de load line Vo ac load line Glope=> _j, yu ve Vee= Vera 2 Vee () Be 3 Transformer coupled class A amplifier — (@) equivalent circuit for ac analysis (b) ac load line ‘The equivalent circuit for ac analysis is shown in figure 3(a) and the ac load line is drawn in figure 3(b). The slope of ac load line = -1/R,, = -1/n?R, . obtain 2. Compare between Class A, Class B and Class AB amplifier. [MODEL qu oR, ESTIon, ‘Compare different types of power amplifier in respect of efficiency ang phase response. [MODEL QUESTiony Answer: The characteristics of various power amplifiers are = listed in following. Fig ‘shows the corresponding biasing arrangement. ° * ‘Class A Class B Class C Fig: 1. Biasing arrangements for different power amplifiers [Class AB Class B_ [Class C ay JAI the centre|Near cut off on load] At cut off on|Beyond cut oft load line sal \Forward Zero Reverse |(Less than Class A) 180-360" 180° 50% to 78.5% 78.5% Moderate High = om the circu diagram of aclass Crower amplifier and papal [moANALOG CIRCUITS a etass € amplifier with input voltage and ouput current waveforms, The well below cut off in class C operation, So when input signal is conducts for less than 180°, If Vip is the reverse bias applied and Var we see from the input voltage waveform that whenever input signal the transistor starts conducting. Also, the transistor remains ON until 4 Vor: oe jower than that Van + Vor Vex L |——° vv Vawt Vie “a Fig: | Class C amplifier circuit How does cross-over distortion arise in class B thod to avoid cross-over distortion. [MODEL QUESTION] s-over distortion? r? Suggest one met it be removed? OR, over distortion in Class B amplifier and how can [MODEL QUESTION] ortion } ion, the BE junction voltage must be greater than cut-in voltage V) so that linear operation is guaranteed. Whenever there is a zero crossing at get output (or, the transistor becomes ON) only after the input voltage (or, -Vie for the negative half-cycle). This phenomenon results in a irs which is known as crossover distortion (see figure 1). - Input voltage + +Voeb fT “Vin == ouput | voltage \ rrossover Fig 1: Crossover distortion distortion ACIR-71Crossover distortion Ww Output Input Load so Fig. 2 Crossover Distortion ‘The image in figure 2 shows @ typical class-B emitter-follower complementary cane MoSt of the accompanying circuitry has been omitted for clarity, Under jo tt Conditions. the output is exactly mid-way between the supplies (ie., at OV), When ia the case. the base-emitter bias (voltage) available both transistors is zero and so they y° in the cut-off region, ie, the transistors are not conducting. ye Consider a positive going swing: As long as the input is less than the Tequired forwary Var drop (= 0.65V) of the ‘upper NPN transistor, it will remain off or conduct Very little. this is the Same as a diode operation as far as the base circuit is concerned, and output voltage does not follow the input (the lower PNP transistor is SUll off because its base-emitter diode is being reverse biased by the positive going input), The same applies for the lower transistor, but for a negative going input. Thus, between about *0.65¥ of input, the output voltage is not a true replica or amplified version of the input and we can see that as a "kink" in the output waveform near OV (or where one transistor stops conducting and the other starts), This kink is known as crossover distortion and it becomes more evident and intrusive when the output Voltage swing is reduced. aa One way in which crossover distortion can be eliminated is by the additional use 9 operational amplifier, Operational amplifiers are differential voltage amplifiers: a theoretically infinite gain, therefore for the operational amplifier not to saturate, inverting and non inverting inputs must be at exactly the same voltage. T bse the inverting input is directly connected to the output, the voltage at the non i input is always equal to the voltage at the output, & Fig. 3 A better push-pull amplifierANALOG CIRCUITS of Class-B push-pull am plifier over class-A amplifier. voltage amplifier and power anipifier. {MODEL QUESTION] advantad ¢ of class B amplifier over class A amplifier are Conversion efficiency (Class B ~78.5% while for Class A-50%) ioe power output 0 power Joss in the absence of ac input signal. 40 Peare some disadvantage also, ot be used with class B configuration 3 can $ mes are Bulky & expensive. amplifiers have a high voltage gain, while power amplifiers have a high soliage amplifiers, current gain is very low, while power amplifiers have a ‘current gai which results the power gain. ffiers dissipate relatively less heat than power amplifiers. Therefore, aplifiers have higher power efficiency than power amplifiers. Also, power veguire additional cooling mechanism due to this fact. tages and disadvantages of feedback in amplifier? What are required for (i) voltage amplifier, (ji) current amplifier? [MODEL QUESTION] the advan' feedback ; and Disadvantages of Feedback transfer of a fraction of an ou ‘positive or negative. enhances the output, but the system becomes unstable. Thus it is |in oscillator circuits. feedback reduces the gain of the system, but it increases stability of the system. negative feedback circuits are used for reducing distortion, increasing band error correction. The input and output impedances also become favourable and » overloading problem provided that the right topology is used for ‘output and mixing at input. For example, in a voltage amplifier with voltage ‘series mixing, the input impedance increases while the output impedance is means most of the voltage is trans ferred from source and again to load. employ negative feedback in the amplifier circuits. e amplifier we require voltage series feedback (voltage sampling at output and at input), ifier we requi ‘input). tput quantity of a system to its input. It can re current shunt feedback (current sampling at output and ACIR-73 os