troductory: Retaining walls are the suuctures used to support ¢artty 3341 ee ther materials which would not be able mactar Ueetcally unsupported: ge sione iy when unsupported, attain a natural slope. The angle which this slope ey mater rizontal is Known as angle of repose. The angle of repose varies with the ith eerial. The material retained or supported by retaining walls fe packfill may have its top susface horizontal or inclined, Retaining walls The ose materials and prevent them from slipping: therefore, such walls 276 «iby the pressure of the retained material and subjected to sliding 9” ong The pressure of earth on retaining wall is known as earth pressure oei'g. Types of retaining walls: Retaining walls are classified according Bhane and mode of resisting the pressure. The different types of retaining are a5 ) Gravity wall » Cantilever wall {) Counterfort wall 4) Buttress wall 5) Bridge abutment §) Box culvert, Each of the above retaining wall will be now briefly discussed (1) Gravity wall: A gravity wall is usually a plain concrete or masonry wall fhe stability in this case is entirely provided by the dead weight of the wall. The dimensions of wall are so proportioned that there is no tension induced ieshe wall ie. the resultant of forces remain within the middle-third of the Dse fig. 22-1(a)]. Ic is used for walls upto about 3 m height (2) Cantilever wall: This is a most common type of retaining wall and used for Sento 8 m height. It consists of three cantilever slabs known as stem, heel and toe. The wall may be inverted "T’ shaped or ‘L’ shaped where toe projection ie'missing. The stem acts as a vertical cantilever and stability is provided by the weight of earth on base slab and self-weight of the wall [fig. 22-1(b) and fig 22-1(c)}, Sometimes a key is provided in base slab for stability against sliding [fig. 22-1(d)} (8) Counterfort wall: In the counterfort wall, the stem and the base slab are tied together by counterforts. A counterfort is a transverse wall spaced at intervals which ties the stem and the base slab. Because of the counterfort, the stem is Supported on three sides by counterforts and base slab. In this wall, the stability is provided by the weight of the earth on base. Counterfort walls are economical for heights over about 6 m [fig. 22-1(e)] Buttress wall: This wall is similar to the counterfort wall. In buttress wall the buttresses are provided similar to the counterforts but on opposite side the retained material and act as compression struts [fig 22-1(0)] (4) The counterfort is a tension tie and buttress is a compression strut, Naturally toe comet NG eetamial san the tension te when REC member used. Thus butress wall is economical than the counterfort wall. Howeve counterfort wall is widely used in practice because the counterfort is hidden eneath the backfill and the elevation of wall is plane den ee810 Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I Ich. a9 a - Stem > Stem» Retained material Retained material Retained materia Te Hel =| Heel (@) Gravity wall (b) Cantilever retaining wall () Cantilever retaining wat a Retained material Retgined material Counterfort Buttress Toe Heel + Base key Base slab Base slab (4) Cantilever retaining wall (6) Counterort wall (f) Buttress wall Bridge deck Approach pavement r Retained material tained material } Siem > a) ~ Wall» Toe Heel | : Floor od ls _ T Base slab (g) Bridge abutment (4) Box culvert ‘Types of retaining wall FIG. 22-1 (5) Bridge abutment: A wall type bridge abutment is similar to the cantilever retaining wall. In addition, the top of stem of retaining wall is braced by the deck bridge. The stem can be designed as fixed at base and simply supporte’ (propped cantilever) or partially resting at top [fig. 22-I(g)]. aRetaining Walls Ivert: A box culvert acts her sow as closed rigid frame. It consists of eit Jingle of multiple cells. A box culvert, in addition to lateral earth pressure, sesists the vertical lon from soil above it and also vehicle loads [fig. 22-1(h)] garth pressure on wa ch is Known as the earth press # The earth particles exert force among each re at rest ane" retaining wall is provided to when @ rth; the pressure on the wall ithe “and the wall tends to deflect a cloPehis pressure is known as active : ards. ye, Due (0 active earth pressure, ih Peer ig subjected to tensile forces wpe DNS any undisturbed earth on the ihe se of backfill (i.e., toe), this earth citer Sessed due to active earth pressure iscomPeexerts the pressure in the opposite apd tin to the active earth pressure. This giecin as passive earth pressure, Typical ss tooth rupture behind a retaining wall gipown in fig. 22-2. Plane of rupture (Backfill) The rupture angle in fig. 22-2 generally ares rom 40° to 45°. For practical purpose, ima be taken as 45°, ‘The pressure of backfill on the retaining Plane of rupture behind a retaining wall yall depends on the type of the earth. Fic. 22-2 {wally well drained cohesionless materials like sand and gravel are used as backfill. The cohesive material like clay exerts less pressure on the wall than the cohesionless soil in a dry condition. In a wet condition, the clay becomes soft and acts as a fluid, | hereby inducing larger pressure on the wall. ‘The earth pressure at any depth 4 is given by ky.h ae -1) where p = earth pressure which may be p, (earth pressure at rest); fy (active earth pressure) or py (passive earth pressure) k = coefficient of earth pressure which may be defined as helow: ko = coefficient of earth pressure at rest. For most earths, it lies between 0.4 to 0.6 ka = coefficient of active earth pressure ky = coefficient of passive earth pressure y = unit weight of soil. 22-4. Calculation of earth pressure: Two most general cases of earth Pressure are fr given below depending on type of soil. The type of soil is defined by Coulomb's law of shear strength of soil. Accordingly the shear strength of any | “il is given by t= c+ o tan > | here Cre | 1, = shear strength of soil ¢ = apparent cohesion | © = normal stress | = angle of internal frictionae Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I io y = 0 and can be ref n A purely cohesionless soil, such as sand, has ¢ creel {UA Purely cohesive soil, such as clay, has = 0, and can be referred ®) att And all others can be designated as ¢-9 soils. at 1 cohesionless soil (1) Cohesiontess soil: The earth pressure for co is foun using Coulomb's theory or Rankine’s theory. pais theories yietg tho by result. The earth pressure on vertical wall at any depth his given by stv eT i 3 h. ° Py hy hy * 3 13 y Yor b > 8 eZee Earth pressure - cohesionless soil (c = 0) Fic, 22-3 Referring to fig. 22-3 Pa = ka yhy where ky = 088 (222 5 = angle of inclination of backfill with horizontal = angle of internal friction of soil. If backfill is level, i.e.,8 = 0, the above expression reduces to _ Le sing 24 > Tein ® The total active earth pressure for the wall of fig. 22-3 is given by P. 1 2 hx th x hy fy th? and it acts at the c.g. of a stress triangl where k = cod cos 8 — Jcos?5 - cosgro BIS el Retaining Walls “ Wp frontfill is Hevel, ie.,8 = 0 he total passive earth pressure for the wall of fig. 22-3 is given by p ky x hy * hy 1 2 i 2 Jy hy? and it acts at the c.g. of a stress triangle, A 2 from base ie., at 2) Cohesive soil: The earth pressure at any depth A with level backfill or frontfill is given by: (i) Po= kor li) p= wh-2e (iii) Pp= wh +2e. where ¢ = cohesion at zero normal pressure. The active pressure as found by above equation will give negative value at the top ofthe wall. In fact, negative pressure cannot exist on wall because the wall and wifil are not bonded. The pull back is only possible if there is adhesive contact aween soil and the wall as strong as 2c at the top. Therefore, the negative pressure tannot be considered in design. In a practical design of wall, the earth pressure is assumed triangular with zero essure at top. The value of earth pressure at the base of wall is yh - 2c. For the 22-6) practical use, the value of pressure at the base should not be less than 4 Yh Active pressure Practical design Yh, +20 “Yy-2e Earth pressure - cohesionless soil (9 = 0) FIG. 22-4 iy (Atmel, the Rankine formulae are used to find out the earth pressures. Even for clay. fil g widespread design “practice to estimate an equivalent @ and apply the Rankine ‘mulae, rather than by applying more exact methods. = Aa4 Reinforced Concrete - Vol. I [ch ibed in the following articles Two mote cases of earth pressure are descr where (1) soil is submerged 2) soil is loaded with surcharge. 22-5. Earth pressure of submerged soil: When the earth is submery, the weight of soil is reduced by the buoyant force of water. This reduces the « pressure by an amount equal to weight of water displaced by soil. The reduced wei fof soil is called submerged weight. The retaining wall is also subjected to the f hydrostatic pressure caused by water. Let y/ = submerged unit weight of soil Yw = unit weight of water. Then, at any depth A below the surface, when soil is fully submerged Da = by VA + Yh cece ; seve (22 Water level _ Wall — 4 yh kath @ ' Ground level Ey Water level hy = Wall a Kathy kathy Ywho ) ' Water level LI Ground level hy wall =n wh kYhy © Earth pressure - submerged soil Fic. 22-5 Pressure diagrams for various cases of submerged soil are shown in fig. 22-5 The passive earth pressure for similar conditions may be obtained by substitutin k, for k, in equation (22-7) 22-6. Earth pr due to surcharge: The surcharge may be due to th inclined backfill, uniformly distributed loads due to taffie or vehicle loads concentrated permanent loads like nearby building, etc. If the surcharge acts outsid the failure plane (refer to fig. 22-2), the effect of surcharge may not be considered design. The earth pressure due to inclined backiill is treated in art. 22-4i 2261 Retaining Walls B15 wil the effect of surcharge due to uniformly distributed load is to give an effect of valent height of soil. Tf the uniform surcharge is w, per unit run, the equivalent a w eight of earth is — per unit run, This will give a uniform pressure throughout he height of the wall and is equal to k, x yx 8 = kw, This is shown in fig. 22-6. . Y wo/ unit run 1 I h 2 ' h I on) ho? ’ \ ry Keavs kth (Wal (b) Pressure diagram Earth pressure - uniform surcharge Fie, 22-6 When the surcharge acts at some distance from the wall face, the effect of surcharge nay be calculated over the reduced depth by considering the rupture plane at 45° Draw a line at 45° to the horizontal from the head of the surcharge cutting the stem line, If this line does not cut the retaining wall, the effect of surcharge is not considered Tit cuts the wall, the effect of surcharge shall be calculated over the reduced depth as shown in fig. 22-7. Wf unit run rrr | yt 4° / sf y I | b hy <] awh | ty (a) Wall () Pressure due (6) Pressure due to to surcharge ‘earth mass. Fic. 227 Leos 816 Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I ley is: When earth behind retainin, eee 225, When the soil is not submerged, the retaining wall ee presure and surcharge if any. However, a £2 the sen lesgne ee or underground water, the retaining wal ray ibe subject hydrostatic pressure, The elective drainage to the setaning wall hal be prove Tet out the accumulated seepage. water in the backll whi otherwise ines the pressure on the wall. This is achieved as follows: (1) Atthe surface, an effective drainage should be provided to drain off urece yay, (2) A relatively impervious blanket like plain concrete shall be provided ¢ the seepage of water. d vertically should b oles at about 1.5 m ¢/c horizontally an “ range ‘he wall‘ drat off the water accdmulated.at the back of 0 reduce provi the wall 2A (ypical retaining wall with forces 22-8. Stability requirements: A iypical retaining wal it is shown in tig 22.8 The following requirements should be complie, stability of a retaining. wall: acting op for the ra, [TTT (i) Stabitizing moment piisht of backlill on the heel, the vera, f earth presi Ce sthen backfill is inclined, and the fear eneae oF The sum of vertical loads EW is composed of ihe and the dead weight of wall itself Centre of gravity of ZW is at x from she stabiltiné moment is given by *t from the toe of the footing, the ZW x ‘- ‘ ¥ al Retaining Walls 817 ’ (ii) Overturming moment: The overturning force is composed of active earth pressure N° and pressure due to surcharge if any. It is equal to P,y, the horizontal component of earth pressure, The overturning moment is given by A By © ase: ; (2) Factor of safety: According (o clause 20.1 of 1S: 456, ‘The stability of a structure as a whole against overturning shall be ensured so that the restoring moment shall be not less than the sum of 1.2 times the maximum overturning moment due to characteristic dead load anc 1.4 times the maximum overturning moment due to the characteristic imposed loads In cases where dead load provides the restoring moment, only 0.9 times the characteristic dead load shall be considered. Restoring moment due to imposed loads shall be ignored.” ii) It should be noted that the dead loads are reduced by 10% to take into account the situations where they might had been over-estimated. Thus, 0.9 x restoring moment ¢ 1.4 x overturning moment restoring moment | 1.4 overturning moment * 0.9 ie ice. factor of safety ¢ 1.55. (a) The vertical pressure on the soil under the base should not exceed the permissible bearing pressure of soil. The vertical pressure on the soil under the base for a cantilever retaining wall is calculated as follows: Consider 1 m length of wall and base width equal to b. Base area A= 5 x 1 = 4, a 1x Section modulus Z = 1 i The base is subjected to vertical force EW and horizontal force Pyy. It can be considered that base is subjected to vertical force EW passing through the centre line of the base and moment LM about the centre of the base where IM is calculated as: M=mW (a s ) Aux h IM= 1g) - 3 The base pressures on soil are given by mW, EM pou = + Z zw o=M and = iW iM : a fon = 2 - : ee eeetceeeseeeees (22-8) The maximum pressure on soil, may should not exceed the bearing capacity of soil, The bearing pressure on soil can be controlled within safe limits by Properly adjusting the lengths of the toe and heel 2 aft} in? wvuwif [ED <8 68.26 kNim™ 80.28 kN/m* Soil pressure diagram Fig, 22-14 (3) Wall stability: Consider 1 m length of wall, Horizontal pressur® * dep! rom top 2. = tary boar ey = 500 wv Horizontal pressure at base = 5.67 x 5 = 28.33 kN/m?, :il Retaining Walls 210) 7g wability calculations are tabulated in table 22-1 1 TABLE, 22-1 7 STABILITY CALCULATIONS J Horizontal toad (kN) [Distance from A (m) | Moment about A (kNm) OPEL oe.38 x 5 = 70.283 | L067 | 118.07 | xre| a ee _ \ co Total 70.88 -118.07 Vertical load (kN) ole : WXOISH4G5x25 = 872 T an 1 wl} 9.20 x 4.65 x 25 23.25 26.74 | 0.35 x 0.55 «25 4.81 | 1.88 ” 2.70 x 0.35 x 25 23.63 | 145 x 4.65 % 17 114.62 | sail Total 175 WN Dimance of &g. of vertical forces from the face of the toe, 1.e., from point A 298.61 ~ 118.07 175 = 1.028 = 0.322 m. = 1.028 m. 27. Eccentricity ¢ (i) Base properties ar Area A = 1 x 2.7 = 2.7 m2 1 Modulus Z x 1 x 2.72 = L215 m3. Maximum pressure at 4 5, 175 x 0.322 27 T.215 = 111.2 kN/m? < 150 kN/m? + 64.82 + 46.38 Minimum pressure at B = 64.82 - 46.38 = 18.44 kKN/m2 > 0... cere (Safe) ‘The earth pressure and forces are shown in fig. 2 (ii) Factor of safety against overturning: Overturning moment = 118.07 kNm Stabilizing moment = 298.61 kNm 298.61 _ 9 5, 55 are) 20857 = 253 > 155 (Safe (iii) Factor of safety against sliding: Sliding force = active pressure = 70.83 KN. Passive pressure under the base of key 3x 17 x 0.9 = 45.9 kN/m?, Factor of safety Resistance to sliding = friction under the base + passive resistance taken fon a depth of 900 mm on key, to the top of the base ‘a aroy Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I 8 Wwe 5 yy x 3x 17 x o.y2 = 055 x 175 + = 96.25 + 20.65 = 116.9 kN. 116.9 Factor of safety = 79.83 = 165 > 1.55 ‘Sat Note that if the key is not provided, this check would be critical 4,4 base width has to be increased. the The assumed section is thus satisfactory. (4) Structural design: The structural design consists of design of stem, des, heel, design of toe and design of Key. These are designed below." of (i) Stem: Pressure at the base = 5.67 x 4.65 = 26.37 kN/m. Shear 3 x 26.37 x 4.65 = 61.31 kN. " Moment = 61.31 x ie = 95.03 kNm Vy = 15 x 61.31 = 91.96 kN My = 15 x 95.03 = 142.55 kNm Assuming 20 mm diameter bars and 40 mm clear cover d= 350 - 40 - 10 = 300 mm M, Au _ 142.55 x 108 158 bd? ~ 1000 x 300 x 300 ~ ' be = 0.487 Ag = 1461 mm? Provide 16 mm # @ 130 mm c/e = 1546 mm? Let us now find the depth y, from the top of the wall where half the bss can be curtailed. At depth 9), My = i ere 1 7 6 * 5 X17 y3 = 0.944 y3 kN M, 15 My; = 1416 y)3 kNm. 150 4.65 (150 + 32.26 y,) mm Assume lever arm = 0.9 dy Effective depth d) = (200 - 50) + n 0 _ 1.416 yx 10° 0.87 x 415 x 0.9 (150 + 32.21 4u =- y2-10] Retaining Walls wer art which gives 705 Pa 4358 y)9 = 114750 + 24679 y, Simplifying 93 - 66 y, ~ 26.33 = 0 Solving by successive trial; 6 m. The bars should extend a development I heoretical point of cut off, ie, at 3600 - 47 x 16 = ate tam fom top . a Curtail half the bars at 2.8 m from the top. Shear at base = 91.96 kN 91.96 x 103 ty = F000 e300 7 0-307 N/mm? 100 x 1546 = jo00 x 300 = 0-52 Tt. = 0.486 N/mm? ee ceseecees (Safe) Shear at theoretical cut off point, ie, at y= 3.6 m 1 2 Vy = 55.08 kN d= 150 + 32.26 x 3.6 = 266.1 mm _ 55.08 x_103 N r x 4 x 17 x 3.62 = 36.72 KN = = mm? ey = SEQ ATIO = 0.207 N/mm 100 4, 100 x 773 $a = TOOOx 266.1 = 0-29 te = 0.379 N/mm? ......eeeeeeeees Levees (Safe) Development length = 47 x 16 = 752 mm. The bars should be anchored for 752 mm inside the support. The bars are anchored in toe and key and used as toe and key reinforcement. Deflection need not be checked. Maximum spacing for crack control. For minimum secondary reinforcement, provide 0.12% of gross area for HYSD bars. _ 0.12 “ = * At base A, = Jog % 350 x 1000 = 420 mm‘ Use 10 mm # @ 180 mm c/e = 436 mm? At 2.7 m from top 5 150 ~ 57 4 p= 200 + 15% < 27 = 287 mm. a, = 982 sc 287 < 1000 = 344 mm Use 10 mm # @ 220 mm c/c = 357 mm? Maximum spacing at base = 3 x 300 = 900 mm or 450 mm, i.e., 450 mm Maximum spacing at top x 150 = 450 mm. Wd~ Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. 1 J (eh, For crack control on outer face use 0.06% both ways on other a At base, use 10 mm # @ 360 mm c/e. Fag At 2.7 m from top, use 10 mm # @ 440 mm e/e, (ii) Heel: Total downward pressure weight of earth b self-weight of hee} 4.65 x 17 + 0.35 x 25 + 8.75 = 878 kN/m?, The net pressures are calculated in fig. 22-15 M416 s0294 14 = : | | 7 = i 9. | + | 87.8 kN/m? | WN 19.54 Nim? + sm. Net pressures on heel FiG. 22-15 2 1 y 69 5 Shear = } x 19.54 x 145 + 5 x 69.36 x 145 = 1416 + 50.29 = 64.45 kN Vy = 96.67 kN. Moment = 14.16 x is + 50.29 x 3 x 1.45 6.84 + 48.61 = 55.45 kNm M, = 83.18 kNm d = 350 - 40 - 10 = 300 mm. " M 6 Ms hip 08 | ba? ~ O00 x 300 x 300 ~ 0924 b= 0.272 Ag = 816 mm?, Provide 12 mm # @ 130 mm c/e = 869 mm? = 96.67 x 103 2 Ve “1000 x 30: 300 7 0.322 N/mm* = bd = 1000 x 300 = 9-29 te = 0.379 N/mm2 ox Weu. Anchorage 47 x 12 = 564 mm. There is 1200 min available for anchorage. seemed829) y ' 2 80.28 I vant Nin? { Nim? Retaining Walls jstribution steel: ° A, = O42 ya , , Is = To * 350 x 1000 = 420 mm provide 10 mm # @ 180 mm e/e = 436 mm? provide 10 mm # @ 360 mm c/c both ways at bottom face for crack control. ) foe: Total downward pressure = self-weight of toe = 0.35 x 25 = 8.75 kN/m2, The net pressures are calculated in fig. 22-16. «09m > <~— 09m —> 8.75 KN/m? 46.1 32.19 KN 1153 71.53 12s kN? kNim? ao 81.84 N/m? 03m 03m 03m «06m +> 03m Flexure Shear Net pressures on toe FIG. 22-16 Shear at distance d (reinforcement confined by compressive reaction) ~ eS x 0.6 = 55.29 kN Vy = 1.5 x 55.29 = 82.93 kN Moment = 46.1 x 0.6 + 32.19 x 0.3 = 3732 kNm M, = 1.5 x 3732 = 56 kNm d = 350 - 40 - 10 = 300 mm a 56_x 108 = 0.6: a ~ To00 x 300 x 300 = 9 py = 0.178 A, 534 mm? st Half the reinforcement of stem, i.e, 16 mm # @ 260 mm ¢/e = 773 mm2 anchored in toe will serve as toe reinforcement. The anchorage is provided by bend and a straight length of the bar along the toe Let internal radius of bend r = 200 mm, a = 260 mm. y oy ae Ze,R30 550 Reinforced At centre of bend, anchorage = 244 mm. Concrete ~ Vol 1 La = 47 * 16 = 752 mm, 6, = 0.87 x 415 « 200 2800 IF bh, y ‘Internal radius r=200 aa 16mm # @ 260 mm ele Vertical face 10 mm # @ 220 mm cle 10 mm # @ 440 mm cle outer face 10mm # @ 360 mm cle 16mm # @ 130mm ele 10mm # @ 180 mm cle 10 mm # @ 360 mm cic outer face 12mm # @ 130 mm ele 10mm # @ 180 mm cle mee anennen 23 16 mm # @ 260 mm cle 10 min # @ 180 mm ele 10mm # @ 360 mm cle both wi® 10. mm # @ 360 mm ele 16mm # @ 260 mm cle 10mm # @ 360 mm cle $~ 900 - Ha. Fic. 22-17 1450 2700 ati Retaining Walls asl ol ing Wall “ Foy = 243.9 x 201 « 10-4 Design bearing strength = 49 kN it x 20_ = 26.71 N/mm? x16 Fo ‘Actual bearing stress = 49 x 109 _ 153 Nymm? < 26.71 N/mm? ro ~ 200% 16~ Provide 200 mm internal radius of bend = 82.93 x 103 276 y= ioe goo = 0276 N/mm? 100 4, 100 x 773 ba 7000 x 300 = °25 t, = 0.351 N/mm? .. cones ... (Safe) Provide 10 mm # @ 180 mm c/e distribution bars. liv) Key: Provide minimum reinforcement in key. _ 0.12 5 4, = Sg x 350 x 1000 = 420 mm?. Half the reinforcement of stem are anchored in key = 773 mm?, Also patend temperature reinforcement of stem on outer face in the key. This 10 mm_# @ 360 mm c/c = 170 mm’. Total area in key = 773 + 218 = 991 mm2. Distribution bars. 0.12 100 Provide 10 mm # @ 360 mm c/c on both faces. x 350 x 1000 = 420 mm? (0) Sketch: The cross-section of the designed retaining wall with reinforcement details is shown in fig. 22-17, Note the anchorages of various bars Example 22-2. Design @ retaining wall to retain the earth 4m high. The top surface is horizontal hind the wall but subjected to a surcharge of 17 KN/m?, The soil behind the wall sa well drained medium dense sand with following properties: unit weight y= 17 kN/m? angle of internal friction @ = 30° ‘The material under the wall base is the same as above with safe bearing capacity of 150 kKN/imn2. The coefficient of friction between base and soil is 0.55. Design the wall using M20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415. Solution: (1) Coefficients of earth pressure: @ = 30° 1 - sing he = T¥ sino 1+ sing by = | sing8a Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. 4 2) Pretiminary proportioning of wall dimensions. ' (i) Height: Assuming 1 m depth of foundation, the overay, hei 4+1=5m TRL og jdth: Fox cantilever may be taken as: (i shaped wall, the minimum y, aug "Ith op 7 the, ky yh? + ky wy h sbemesslany, = 70.83 + 28.33 = 99.16 kN 3x 99.16 _ toe width = 3 = 0.99 m. Consider total width foundation = 3.2 m and width of toe 1 = ln (iii) Thickness of base slab: Equivalent height of surcharge Ble = apt lom Thickness = 73 to 75 = 400 mm to 500 mm. Consider uniform thickness of 450 mm. liv) Thickness of stem: This may be assumed considering the tomeat eit f= 5.0 - 045 = 4.55 m, Maximum moment at the base of stem 1 eG hr + hae =ixd x 17x 45584 box bx rats 88.96 + 58.66 = 147.6 kNm L5 x 1476 = 22125 kNm a O5cel0" 1000 3.76 = 288 mm Assuming 16 mm diameter bars D = 283 + 40 (cover) + 8 = 331 mm Consider D = 400 mm. Reduce to 200 mm at WP: The proposed arrangement is shown in fig. 22-18. A bs® 400 mm x 750 mm is provided to resist sliding ain (3) Wall stability: Consider 1 m length of wall. Surcharge is equivalent (0 one ys) ™ Total equivalent height 5+1=6m7 10] Retai taining Walls 833 ” yi porizontal pressure at depth y f ¥ from to} p of surcharge Y= bx sdaontal pYessure at top of the wa ace of the wall = 567 x 1= / porizontal pressure at base of the a = 567 x6 =3 jlity calculations are tabulated cee ated in table 22-2 TABLE 22-2 STABILITY CALCULATIONS Ho! stab eal Horizontal cao} ual lon (EN) Distance from A (m) petive | hea oe 2.500 | pressure 5 x 28.33 x5 = 70.83 1.667 = Total 9918 i Vertical load (kN) la [05 x02 x 4.55% 25= 138 1133 | | 0.2 x 4.55 x 25 22.75 130 bey 0.40 x 0.75 x 25 750 | 1.20 pase 3.2 x 0.45 x 25 = 36.00 160 pockfill LB x 4.55 * 17 2.30 surcharge | 8 x 17 | 2.30 Total 247.46 kN 499.68 KNm | face of the toe (point A) rtical forces from the Distance of c.g. of ve 88.95 - 188.95 _ 196 m. 499.68 - 1.26 = 0.34 m. Eccentricity ¢ = (i) Base properties are: aren A= 1 882 = 32 me zobxixaee 707 m°. Maximum soil pressure at 4 247.46 247. 16% 0 34 _ 7733 + 4 = 126.62 KN/m? < 150 kN/m? (OK) Minimum soil pressure at 5 = 77.33 ~ 49.29 aad KN/m? > Oeceees (OK) The earth pressures and forces 9F8 shown in fig. 22-18 (ii) Factor of safety against overturning: i with cercharge = Withewt surcharge verturn ment (188.95 kNm 118.07 kNm Overturning momen 80.05 NS pa 3.636 > 4 (O.K) Stabilizing moment rector of safety 2044 > 1.55“ Reinforced Conerete ~ Vol. I ' _—____,.— Ch 2» x 17 kN 1909 Swehae 38, I ‘ +2300 30. kN | }139.23 aN | | +2300); >| s : . * 1300 /'f]22.75 “11335 |in.as en ssoe “a0 | 350 KN \ “1 A a z 1 f 750 ggg) PP 36.72KN Se : 1 i 136.10 KN “34.0 enim? 612KNim? 1200 saog 1000 400 ——s70— } I 2 10 TH Lie 28.04 kN kim" y 835 kNim 95.8 kNim Fig. 22-18 (iii) Factor of safety against sliding: Sliding force = active pressure = 99.18 KN, Passive pressure under the base of key 3x 17 x 1.2 = 612 kN/m?. friction under the base + passive resistant taken on a depth of earth 1200 mm (on key), it to the top of the base Resistance to sliding =uws 4 x 61a x 12 = 0.55 x 247.46 + 36.72 = 136.10 + 36.72 = 172.82 kN Factor of safety = ae = 174 > 155 Oe ‘The assumed section is thus satisfactory. 4 (4) Structural design: AU the components of the cantilever wall will be now desis (i) Stem: Pressure at the top of the wall = 5.67 x 1 = 5.67 kN/m?. Pressure at the base of the wall = 5.67 x 5.55 = 31.47 kN/m? -i Retaining Walls y Shear = a = 5.87 X 4.55 + 0.5 x 95.8 x 4.55 = 25.8 + 587 = 845 kN Va = 15 x 84.5 = 126.75 KN. Moment = 4.55 358 x AE ser x ey 7 + 890 = 477 kNm My = 15 x M477 = 201.55 kNm assuming 20 mm diameter bars and 40 mm clear cove a d= 400 - h 400 = 40 - 10 = 350 mm = _ 221.55 «10° ba? ~ 1000 x 350x 350 181 Dy = 0.569, dy, = 1992 mm Provide 20 mm # @ 150 mm c/c = 2093 mm? Let us now find out the depth y, from the top of the wall where half the bars can be curtailed. At depth 9) = (0.945 9,3 + 2.835 922) kNm. Effective depth dj = (200 - 50) + x n = 150 + 43.96 91 2088 = 1047 mm? Ant Assuming lever arm = 0.9 di 1.5 (0.9459 + 2,835y2) x 108 DAT x 415 x 0.9 1504 43.967) =10e. Ast Simplifying, we get yp + By? - 10.55 1 = 36 = 0) | Solving by trial and error yy = 3:36 m extend a developm ‘upto 3360 - 47 * 20 from top. ent length from the theoretical point ‘The bars should of cut of, i.e "=-3420 mm from top. Curtail half the bars at 24 m 126.75 KN ye 196,75 103 9.362 N/mm? 7 1000 x 350 100.4, _ 100 x 2098 Fa = 1000 x 350 = 0.598 4, = 0.511 N/mm? (OK) Shear at base = Ste836 Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I Shear at theoretical cut off point at 3.36 -m from top : 12 = 567 x 336 + 9X 3 1% 336 = 51044 56 KN d= 150 + 43.96 x 3.36 = 298 mm 76.56 x 10% 57 a = 0.257 N/mm? = Foo x 208 ~ 9? a (Sate 0 x 47 = 940 mm. Development length The bars should be properly anchored inside the support. Half the 4, are anchored in toe and used as toe reinforcement. Remaining haip i. bars are anchored in key and used as key reinforcements, o Deflection need not be checked. Maximum spacing for crack control At base spacing = 3 x 350 = 1050 mm or 450 mm, i.e., 450 mp At top spacing = 3 x 150 = 450 mm. For minimum secondary reinforcement, provide 0.12 per cent of the gros area for HYSD bars. (a) Inner face: At base 4, Use 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/c = 491 mm?, 200 + 43.96 x 24 = 305.5 mm x 400 x 1000 = 480 mm? At 2.4 m from top, D A= oe x 305.5 x 1000 = 367 mm? Use 10 mm # @ 200 mm c/c = 392 mm? (b) Outer face: Provide 0.06 % both ways. At base, 4, = 240 mm? Use 10 mm # @ 320 mm c/c = 245 mm? At 24 m from top, 4, = 184 mm? Use 10 mm # @ 400 mm c/e = 196 mm?, (ii) Heel: Total downward pressure = weight of earth + self-weight of heel + surcharg® = 4.55 «17 + 045 x 25 + 17 = 105.6 KN/? 19. The net pressures on heel are calculated in fig. 2: 18m . « 18m . "7 k 105.6 kN/m? 21 Net pressures on heel Fig, 22-19~ yoo! iii) Retaining Walls a7 1 aon 221 x 1Bo + 5 x 7756 x 1.80 9.90 + 69.8 = 89.7 kN Vy = 134.55 kN. 19. 6 vse * 0.6 + 69.8 x 1.2 = 95.7 kNm a -55 _kNm (tension top) ie M. 450 ~ 40 - 10 = 400 mm iy _ 148.55 x 100 bd? 1000 x 400 x 400 = 9-897 pr = 0.263, Ay = 1052 mm?. provide 16 mm # @ 190 mm c/e = 1058 mm? 1, = 134.55 x 103 v "1000 x 400. 0.336 N/mm? 100 4, _ 100 x 1058 bd 1000 x 400 ~ 265 te = 0.367 N/mm? ........0000e ee weve (O-K) Anchorage = 16 x 47 = 752 mm. There is 1400 mm available for anchorage Distribution steel 0.12 100 * 450 * 1000 = 540 mm? Provide 10 mm # @ 140 mm c/e Provide 10 mm # @ 280 mm c/c bot! Joe: Total downward pressure = self-weight of toe = 0.45 * ‘The net pressures are calculated in fig. 22-20. ~ 100 2 sNim 11.2 kim? = 560 mm?. h ways on outer face for crack control. 25 = 11.2 kN/m?, 600 + 400" 846 kN/m? 115.42 Nim? 96.93 KN/n” Shear Flexure Net pressures on (08 Frio. 22-20ae Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. | Ich Shear (at d = 400 mm) Fl v= ; x 1542 x 06 + 7 * 96.93 x 06 = 34.63 + 29.07 = 63.7 kN 15 1 78,86 x 10° _ _ 9 493, = joo0 x 400 x 400 = 4 0.141 Aq, = 564 mm?. Half the reinforcement of stem, i.e., 20 mm # @ 300 mm c/c = 1046 mm? anchored in toe will serve as toe reinforcement. The anchorage is provided by bend and a straight length of bar along the toe. Zy = 47 x 20 = 940 mm, Let the radius of bend r = 250 mm, @ = 360 mm. 347 mm 1126 ~ 347 7 6, = 0.87 x 415 x “Tg = 249.8 N/mm? At centre of bend, anchorage 249.8 x 314 x 103 = 78.4 KN. 15 fx _ 1.5 x 20 Foe i ‘ing strength = = =27 2 Design bearing strength 2% 7 7, Bx 20 27 N/mm! tae 360 Fou _ 78.4 x 108 Actual bearing stress = Fy = Deyo = 19.6 N/mm? (Ox. Provide 200 mm internal radius. 95.5 x 103 $5.5 x10 2 Ww 1000 x 400 0.239 N/mm: 1004, 100 x 1046 bd 1000 x 400 = 0.262 t. = 0.365 N/mm2, Provide 10 mm # @ 140 mm c/c distribution bars. (iv) Key: Provide minimum reinforcement in key. 0.12 A, = Tog * 400 x 1000 = 480 mm? Half the reinforcement of stem are anchored in key = 1046 mm Also extend temperature reinforcement of stem on outer face in the key This is 10 mm # @ 360 mm c/e = 218 mm?, Total area in key = 1046 + 218 = 1264 mm?. Provide 10 mm # @ 300 mm c/e on both faces as distribution bat A, = 2 x 261 = 512 mm?ol I sjetch: The cross-section of Po) hills is shown in fig. 22-2 Retaining Walls 439 he designed retaining wall with reinforcement 200 A io + 20mm # @ 200 mm cic Vertical Face |< 10 mm # @ 200 mm cle 2400 10 mm # @ 400 mm cle is i 000 5 10 mm# @ 320 mm cle + 10mm# @ 160 mm ele 20mm # @ 150mm cle 10 mm# @ 320 mm cle 10mm # @ 320mm cle »| Internal radius 10mm# @ 140 mm ce 580 r=200 | 16mm # @ 180 mm cic {10 ram # @ 260-mai cle 10 mm # @ 280 mm cle both ways 4 SSS Sa] 450 | | » I = 20 mm # @ 300 mm cle 750 10mm#@ 140 mmole fv 10 mm # @ 300mm cle Sk 20mm @ 300 nm ci , 4 10 mm # @ 320mm cle Fic. a 1800 . 3200 22-21840 Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol 1h y COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL wall as discussed in : tilever retaining Previens 22-44, Sountarrer eee soe height ‘of retaining Je et increases Oa aime re un i for such cases Toe Front counterfors (not usual) — Heel Counterforts (a) Plan Stem |» Counterfort Stem Counterfor Front counterfor Toe Heel Heet (©) Section when front counterforts not provided _(c) Section when front counterforts are provided Counterfort retaining wall Fig. 29-29 The counterforts are usually rovided at 3 m to 4 m spacing. As the clear ne P m to 4 m spacing. As a guide, the cle 0.25 hg = 35 (2 Y where fey = clear spacing of counterforts H= height of retaining wall Y= unit weight of backfill : Teg, ferent schemes are shown in fig. 22. the length of the wall. The schemes are uf Ae S are adopted i simplicity # Hah reafreme Then como ey canay and anni orth ed bas five veda an lH cuetonsmay bleu a per seme different when scheme I is followe’ 3 to position the counterforts alongetainin sal yo-td Retaining Walls a a Stem T a | | ee Counterforts AP ed eed ed ee tome dee (a) Scheme 1 ~ equal spans a hee doe doe (b) Scheme I~ external spans made smaller Keli ie > Cantilever SS |_| oe ae doe de poe oe fe (c) Scheme III ~ external spans mace cantilever Fic, 22-23 In scheme II, the end bays are so adjusted that the moments of the external and uernal spans are nearly equal. The same objective can also be achieved by keeping meynal bays constant but the external spans are cantilevered from internal spans as per scheme IIT. For scheme I, scheme II or scheme III, the design of wall for internal spans will te similar, ‘The moment and shear coefficients will be different for external spans. For internal spans, the moments and shear are given by ma) = 22 and am ) = BE 24 13 f Vinx = “SE, where ks is the clear span, 22-12. Stability and d gn procedure: (1) Stability: The stability of counterfort wall may be checked for a unit centre to centre of the counterfort to take into account the weight of the counterforts Considering a unit length of the wall for checking the stability is conservative Because the weight of the counterfort is more than the weight of earth of its volume. The checking of stability considering unit length is easier and will be followed. The factor of safety against overturning and sliding should be satisfactory as per cantilever wall. The upward soil pressures shall not be more than allowable soil bearing pressure and not less than zero:aorced Concrete ~ Vol. B42, N terf ” Jetween counterforts and 4, (2) Stem: The stem is designed as spanning at o Hah pressure. In fact, the stem is suppor triangular load from te a angular portion ABC as shown! in ade dy bo 2.98 edges, therefore, the er from the base. As the loading on if, 2225, is designed ay a cates pe conveniently divided into tip three i Haan eine Note that at the connection between stem and coi" Pan, for designing. Note tha fear force is checked at the face of ji"*tlon tension is induced, hence, the shear fo M, the Suppo at the 30% increase in “ul 5, and not at distance d) and that the a Shun ilable. development length is not avai ted on three sides The inner footing (heel) slab is supported on ana Ba ree er toad. due to net effect of upward soil pressure and weight of the earth, Again, the ends of the reinforcement are con Tensile reaction, hence, the shear force at the face shall be checked SU jectag fined 2 and 3, increase in Ml for checking the development length is nop available A small portion’ of heel nearer to the stem is designed as cantilever, e jooting (toe) is usually designed as a cantilever subjected iy gy aaa sil prestre “le self-weight of the toe. The weight of the soit “q the toe is usually neglected. In some cases, the front counterforts are als Provided, where the toe is designed as continuous slab spanning beiyes. the front counterforts. (4) Counterforts: The counterforts support the stem and the base slab. The co, are designed as vertical cantilevers of varying T-beam section. The between stem and counterforts and that between base slab and coun the form of stirrups shall be provided to transfer the loading Example 22-3. unterfors ‘onnection terforts in A counterfort retaining wall has a height of retaining earth of 6 m. The top surface is horizontal behind the wall. The soil behind the wall is a well drained medium dene sand with following properties: Unit weight 16.2 kN/m? Angle of internal friction @ = 30° The material under the wall base is the same as above with allowable bearing pressure of 150 KN/m?. The coefficient of friction between the base and the soil is I Design the wall using M20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 4l5 Solution: (1) Cocfflicients of earth pressure T~ sing 2) Proportioning the dimensions. (i) Height: Assume 1 m ° dey ol 1, en height wal=6m+ime Pth of foundation. Then =7m. (8) Width of base: Assume 0.65 x 7 = 4 Toe width maximum 4500 55 = 4.5 m width of the b of & = 1500 mm, Assume 1250 mm width a eec pel Retaining Walls a9 i iii) Thickness of base: Assume s to 7A, ie, 350 mm to 466 mm thickness. Try 400 mm thick tase! iw) Spacing of counterforts: ‘ | Wyers Spacing = 3.5 (4) = 35 ( 2.84 m. Provide counterforts at 3 m Thickness of cle. wv) stem: Pressure at bottom of the stem = 3 * 16.2 (7 ~ 0.4) Maximum moment M (-) = 35.64 kN/m?2. = 35.64 x 32 12 My (-) = 1.5 x 96.73 deog = Try D = 250 mm. 160 mm at top. 26.73 _kNm. 40.1 kNm 40.1 x 108 1000 x 2.79 = 121 mm. d= 250 ~ 40 - 5 = 205 mm. Proposed arrangement is shown in fig. 29-24. (3) Wall stability: Consider 1 m len, from top =hyrey Horizontal pressure at base = 5.4 x 7 = 378 kN/m2 The stability calculations are tabulated in table 22-3 TABLE 22-3 STABILITY CALCULATIONS Larger depth is provided for shear. Reduce to gth of wall. Horizontal pressure at depth y lad type Horizontal load (kN) Distance from A (m)|Moment @ A (kNm) | Active a : Z | pressure | 05 X 37.8 x 7 = 1323 kN 3 - 308.70 | t Total 132.3 kN __ = 308.70 kNm 7 a 7 Distance Moment L Vertical load (kN) from 4 ( @ 4 (Nn) Mall 0.5 x 0.09 x 6.6% 25 = 1310 19.73 0.16 x 6.6 x 25 1.42 | 37.49 ee 4.5 x 0.4 x 25 2.25 | 101.25 eksinl | O | ene | 1110.75 kKNm Distance of cg. of vertical forces from the face of the toe (point 4) 1110.75 — 308.7 _ yo, = 399.6 “= = 2.01 = 0.24 m Eccentricity ¢ o“,ee Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. I ~ Ich. a 160 Back Fill 6000 ! \ ' 320.76 KN 4 = 300 1500 + ea =< — 1420 #1] asus as a Be | | 7.43 KN nl = “ot 2250 ' 45 KN 35.34 KN? a” | [x 750 >| | ~ \ } L Tor a | anne nang enarnEranOeenOEeNSO |e , Bo - ‘ 37.8 kNim* q 2 60.4 KN; Retaining Walls 845 2 v «properties are areaA=1% 45 modulus Z = 7 Maximum pressure at A 45 3. 17.2 kKN/m? < 150 5 OUT BRR + RM 0. KN/m?, Minimum pressure at B= BRR ~ 28.4 60.4 kKN/m? > 0, the earth pressure and the upward soil pressures are shown in fig. 22-24 i) Factor of safety against overturning: © Qverturning moment = 308.7 kNm 1110.75 kNm 110.75 _ = “goa7 = 36> 155. Stabilizing moment Factor of safety (Safe) (ii) Factor of safety against sliding: Sliding force = active pressure = 132.3 kN Restoring force = w W = 0.6 x 399.6 = 239.76 kN 239.76 , Factor of safety = 735735 = 181 > 1.55 .. + (Safe Provision of base key is not necessary. Assumed section is thus satisfactory. \ Structural design: The structural design consists of design of stem, design of toe slab, design of heel slab and the design of counterfort. These see designed below: (Design of stem: The stem slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning between counterforts. An interior span is considered. As the moments in the external span is large, the arrangement may be to reduce the external {Ban 0 about 70% of the interior span (scheme II], or a cantilever may be provided (scheme III) The design will be made at two levels, viz., 6.6 m and 3.5 m from the top. ) = 6.6 m Earth pressure 54 x 66 = 35.64 kN/m? ) g2 35.64 x 3? My (-) = WE 215, 35.64 x 3? _ ee tS 40.1 kNm ( wh 5 x 35.64 x 32 (4) = WE 215 x 3564x9? _ 4, 9. My (4) = BE = 5 x a 20.05 kNm wl 35.64 x 2.7 q = 1s x ae (based on clear span) = 72.2 KN, assuming 300 mm thick counterforts d= 250 ~ 40 - 5 205 mm aaa oe 1000 x 205 x 205 = 0-477 0.136, dy = 279 mm?concrete ~ Vol T af Reinforced Cancrel = 294 mm? & mm # @ 170 mm c/e O 5@ py = 0.281, Aa = FOR mim? 12 mm # @ 190 mm c/e = 595 mm wants are not confined BY COMPFESSIVE reacting reinforcem s As the reinforce of the support shall be used for desig," the support, shear att V, = 72.2 kN = 72.2103. 0,352 N/mm? ty = 1900 « 205 1004, _ 100 x 588 = 0.287 bd 1000 x 205 t, = 0.378 N/mm? Ty Ste cree ocewes fed ta (a [At point of contraflexure where moment changes sign (at 0.15 )) = 72.2 - 15 x 35.64 (0.15 x 2.7) = 50.55 kN _ 50.55 x 103 _ om? oe = ee gee = OT Nisan! 1004, _ 100 x 281 $a = i000 x 205 = 997 te = 0.28 N/mm? Ty Sg ceeeeeeees Lecce Saty (a) Distribution steel: Since difference of thickness at top and that at bae is not large, average depth may be assumed fer calculation of distribution steel. Qld (250+ 160) 5 1000 = 246 mm? 8 mm # @ 200 mm c/e = 250 mm?, To check development length at point of contraflexure My, = 20.05 kNm, V, = 50.55 kN Ly = day = 205 mm M, ‘ul 7 + ly 2 L, V, ‘d 20.05 x 108 ney 5055x103 * 05 2 47 # #5128 mm se y= 35m D = 160 + 90 x as = 2077 mm 2027 ~ 40 ~ 5 = 162.7 mm 54 x 3.5 = 18.9 kN/m?- a Retaining Walls Lwl a ad , 15 x 189% 3" _ i963 kNm | (My = 15 x 189%? _ ot 95 Nm 12 a ae TJ ze pe Ay | Reinforcement | jee Jf ft ~1m—> 125m 1014 . 7 fot + = } 172 | 2 1072, {M4 wal [TE oe kNin? AN 04x25 =10kNim? (a) Soil pressure (b) Se ad (o) Net pressure 67 S9KN 4824 441 KN 1072 oe 4 ina? kNin? | Nin? 98 kN bo" EQ” EQ + ae sim + 15m > 09m 035m + 125m I) Hexike (€) Shear (at d) Pressure diagrams for toe FIG. 22-26£ yw Retaining Walls 849 ‘the top is designed as a cantilever. As the ends of the reinforcement are Zonfined by compressive reaction, shear at distance d= 350 mm may be Checked. This is calculated in fig. 22-26(e) x 125 = 80.42 kNm M, = 120.62 kNm (48.24 + 44.1) = 138.51 kN d= 400 ~ 40 - 10 = 350 mm _ 120.62 x 106 7000 x 350-x 350 ~ 98° 0284 Pee 1, = 0.376 N/mm2 . 51 x 103 _ 2 ty = poo 350) 7 396 N/mm! ty >t When ty > tg, it is usual to increase the depth. However, we may use vhother alternative. Instead of increasing the depth, we may increase the flexure reinforcement to increase the shear capacity of the section. We may follow such alternatives when p, < 0.5 pypai: In present case ‘fy required for t; = ty = 0.396 N/m? is p, = 0.325 From (1) and (2), use p= 0.325 0.325 x 1000 x 350 Ag = To0 = 1138 mm?, Provide 16 mm # @ 170 mm c/c = 1182 mm? Distribution steel $8 x 1000 x 400 = 480 mm?. Provide 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/e = 491 mm? For crack control, provide 10 mm # @ 320 mm c/e on top face. Toe reinforcement shall be sufficiently anchored for Ly = 47 x 16 = 752 mm half in the heel, and half in stem which is used as bottom stem reinforcement. (iii) Heel slab: The heel slab is designed as continuous slab spanning between counterforts. The pressure diagrams are shown in fig. 22-27. 3m » (io + (iT - Wi? 60.4 0.4x25 (self) + 6.6 x 16.2 (earth) N/m’ = 1ITkN/m? (8) Soi » Soil pressure (b) Net pressure Pressure diagrams for heel . Fic. 22-27850 My Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. 1 Ich, yy The loading on the heel slab is uniformly varying load. ‘The a be done stripwise, i.e., ab be ed, etc. Unlike the cantilever wa, May thickness is required at dd’, thus, @ uniform thickness is recom tier We shall design the strip width cd and follow the same’ deuiga™¢nde strips also. for inne, Strip cd: Total load = 44+56.6 . 97 _ 135.8 kN y,=15 x 1358 y= 1019 kn 4 = 400 ~ 40 - 10 = 350 mm M, (-) = 15 x wae 3 = 50.93 kNm Ma 0.42, 0.12 a al = WOL9 x 103 _ ‘mm? 2 10000350 ee bi for t. = ty = 0.29 N/mm? a0 | e Adopt be = 0.162 Ag = 567 mm2. Provide 12 mm # @ 130 mm c/e = 604 mm? My (+) = 15 x BSR 8 25.46 kNm My " Far 7 0208 A minimum At 0.15 4 ie. 0.15 x 2.7 = 0.4 m (point of contraflexure) VY, = 101.9 - 1.5 x 04 (44885) = 71.72 kN 3 - 7 = 0-205 N/mm? pe for t= ty > minimum ........... oa aul) Au = $22 5 1000 x 400 = 480 mm2, Provide 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/c = 491 mm? The same design is followed for inner sections also (a) Distribution steel: Use 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/c At point of contraflexure Vy = 71.72 kN 5 mm aeyr pel Retaining Walls ast v My Tt + ly 2 ba sors NOT + 205 247 + # S169 mm .. Safe (b) Heel as cantilever: Some length of heel acts as cantilever as shown iD fig. 22-28. At centre of the span, the cantilever is 1.35 m, while at the support, it is zero, The design is made for the central section a ~— 1350 — += 1650 - : b < 187 | s66 | N/m? mm) 126 21 KN Cantilever from steam Length ab as cantilever my (a) Plan (b) Pressure diagram Heel as cantilever FIG. 22-28 Mm = 12.6 x 132 + 241 x 2 x 1.35 = 2736 kNm M, = 15 x 27.36 = 41.04 kNm V = 12.6 + 24.1 = 36.7 kN V, = 15 x 36.7 = 55.08 kN d= 350 ~ 10 = 340 mm (second layer) _ 41.04 x 10° 9 35, 7000 x 340 x 340 ~ 089% p-O10l 2a aw — 55.05 x 109 _ 6 ty = $505 10" = 0.162 N/mm fy fox te — Ty ie minima 2. .2.e.een a 0.12 An = TOG * 1000 x 400 = 480 mm? =R52 ™ ny, Ment in Reinforced Concrete ~ Vol. 1 Provide 10 mm # @ 160 mm e/c, Anchor the reinforce; Provide 10 mm # @ 160 mm c/e distribution bars, Connection with counterfort Referring to fig. 22-27, the shear force for various strips AT a5 Folly, 6 4 27 6. \. cd portion, v= SOO *44 x = G79 KN; VK = 1019 yy bc portion, V= 44 x = 50M KN; Y= 1763 by aisle? | 27) . ab portion, V= = x = 33.75 RNY VK, = 1506 gy Assuming 8 mm # two-legged stirrups, A, = 100 mm? 101.9 x 103 0.87 x 415 For 8 mm # two-legged stirrups @ 350 mm c/c, A, = 285 m minimum shear reinforcement for 300 mm wide counterfort 345 mm c/c. cd portion, A 282 mm? m2. The is Beg To use these connection bars as shear reinforcement also, provid 8 mm # stirrups @ 330 mm c/c throughout. : (iv) Counterfort: The counterfort is designed as a cantilever beam from th base, The assumed section and depths at various levels are worked ou ff simple geometry in fig. 22-29 ' 134 kNim (4) Counterfort (b) Loading diagram Fig. 22-29Retaining Walls 53 eel 3000 + 160 ~ 400 i tan 9 = 3000+ FAO = 0.46 9 = 247° 0A = 400 cot @ = 870 mm y= 85 m, D = (870 + 3500) sin @ = 1825 mm = 1825 - 80 (2 layers of 25 4) = 1745 mm y = 5.0 m, D = (870 + 5000) sin @ = 2453 mm = 2453 - 80 = 2373 mm. y = 6.6 m, D = (870 + 6600) sin @ = 3121 mm d = 3121 - 80 = 3041 mm. The counterfort is a cantilever beam with varying depth. The loading is on vertical face. The depth shall be perpendicular from the loading face to the inclined face (as calculated above). The effective shear is given by: vy, = v- ™ tan 8, where tan @ = 0.46. Loading on counterfort at any depth y =k. 7.) X spacing of counterfort = x 162 x y x 3 = 16.2 y kN/m. At base, loading = 16.2 x 7 = 113.4 kN/m. Moment at any depth y, M= x 16.2) x y x 3 = 2.7 99 kNm. Shear at any depth y, V= 3 x 16.2y x y = 8.1 y? KN. At 66m M = 2.7 x 6.63 = 776.24 kNm M, = 1164.36 kNm My 1164.36 x 10° 3 ja? ~ 300 x 3041 x 3001 ~ 04? py = 0.12 minimum p, = 0.205 ‘Ag, = 1870 mm2, use 6-20 # = 1884 mm? (1) V=81 x 6.62 352.84 kN — any gq . 276-42 Brae Vz = 352.84 3.042 x 0.46 = 235.45 kN . Vy = 1.5 x 235.45 = 353.2 kN. . 100 x 1884 _ 9 og . 300 x 3041 ~ 0-208 0.325 N/mm? 0.325 x 300 x 3041 x 10-3 = 296.5 kN 3.2 - 296.5 = 56.7 kN = 18.6 .. minimum stirrups required, th, . Reinforced Concrete - Vol. I For 300 mm width, minimum shear reinforcement is 8 mm stirrups @ 345 mm c/e. The connection stirrups provided (8 ¥ an tea will serve the purpose At 5.0m M=27x 53 3375 kNm 506.25 kN My 506.25 x 108 ba? ~ 300 x 237 x 2373 Pe = Prmin = 0.205 Ag = 1460 mm? Use 5-20 # = 1570 mm? : 8mm# @ 200 mmele BR B 5 Smmé@ 170 mmole lig Stem (plan 265m) 1a Se L@ Counterfort 12mm # @ 190 mm ele lemme ex20mmee + B 8mmé# @ 190 mmele 300 300 S00" bon ee ta” << 3000, + 3000 3000 (a) Details of stem reinforcement (h = 6.6 m) 10mm # @ 160 mm cle 12mm # @ 180 mm cle (extra top) 10mm # @ 160 mm cle Heel (Longitudinal section) (©) Details of heel reinforcement (section at edge) FIG, 23-30(a) Sains in Rolston ued eau ctonalesueco arabian gunna ee —gal Retaining Walls 855 r ss 40 gmm#@ 170mmeie Smm#@200mmele 10 mm # @ 160 mm cle (both ways) 650 10mm # @ 170 mm ee (both ways) 16mm# @ 170mmete 10mm # @ 160 mm ce 150% «3000» 250 “ 4500 » (© Section A-A > 4 400 35m Horizontal stirups 56 84 @ 330mm cle ’ i Horizontal stimups s#@ 240mmce '™ « 1200 me ao rs 0 “+ Vertical stinups > . £4 @ 300 mm cle (Countrfr reinforcement only (i Section BB Fig, 22-30(b)Nee “ Reinforced Concrete — Vol. 1 Ie V= Ra x 52 = 202.5 kN 2 337.5 = 5 % O46 y= 202 Pain X 046 = 137.1 kN vy 100 4, _ 100 x bd 300 x 0.336 N/mm? ‘ye = 0.336 x 300 x 2373 x 10-3 239.2 kN Vac > Vy Provide minimum shear reinforcement, 8 mm # @ 330 mm c/c At 3.5 m M = 27 x 3.53 = 115.76 kNm = 173.6 kNm = 175.6 x 10% 300 x 1745 x 1745 0.19 0.205% 1073 mm?. 1256 mm?, From (1) (2) and (3) Use 6-20 # at base level with proper anchorage in the heel for 47 x 20 = 940 mm. Curtail 1-20 # at 4 m level and 1-20 # at 25 m level. The connection stirrups used for stem will serve the purpose of shear reinforcement. = 15 « 137.1 = 205.6 kN = 0.22 (3 Details of reinforcement is shown in fig. 22-30, 1) Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain the earth 5 m high. The top surface is horizontal behind the wall. The soil behind the wall is a well drained medium dense sand with following properties: unit weight y = 18 kN/m3 angle of internal friction = 35°. The material under the wall base is the same as above with allowable bearing pressure of 150 kN/m? at 1 m depth. The coefficient of friction between the base and soil is 0.6. Design the wall using (i) M20 grade concrete and mild stee! (ii) M 20 grade concrete and HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 415. 2) Redesign the wall of Example (1) if the backfill is horizontal, but subjected to the surcharge of 27 kN/m?, 4) Redesign the wall of Example (1) if the top surface of backfill is inclined at angle of 15° with horizontal. 7 4) Redesign the wall of Example (1) if the top surface of backfill is horizontsl bul soil is submerged upto 2 m depth from the top of the wall.a residential builg: Pom. There selding, © bag, Nearby 4 *8emeny f ty Walls of 9s Y duit Or ley, 4 wT he depth gr ™m thick 8 WC three tli dm. Undatign Ss eae at cons Bung 4 A! ben ike 016 accoune 9 esse oF Bea ee nn vl : , Wee bari puilding to be COnstructeg Ea nearby oat ing rane building ate for 8 Om the at how yan, Hint. fr Heh Ne te, Consider the sy the Pressure on in ot ll of the im? ay Tess rent wal mete Teng oun and thy” “aon 2eaby bung Md ou the ong ond pe | Explain the ™Portancy f rovidi Saat "PPOTed pe . "A ero seay Wal bag Camere tii wa surface is horizontal nd the, me ot Teititg earh of 7 The top medium dense sang with followin Droperiy, iN the a? well drained it Weight 17 iN ms angle of internal f, The material under all base is the sam, capacity of 170 KN/m2, The wn BethOXE ith a safe bearing Coefficient of trict is 0.6. Design the wat using Mg grade Fe 415 ction § = 39° the soi teinforcement of excercise example (7) above by making it can lever rare the economy. retaining wall, Compar