1)How to list down the files and directories

$ ls:Olny list not in long list format

$ ls –ltr:To display in long list format
2)Display Hidden Files
$ ls -a
3)tar command examples
compress multiple files
$ tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/
Extract from an existing tar archive.
$ tar xvf archive_name.tar
4)gzip command examples
compress a single file
$ gzip test.txt To uncompress a *.gz file : $ gzip -d test.txt.gz
5)grep command examples
Search for a given string in a file (case in-sensitive search) :
$ grep -i "the" demo_file
Print the matched line, along with the 3 lines after it.:
$ grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text
6)find command examples
Find files using file-name ( case in-sensitve find):# find -iname
"MyCProgram.c"
7)sed command examples
Mainly we use SED cmd to find replace in a file or used for modifying the
files in unix
Replacing or substituting string
Sed command is mostly used to replace the text in a file.
$>sed 's/unix/linux/' file.txt
$>sed –i '5,7 d' file.txt
8)Remove duplicate lines using awk
$ awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp
9)vim command examples
Get from nth line onwards file content : $ vim +5 filename.txt
The above command will display 5th line onwards the data from filename.txt
10)sort command examples
Sort a file in ascending order
$ sort psk.txt
Sort a file in descending order
$ sort -r psk.txt
11)pwd command :pwd is Print working directory.
$ pwd
12)crontab command examples
Crontab command is used to schedule jobs. You must have permission to run this
command by
Unix Administrator. Jobs are scheduled in five numbers, as follows.)
13)ps command examples
To view current running processes.
$ ps -ef | more
14)df command examples
Displays the file system disk space usage. By default df -k displays output in
bytes
$ df -k
df -h displays output in human readable form. i.e size will be displayed in
GB’s.
15)kill command examples
Use kill command to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps -ef
command, then use
kill -9 to kill the running Linux process as shown below. You can also use
killall, pkill, xkill to
16)rm command examples
 Get confirmation before removing the file.
$ rm -i filename.txt
17)cp command examples
Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp.$ cp -p file1
file2
18)mv command examples
Rename file1 to file2. $ mv file1 file2
19)cat command examples
Following example prints the content of file1followed by file2 to stdout.
$ cat file1 file2
20)chmod command examples
chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.
Give full access to user and group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific
file.
$ chmodug+rwx file.txt
21)mkdir command examples
How to create a directory :$ mkdir temp
22)rmdir - remove a directory To remove the Dircetories :$ rmdir info
23)wc - display a count of lines, words and characters
wc counts the number of lines, words, and characters in files.
The command gives no of lines in a file$wc-l psk.txt
24)echo command
echo is used to print the message
echo “PSK training Istitute” > PSK.txt
How to print/display first n lines of a file?
There are many ways to do this. However the easiest way to display the first line
of a file is using
the [head] command.
Below command will display first 5 lines from the file
$> head -5 file.txt
How to print/display the last n lines of a file?
Below command will display last 5 lines
$> tail -10 file.txt
How to display n-th line of a file?
$>sed –n '<n> p' file.txt
You need to replace <n> with the actual line number. So if you want to print the
4th line,
$>sed –n '4 p' test
How to show the non-printable characters in a file?
Open the file in VI editor. Go to VI command mode by pressing [Escape] and then
[:]. Then type
[set list]. This will show you all the non-printable characters, e.g. Ctrl-M
characters (^M) etc., in
the file.
How to check if the last command was successful in Unix?
$? Will gives the status of previous command. To display the value assigned to
shell variable
$>echo $HomeOutput: /home/useri3 How to connect to the oracle database from within
shell script?
$ res = `sqlplus –s username/password@database_name<<EOF`