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SILVIA-IZABELLA POP1, MIRCEA DUDESCU2, DANA CRISTINA BRATU3*, VIOLETA-VALENTINA MERIE4 , MARIANA PACURAR1
1
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu-Mures, Department of Paedodontics and Orthodontics, 38 Gh. Marinescu Str.,
Târgu Mures, Mures, Romania
2
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 28 Memorandumului Str., 400114, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
3
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Paedodontics and Orthodontics, 9
Revolutiei Str., Timisoara, Romania
4
Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, 28 Memorandumului Str., 400114, Cluj-
Napoca, Romania
The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the mechanical properties and force levels of
as-received and retrieved coated and regular NiTi archwires. The surface characteristics and coating stability
after intraoral exposure were also analyzed. Twenty regular (Lowland NiTi) and twenty epoxy coated (Spectra
Aesthetic NiTi) NiTi wires of the same shape and dimension, around 0.016 inch, from a single manufacturer
(GAC Company TM) were investigated. Ten as received regular and ten coated wires were subject to tensile
tests and three point bending tests. Twenty archwires, from the same type and diameter were used in vivo
for a period of 4-6 weeks and then subject to the same testing protocol. Optical and scanning electron
microscopes were used to asses surface topography of the wires. Compared with the as received regular
wire, the as received coated archwires showed highly significant differences for the ultimate tensile strength
(p=0.001) and modulus of elasticity (p= 0.017). The yield strength also showed lower values, but these are
not statistically significant. There were no differences between as received and retrieved archwires of the
same type. Significantly lower loading and unloading forces were obtained for the coated archwires compared
with the as received regular wires. SEM images of the as received coated NiTi wires showed small
delamination and irregularities of the coating over some points. The retrieved coated wires have an
inhomogeneus surface with more irregularities and loss of surface materials. The as received regular NiTi
wires surface exhibited specific irregularities due to the manufacture process, while the retrieved wires had
corrosion signs with numerous pitting and cracks patterns.
Key words: surface characteristics, esthetic archwires, nickel-titanium (NiTi)
Tooth movement for achieving dental aligment and the same plastic coating decrease friction between
functional occlusion is clinically obtained through the archwires and brackets, according to Hussman [5]. Other
application of orthodontic forces developed by a system authors have also observed disadvantages of these
composed by archwires and brackets [1]. The esthetic archwires, claiming that the coating splits during use in
apearance of the archwire-bracket system is rated by the mouth and it tends to change colour with time [6-8].
patients, especially adults, as a significant factor [2]. While The mechanical properties of an orthodontic archwire
the introduction of transparent ceramic and composite evaluated by tensile and bending tests are a very good
brackets partially solved the problem, the archwires are indicator of the wires clinical performances. Hence, from
still made of metals such as nickel-titanium, stainless steel a biomechanical point of view, the biologic nature of tooth
or beta titanium [3]. Coating technology for metallic movement might be predicted by the load-deflection curves
archwires based on plastic resin materials has been and the stess-strain diagramsof an orthodontic archwires
recently developed and it is intented for improving esthetics. [7]. At the same time, the surface quality of the archwires
The materials used in the coating process are teflon TM and influences the corrosion behaviour, the plaque retention
epoxy resin [3,4]. and biocompatibility [9]. The friction coefficient could also
From a chemical point of view, the teflon is a be increased by the surface roughness of the archwire [8].
polytetrafluoroethene, applied on the wire surface using The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to
clean compressed air as a transport medium. The wires compare the mechanical properties and force levels of
are then heat treated in a chamber furnance [5]. The epoxy as-received and retrieved coated and regular NiTi
resins, also known as polyepoxides are a class of reactive archwires. The surface characteristics and coating stability
prepolymers and polymers which contain epoxide groups. after intraoral exposure were also analyzed.
Epoxies have excellent adhesion, chemical and heat
resistance, good-to-excellent mechanical properties and Experimental part
very good electrical insulating properties [3]. Materials and methods
Little information is available in the orthodontic literature Twenty regular (Lowland NiTi) and twenty epoxy coated
regarding the mechanical properties and surface (Spectra Aesthetic NiTi) NiTi wires of the same shape and
characteristics of the coated archwires after intraoral use. dimension around 0.016 inch from a single manufacturer
Although, some authors found the coating undurable [4], were purchased. Ten archwires of each type were used
Table 1
VALUES OBTAINED THROUGH TENSILE
TESTING OF THE REGULAR AND COATED AS
RECEIVED AND COATED ARCHWIRES
Table 3
Table 2 COMPARISION OF THE
COMPARISON OF THE MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PROPERTIES OF AS
OF THE COATED AND RECEIVED AND
REGULAR NiTi WIRES RETRIEVED REGULAR
NiTi WIRES
also observed lower force values of the coated archwires 9.ELAYYAN F, SILIKAS N, BEARN D. Mechanical properties of coated
from 4 different manufacturers. superelasticarchwires in conventional and selfligating orthodontic
Literature findings stated that the surface treatment in brackets. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop. 137, 2010, p.213–217
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properties of the archwires [17-19,23]. Moreover, the best propertyof the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Am J
results were reported for Teflon coated wires [23]. After Orthod. Vol 90,1986, p. 1 – 10
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with time, the plaque accumulation and colour instability orthodontic wire as a function of cross-sectional dimension. Angle
being encouraged by this rough surface [8,17]. In our study, Orthod.,74, No 5, 2004, p. 691-696
SEM images of the retrieved coated archwires revelead 12.ANDREASON GF, MORROW RE. Laboratory and clinical analysis
variable amounts of deterioration. The coating remained ofNitinol wire. Am J Orthod.,73,1978, p.142–151
intact in some areas, while in others delamination and 13.KRISHNAN V, KUMAR KJ. Mechanical properties and
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2004, p.825–831
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when compared to the as received regular NiTi wires. wires in three-point bending test. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop.
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Both as received and retrieved coated archwires 2001, p.263–273
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