typical
gangue.
metal and non-metal on the basis of
.Slag: It is a fusible material produced by
the following:
the combination of flux and gangue.
() Electronic configuration
.Metallurgy: It is the process of extracting
(ii) Nature of oxides
metal from its ore.
the pure
Metallurgy involves the following (ii) Oxidizing or reducing agent
steps: Mining, crushing and grinding, (iv) Conductivity of heat and electricity.
concentration of the ore, treatment of the Ans.
and refining of the metal.
concentrated ore Mctals Non-metals

. Calcination: It is the process of heating the (i) Have 1, 2 o r 3 (i) Have 5, 6, or 7

ore below
its melting point in the absence electrons in their
electron in their
get metal oxide. valence shell
of air or oxygen to valence shell
the
.Roasting: It is the process of heating (i) Basic oxide (i) Acidic oxide
in
concentrated ore below its melting point (iii) Oxidizing agent
air oxygen to get metal CGii) Reducing agent
the presence of
or
Poor conductors
oxide. (iv) Good conductors (iv)
reduced to metals metals/alloys 1, 2, 3, 4,
List 1 contains
Metal oxides c a n be Q.2.
u s e s A, B,
with carbon, CO, Al, H2, by heating
or
5 and list 2 contains their
electrolytic reduction. C, D, E. Copy and match the following
be carried out table.
Refining of metals can

by distillation, liquation, oxidation, List 1 List 2

electrorefining, etc. Uses
The process of
Metals/Alloy
Electrometallurgy: (1) Aluminium (A) Steel making
extraction of metal from
its ore through (B) Aeroplane wings
(2) Lead
of electric current.
the use
(C) Galvanising
(3) Brass
Electrorefining: The process of refining (D) Radiation shield
the use of (4) Iron
of the impure metal through (E) Electrical fittings
(5) Zinc
electric current.
haematite
Ores of Iron: Magnetite (Fe;O4), Ans.
5
(FeO3), iron pyrites-fool's gold (Fe52) Metals/Alloy
1 2 3 4
Iron is A C
siderite or spathic iron (FeCO3). Uses
B D E
extracted from haematite by the reduction some
table below compares
process. There are three forms of iron- Q.3. The non-metal.
metal and
iron (purest properties of
ast iron (pig iron), wrought missing statement

form), and steel. Write down the

from (i) to (iv):
Ores of Zinc: Zinc blende (ZnS), calamine
ZnCO3), zincite (ZnO0), willemite (ZnSiO). Metals
Non-metals
Lanc is extracted from zinc blende. Good conductors
) Good conductor| ()
Ores of Aluminium: Cryolite (NazAlF), of heat
bauxite (AI,O,2H,0), corundum (AlL0; (i) Non-malleable
Alloy: It is a homogeneous mixture of two (i)
metals and non-metals. (ii) Form positive ions| (ii)
more metals or (iv) Form acidic oxides
Amalgam: An alloy of metal with mercury. (io)
hemistry-X 63
Ans. Ans. (a) Zincite (ZnO)

(b) Rock salt (NaCl)

Metals Non-metals (Zns)
Zinc blende
(c)
() Good conductor| () Poor conductors (d) Calamine (ZnCO,)
of heat of heat
(e) Gypsum (Caa0,211,0)
(Gi) Malleable (i) Non-malleable
) Nitre (KNO,)
(i) Form positive ions (ii) Form negative
the processes involved in
ions Q.8. State briefly
(iv) Form basic oxides (iv) Form acidic oxides| metallurgy.
of ore,
Ans. 1. Dressing
Q.4. The following questions are related to Concentration of ore,
2.
iron: 3. Conversion
of concentrated ore to
is
(a) Name the acid with which iron metal oxide,
rendered passive. 4. Extraction
of metal from oxide of
carbon.
(6) Name an alloy of iron and ore,
iron
(c) Name the process by which Refining of
5.
extracted ore.

ore is concentrated. ores of zinc and

Q.9. Name the important
Ans. (a) Concentrated nitric acid their chemical formula.

(b) Steel Ans. 1. Zincite (Zn0)

c)Electromagnetic separation. 2. Zinc blende (ZnS)
listed here, explain
Q.5. For each substance 3. Calamine (ZnCO,)
extraction of
its significance in the 4. Willemite (ZnSiO)
aluminium:
(i) Sodium hydroxide Q.10. Why are alloys required?
() Bauxite Ans. Alloys are made to change the physical
(ii) Cryolite (io) Graphite
of metals or change their
appearance
ore
Ans. (i) Bauxite is the most common

of aluminium. reactivity.
Name the alloys of aluminium, their
(i) Sodium hydroxide is used for the Q.11.
composition, properties and their uses
purification of bauxite by Baeyer's
process.
Ans. 1. Duralumin (Al, Cu, Mg, Mn)
Uses: Making aircrafts, rockets and
(ii) Cryolite is added to pure alumina
to decrease the melting point or automobiles
fusion temperature of pure alumina. Property: Light weight and strong

(io) Graphite acts as anode. 2. Magnalium (Al, Mg)

metals that in free Uses: Making of aeroplane body,
Q.6. Name the occur a
household appliances and scientific
state.
instruments
Ans. Gold and platinum occur exclusively
Property: Light weight and
in a free state. Copper, mercury and
silver occur partly in the free state. corrosion free

of 3. Alnico (Steel, Al, Ni, Co)

Q.7. Give one example ore as:

(a) Oxide (b) Halide Uses: Making of electromagnets

(c) Sulphide (d) Carbonate Property: Light weight, shiny and
()Sulphate Nitrate highly magnetic
64 Chemistry-X
 12. Name the alloys of zinc. State their composition,
propertics and UseB.

Ans. Alloy Composit ion Use

Brass Cu Zn Property
Good conductor of heat Making utensils
Bronze Cu: Zn: Sn
Hard and polished Coins, statues, utensils
German silver Cu Zn
: Ni Malleable and ductile Imitation jewellery

13, State
Q.13
the impurities present in Bessemer
convertor, Give balance equations TO
reactions of impurities with oxygen. U
Ans. Volatile Impurities:
Carbon
C+O2 CO2 CO, ; + C 2CO
Phosphorous P4 +502 > 2P,ODs
Silicon
Si +O2 SiO2
Non-volatile Impurities:
Manganese 2Mn + O, -> 2MnO
Sand
SiO2 +MnO> MnSiO,
SiO2 + FeO> FeSiO,
SiO +CaO » CaSiOg

Q.14. Aluminium is extracted from its chief

Ans. (i) Baeyers process:
ore, bauxite. The ore is first
purified Al,Og.2H,O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO,
and then the metal is extracted from
it by electrolytic reduction. +3HO
NaAlO2 + 2H,0 NaOH + Al(OH)3
() Write three balanced chemical
equations for the purification of 2Al(OH)3 A Al;03 + 3H,O
bauxite by Baeyer's process. (ii) Cryolite. It is used in molten state.
(i) Name a chenmical used for (iii) O - 2 [O}; 2[0 » Oz
dissolving aluminium oxide. In (iv) As aluminium is a good reducing
which state of sub-division is the agent, it is used in thermite welding.
chemical used? Q.15. The following questions are related
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction to the extraction of aluminium
which takes place at the anode electrolysis.
during the extraction of aluminium () Give the equation for the reaction
by the electrolysis process. that takes place at the cathode.
(io) Mention one reason for the use of (ii) Explain why it is necessary to
aluminium in thermite welding. renew the anode from time to time.

Chemistry-X
 Ans. () A* + 3e Al Ans. (a) X - 2e X'"

(i) An anode is renewed from time to Y + 3e Y

time because it gets oxidized. (b) 3x 2 + 2Y >x'y?

Q.16. Choose the major metals from the list Q.19. Name:
given below to make the following (a) The metal
which is liquid at room

alloys: temperature.
List: Calcium, copper, lead, aluminium, (b) The allotrope
of the non-metal
zinc, chromium, magnesium, iron. carbon which conducts electricity

(i) Stainless steel How many

valence electrons are
(c)
(i) Brass present in metals?

Ans. (i) Iron, chromium Ans. (a) Mercury

(i) Copper, zinc.
(b) Graphite
Q.17. (a) From the metals: Copper, Iron,
(c) 1 to 3
Magnesium, Sodium, and Zinc,
select a different metal in each Q.20. What metallic property is shown by
the non-metal graphite?
case which:
does not react with dilute Ans. Conduction of electricity.
(i)
hydrochloric acid? element in the form of a powder.
Q.21. X is an

form +2 and +3 ions? X burns in oxygen and the product

i) can

(iii) has a hydroxide that reacts is soluble in water. The solution is

with both acids and alkalis? tested with litmus. Write down only

(iv) do not react with cold water the word which will correctly complete
but react with steam when each of the following:
heated? (a) If X is a metal, then the litmus will
in
(b) Arrange the metals of 17(a) turn If X is non-metal,
decreasing order of reaction. then the litmus will turn
Ans. (a) (i) Copper (b) If X is a reactive metal, then
(i) Iron will be evolved when X
(ii) Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.
(iv) Iron, Magnesium, Zinc (c) If X is a metal it will form
(b) Sodium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper oxide, which will form
Decreasing Order solution with water.
Q.18. Element X is a metal with a valency2. (d) If X is a non-metal it will not
it 1s
Element Y is a non-metal with a conduct electricity unless
valency 3. carbon in the form of ,
(a) Write equation to show how X and Ans. (a) Blue; red
Y form ions.
(b) Hydrogen
(b) If Y is a diatomic gas, write the
(c) Basic; alkaline
equations for the direct combination
of X and Y to form a compournd. (d) Graphite
66 Chemistry-X
 Q.22. F r o m the metals: for the
copper, iron, Q.25. Write the balanced equations
magnesium, Zinc, potassium, select a
preparation of the following compounds
different metal in each case.
frorn iron
(as the major product), starting
() Does not react with dilute sulphuric and using only one other substance:
acid.
(i) Iron (1I) chloride
i) Can form 2" and 3* ions.
Reacts with cold water. (ii) Iron (I11) chloride
(ii)
(iv) Hasa hydroxide that reacts with both (ii) Iron (11) sulphate
acids and alkalis. (io) Iron (11) sulphide
(o) Reacts with very dilute nitric acid at Ans. (i) Fe + 2HCI > FeCI+ H,
low temperature producing hydrogen. (i) 2Fe +3Cl 2FeCl
Ans. (i) Copper (i) Iron
(iii) Fe + HSO4 FeSO4 + Hz
(ii) Potassium (iv) Zinc
(iv) Fe + S+ FeS
() Magrnesium
Q.26. In order to obtain aluminium, we require
0.23. Arrange
the metals of (b) in decreasine
order of reactivity. bauxite, sodium hydroxide and graphite.
The main impurity is iron (III) oxide.
Ans. Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and
Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis
Copper.
o.24. List I contains the metals/alloys (i), (i), of aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite.

and (v) and List 2 contains their

(ii), (iv) When bauxite is treated with sodium
uses (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). solution what
hydroxide happens to:

List 1 List 2 () the aluminium oxide

(i) Aluminium (1) Radiation shield (i) the iron (1I) oxide.
ii) Lead (2) Galvanising Ans. (i) Bauxite is converted into soluble
(ii) German silver| (3) Cartridge sodium aluminate.

(v) Brasss (4) Fire-proof suits (ii) The insoluble impurities are removed
() Zinc (5) Jewellery and by filtration.
coins Q.27. (i) Name the used for the
process

Complete the following table by writing purification of bauxite.

down the letter which is the correct use (ii) Write the formula of cryolite.
of each metal:
(ii) Why is so much graphite required for

Metal/Alloy (i) ii) (ii) (iv) (v) this electrolytic process?

Use Ans. () Baeyer's process.

Ans. (i) NazAIF,
(ii) The graphite anode has to be replaced
Metal/alloy (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) () periodically as it gets oxidised by the
Use
4)| (1) (5) (3) (2) oxygen released.

Chemistry-X 67
 Q.28. Can we
store
vessel? CuSO, solution in a zinc
Ans. No, (ii) Name a non-metal that
has
because
zinc is metallic lustre and
sublimes
a

copper. Therefore, itmore reactive than heating. [ICSE 2004

on
from CuSO4 solution. will displace Cu Ans. (i) Galvanising
Zn (i) lodine
Q.29.
+CuSO > ZnSO, + Cu Q.3. Aluminium is extracted from its
() Iron has chief
valencies 2 ore, bauxite. The ore is first
and 3. When
ironreacts and then the metal is extracted purified
what is the
directly with chlorine, from
valency of iron in the by electrolytic reduction.
resulting compound? Write the () Write three balanced
equations
equation for the same. for the
purification of bauxite by
1i) Name a
non-metallic element Bayer's process.
which reacts with chlorine to (i) Name a chemical
for used
8ive two compounds.
Under dissolving aluminium oxide. In
normal conditions, one of which state of subdivision is
these the
compournds is a liquid and the chemical used?
other is a solid. Name the two (ii) Write an equation for the
compounds. reaction
which takes place at the
Ans. (i) anode
Valency is 3.
during the extraction of aluminium
2Fe + 3Cl by the
2FeCl3 electrolytic process.
(i) (iv) Mention a reason for the
Phosphorous trichloride PCl, (Liq- use of
uid) Phosphorous pentachloride aluminium in thermite welding.
PCl, (Solid) [ICSE 2004]
Ans. )Al,O.2HO. 200C 2NaAlO2+
PREVIOUS YEARS' QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 3H,O
NaAlO, + 2H,0 60°C
NaOH+
Q.1. Write the equation for the reaction of Al(OH)
zinc with each of the 2AI(OH) 1500PC Al,O, + 3H,O
following: (ii) Conc. caustic soda
(i) Potassium hydroxide solution.
(ii) 20 4e » O
-

(i) Dilute nitric acid. C

(graphite anode) +O CO2
(ii) Copper chloride solution. (iv) Aluminium has a
great affinity
for oxygen and
[ICSE 2004] readily removes
oxygen from the oxide of less
Ans. () Zn + 2KOH >
K,ZnO, +
H2 reactive metals.
(i) 3Zn + SHNO; 3Zn(NO,), + Q.4. A to F below relate to
the source and
4HO+ 2NO extraction of either zinc or aluminium:
A. Bauxite
(iii) Zn + CuClh ZnClh +Cu
B. Coke
Q.2. (i) To protect iron from rusting it is
C. Cryolite
coated with a thin layer of zinc. D. Froth floatation
Name this process. E. Sodium hydroxide solution
68 Chemistry-X-
 F. Zinc blende Q.6. Name the following;
liquid at room
()Write down the three letters each () A metal which is a

from the above list which are

rel temperature
which is added
evant to: 1) A ompound
to lower the fusion temperature
(1) Zinc (2) Aluminium
the bath the
of electrolytic in

(i) Fill in the blanks using the most

extraction of aluminium
appropriate words from A to F:
(ii) The process of heating an ore to a
(1) Theore from which aluminium high temperature in the presence
is extracted must first be of air.
treated with. reduced by
iv) Two compounds
so that pure aluminium oxide
aluminium.
can be obtained.
(v) Non-metal having high density
(2) Pure aluminium oxide is [ICSE 2006]
dissolved in- .to Ans. (i) Mercury (i) Cryolite
make a conducting solution.
(ii) Roasting
(iv) Oxides of iron and chromium
(it) Write the formula of cryolite.
[ICSE 2005 () Diamond
Write balanced chemical equations for
(1) B, D, F Q.7.
Ans. ) the following reactions:
(2) A, C, E () Carbon and Carbon dioxide
oxide and Carbon
(i) (1) E (ii) Iron (I1)
monoxide
(2) C
(ii) Calcium bicarbonate and Dilute
(ii) Na,AlF, hydrochloric acid. [ICSE 2006]

Q.5. (1) Define the following terms: Ans. ) C+C0, »2C0

(1) Catenation (ii) Fe,O +3CO 2 F e + 3CO%

(2) Amalgam (ii) Ca(HCO), +2HCI>CaClh +

2H,0+2CO,
Calcium, Copper, allotrope of non-metal that
(i)| Magnesium, Q.8. Name the
Iron, Zinc, Tin, Lead it.
allows electricity to pass through
[ICSE 2006]
Choose the major metals from
the
the box given above to make Ans. Graphite
following alloys: characteristics given
Fuse Q.9. From the list of
(1) Bronze (2) Bell metal (3) relevant
[ICSE 2005] select the five which are
below,
metal
to non-metals and
their compounds:
Ans. ) (1) Catenation is the ability of
A. Ductile
carbon to form chains.
B. Conduct electricity
(2) An amalgam is an alloy in
C. Brittle
which one of the component
metal is mercury. D. Acidic oxides
E. Basic oxides
(i) (1) Cu, Zn, Sn (2) Cu, Sn
anode
F. Discharged at
(3) Pb, Sn
Chemistry-X 69
 G. Discharged at cathode Ans. () Hot onc, solution of caustic.
oda
H.
.
lonic chlorides
Covalent chlorides
(ii) 2Al(OH),
(ii) Carbon
Al,O,31
(io) At cathode:
J. Reaction with dilute sulphuric acid
A 3r Al
yields hydrogen.
K. 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
(w) Al A " + 3e
(oxidation
anode)
L.5, 6, or 7 valence electrons.
(Write the five letters corresponding PRACTICE TEST
to the correct characteristics.)
1. Write balanced
ICSE 20071 equations for the
Ans. C, D, F, 1, L
preparation of the following compound
Q.10. The following is an extract from 'Metals
starting from iron and using only one
other substance:
in the Service of Man, Alexander and
(a) Iron (II) chloride.
Street/Pelican 1976'
Alumina (aluminium oxide) has a very (b) Iron (III) chloride.
high melting point of over 2000°C, () Iron (II) sulphide.
so that is cannot
readily be liquefied. (d) Iron (11) sulphate.
However, conversion of alumina to 2. Name the metal for the
aluminium and oxygen, by electrolysis, following:
(a) A metal which rusts
can occur when it is dissolved in some easily.
other substance. (b) Two metals which form solder.
(1) Which solution is used to react (c) A metal used for
galvanisation.
with bauxite as a first step in (d) A metal which reacts with cold water.
obtaining pure aluminium oxide? (e) A metal sold in the market in ribbon
(i) The aluminium oxide for the
form.
electrolytic extraction of aluminium
A metal present in haemoglobin.
is obtained by heating aluminium
hydroxide. Write the equation for g) A metal which exhibits variable
this reaction. valency.
(ii) Name the element which serves (h) A metal sheet used as a shield from
both as the anode and the cathode radioactive rays.
in the extraction of aluminium.
() A metal which is amphoteric.
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction
that occurs at the cathode during
) A metal which expensive earie
was

but very cheap today.

the extraction of aluminium by
3. (a) When bauxite is treated with sodiun
electrolysis.
hydroxide solution, what happens
(v) Give the equation for the
reaction that occurs at the anode
aluminium oxide?

when aluminium is purified by 6) Name the process used for retinin

[ICSE 2007] of aluminium.

electrolysis.

70 Chemistrv-X
 (c) Write the equation for the action of
heat on aluminium (d) A
non-metal with lustre
hydroxide. (e) A non-metal which when hammered
4, Complete the following reactions and
balance them. breaks into pieces.
(a) Al + HCI (dil.) » )A non-metal used in stainless steel
6. Show
() Al + Fe,O by equations the following
(a) Roasting of zinc blende.
(c) Fe +CuSO,
(b) Calcination of limestone.
(d) Fe + NHO, (conc.) -

(c) Reduction of ferric oxide

7. Iron has valencies 2 and 3. When
e) Zn + CuSO, » iron
5. (a) Which metallic property is shown by directly reacts with Clh, what is the valency
of iron in the
the non-metal graphite? resulting compound? Give
a reason. Write theequation for the sarme.
(b) A metal chloride of which is a
8. Write three balanced equations for the
sublimate.
purification of bauxite by Hall's process.
(c) A soft metal. 9. Name one desirable and one undesirable
property of cast irorn and wrought iron.

Chemistry-Xx 71