Abstract

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna system, with hundreds or thousands of
antennas at the BS and number of simultaneous active users in each cell, is a promising technology
for the future exponentially rising demands of wireless communication. As wireless spectrum is a
limited resource, boosting the spectral efficiency (SE) of the available spectrum is the best option to
achieve the rising demand of wireless data communication.
In this paper we explore the different techniques to optimize the spectral efficiency (SE) of a massive
MIMO in Time Division Duplex (TDD) architecture. The SE performance is also compared under
different linear precoding techniques zero forcing (ZF), maximum ratio combing (MRC) and minimum
mean squared error. A simulation result shows that a massive MIMO with hundreds of base station
(BS) antennas can optimize the performance of the spectral efficiency easily.
Key word:- Massive MIMO,Spectral efficiency
 1. Introduction
1.1Background of the project
MIMO radio systems develop multiple antennas in order to send and receive multiple data streams
at once. The number of antennas required is defined by the radio manufacturer based on what they
determine will work for optimal transmission and reception with their particular hardware and
software.

Massive MIMO also known as large scale antenna systems advanced in a new research area in
wireless communications. It is noticed as the best way to boost the spectral efficiency of wireless
communication system. It keeps highly enhanced energy efficiency as the base station (BS) can
focus the emitted energy to the spatial directions where the users are exactly located(1).

Massive MIMO increases the strength to accidental jamming because it offers many excess degrees
of freedom that can be used to cancel signals from intentional jammers. These large surplus degrees
of freedom can be effectively used for hardware friendly signal shaping. All these remarkable gains
can be achieved with very low complexity linear signal processing methods.
Potential benefits MIMO
consistof:

 Significant increase of the capacity and spectrum efficiency

 Reduced latency through deep-fading mitigation (multipath fading)
 Significant increase of the capacity and the radiated energy efficiency,
 Reduced latency through deep-fading mitigation (multipath fading)
 Simplification of the multiple-access layer
 Increased strength to unintended man-made interference and to
intentional jamming (reliability of the system)
 Increase spectrum efficiency
 Reduction of transmitted energy/power
 Improves link connection strength and bandwidth.
MIMO was originally used in electric circuit and filter theory in the late 1950s, yet now it is used
to describe the communication techniques. In that original context, “MIMO” referred to circuits that
had multiple input and multiple output ports. In the 1990s, however, communication system
researchers and information theorists adopted this term to refer to new signal processing techniques
that they were developing for communication systems having multiple antennas.
In this newer use of the term, the communications channel was the reference point, and the term
“multiple in” referred to the signals from multiple transmit antennas that were entering to
the communications channel.
Similarly, the term “multiple out” referred to signals arriving at multiple receiver antennas that
were exiting from the channel. The first reference to the term MIMO in this newer communications
sense was in a paper by Peter Driessen and Gerry Foschini in 1999 where they published an
analysis on the theoretical communications capacity of a communication system with multiple
transmit and multiple receive antennas.
Although MIMO communications requires the use of multiple antennas, it is not the first multi-
antenna technique to be developed. As we try to recognize that the idea of using multiple antennas
to improve aspects of communications and radar performance goes back to the beginning of the
1900s. The first use of multiple antennas was for the purpose of creating phased array antennas,
which were first proposed and then demonstrated in 1905 by Karl Braun. During WW II, phased
array technology was used to enable rapidly-steerable radar, and later, phased arrays were used in
AM broadcast radio to switch from ground wave propagation during the day to sky wave
propagation at night. This was accomplished by switching the phase and power levels supplied to
the individual antenna elements daily at sunrise and sunset so that the elevation angle of the
radiation pattern was towards the horizon during daylight hours and pointed slightly upward at
night.

Beginning in the 1990s, two new types of multi-antenna techniques were developed, which are the
subject of this paper. One of these techniques uses multiple antennas to achieve transmit diversity,
which, like receive diversity, reduces the effect of fading.
In 2010 Marzetta introduced the massive MIMO concept, by using a large number of transmits
antennas in MU-MIMO systems, the space division multiplexing gain being hereby substantially
amplified. Both massive MIMO systems and MU-MIMO is one of the fundamental elements in the
LTE system. In the most recent LTE standard, an 8x8 MIMO is designed for downlink (DL)
transmission and 4x4 MIMO for uplink (UL) transmission.

figure1. 1Speed improvement of wireless networks over the years starting from single-input-single-
output
The more the BS antennas used, the more the data streams can be released to serve more terminals,
reducing the radiated power, while boosting the data rate. This will also improve link reliability
through spatial diversity and, provide more degrees of freedom in the spatial domain, and improve
the performance irrespective of the noisiness of the measurements. In addition, because massive
MIMO systems have a broad range of states of freedom, and greater selectivity in transmitting and
receiving the data streams, interference cancellation is enhanced. BSs can relatively easily avert
transmission into undesired directions to alleviate harmful interference which, leads to low latency as
well. In addition, massive MIMO makes a proper use of beamforming techniques to reduce fading
drops; this further boosts signal-to-noise-ratio, bit error rate and reduces latency.
Furthermore, increasing the number of base station (BS) antennas above the number of active user’s
leads to higher throughput. Channel estimation quality per antenna also improves with the number of
BS antennas especially in the presence of high correlation among the antennas which is very typical.
In addition, the eigenvalue histogram of a single implementation converges to the average asymptotic
eigenvalue distribution. This leads to the possibility of employing simple low complexity detection
techniques while maintaining an excellent performance. In addition, the channel becomes more
predestined and random detectors matrices are promptly solved. Aggressive spatial multiplexing in
massive MIMO systems leads to an impressive improvement in the network capacity by minimizing
multi-user interference by steering the signal accurately in the right direction. Massive MIMO
systems concentrate the released energy into small user centric zones, which dramatically
increases the throughput and the energy efficiency [3].
1.2 Statement of Problem
In wireless communication, fading effect is reducing the quality of service. The fading may vary with
time, geographical position or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random process. Due to
multipath propagation, spectrum is not efficient and data rate very slow.
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective
Our main objective is to analyze performance of massive MIMO for spectral efficiency .
1.3.2 Specific Objective
• Identifying different interferences and their causes.
• Analyze performance of the transmitter to the receiver.
• Analyze the performance of different precoding techniques.
1.4 Scope of the Project
Massive MIMO is one of the technologies to facilitate the communication system. We are going to
show how this technology can improve the efficiency and the overall communication analytically.
Although we are interested, it is impossible make this project visible due to unavailability
and
expensiveness of the materials required.
1.5 Significant
The main contribution is increasing the
throughput by regardless of bandwidth
and focus on spectral efficiency and to
achieve the propose we use
Massive MIMO instead of point to point
MIMO because Massive MIMO has
shown over 10 times spectral efficiency
increase over a point-to-point MIMO
under realistic propagation environment
with simpler signal processing
algorithms so by overabundance the
throughput we scale up the covered area
and
increase the user deserve service so as
to mitigate the effects of noise, fading,
and multi-user interference

2. Literature Review
In a thesis titled as “Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in Massive MIMO Systems” by
Diwei Sun analyzes the relationship between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), capacity and discuss energy
depend on single cell massive MIMO system but his work does not consider multi-cells massive
MIMO system. Based on his thesis, if we do not consider system complexity, MMSE has the best
performance in terms of spectral efficiency and energy efficiency (perfect CSI is assumed).
Compared to ZF, MRC performs better in low power regime (with SNR ranging from 0 dB to 15 dB)
(5).
On the contrary, the performance of ZF in high power regime (with SNR larger 10 dB) is better and
even approaches to that of MMSE. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that massive MIMO
systems cannot enhance spectral efficiency and energy efficiency infinitely due to the existence of
interference among users. To optimize system performance and maximize economic benefit, it is
significant to find out the optimal power allocation.
Distances between users and BS are not being taken into account in the thesis. This will be
considered in our work for more accurate simulation results. In our paper we analyze the different
techniques to optimize the spectral efficiency (SE) of a massive MIMO in Time Division Duplex
(TDD) architecture. The SE performance is also compared under different linear precoding
techniques zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio combing (MRC). A massive MIMO with hundreds
of BS antennas can optimize the performance of the spectral efficiency easily.
In a thesis titled as “Massive MIMO: Fundamentals and System Designs” by Hien Quoc Ngo focuses
on fundamental limits of the system performance under practical constraints such as low complexity
processing, limited length of each coherence interval, inter-cell interference, and finite- dimensional
channels. He studied the potential for power savings of the Massive MIMO uplink with maximum-
ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF), and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receivers,
under perfect and imperfect channels. The energy and spectral efficiency tradeoff is investigated.
Secondly, he considers a physical channel model where the angular domain is divided into a finite
number of distinct directions. A lower bound on the capacity is derived, and the effect of pilot
contamination in this finite-dimensional channel model is analyzed (6).
Finally, some aspects of favorable propagation in Massive MIMO under Rayleigh fading and line of
sight (LoS) channels are investigated.
This shows that both Rayleigh fading and LoS environments offer favorable propagation. The thesis
proposes some system designs for Massive MIMO. The acquisition of channel state information
(CSI) is very important in Massive MIMO.
Typically, the channels are estimated at the BS through uplink training. Owing to the limited length
of the coherence interval, the system performance is limited by pilot contamination. It assumed that
the destinations have no CSI, and an inter-pair interference reduction scheme is proposed by using
the knowledge of its deterministic equivalent. This will work well if the interference hardens quickly
in large systems. However, with amplifying-and-forward relaying, the interference contains the
products of two channels, and hence, the interference hardens very slowly. The system performance
may noticeably improve if the estimate of interference is considered.
In a paper titled as “Massive MIMO Wireless Networks: An Overview” by Noha Hassan and Xavier
Fernando discussed major elements of massive MIMO networks, namely pilot usage, precoding,
encoding, detection, and beamforming. They observe that fast booming massive MIMO would be
more promising to improve data rates and provide flexibility in user-BS association. But there are
many interconnected design issues that need to be properly understood and solved before widespread
deployment of the massive MIMO technology. Several open research challenges are still facing the
progress and development of this emerging technology (7).
More research is needed to introduce new adaptive beamforming techniques to achieve higher
received symbol power and less interference. As detection becomes harder when the number of BS
antennas increases, more advanced signal processing methods are required for better detection and
are associated with introducing low complexity optimum and nonlinear detectors, and precoders to
improve the performance and reduce the computational complexity.
As the number of interfering cells increases, pilot contamination exponentially grows up, and
prevents proper system function. Introduced methods to reduce pilot contamination are very limited
and aim to reduce the effect of the problem, but do not provide a final solution. This used to increase
user bandwidth, reduce form factor, limit inter-cell interference, and allow greater frequency
reuse.
 3. Methodology
This section covers the explanation of methodology that had been used to make this project visible.
The method is used to achieve the objective of the project that will accomplish a perfect result.
Related previous researches on MIMO and Massive MIMO from different standard journals,
researches and reports had been reviewed. This is very important to understand the working principle
and technologies involved in. Different techniques of MIMO transmission system schemes have been
reviewed in this project and performance based analysis is proposed.

Literature Review

Developing
mathematical model

Simulation using Matlab

Code

Performing an
analysis

figure3. 1flow chart

3.1 WORK PLAN
table3. 1time frame of schedule
N Task Start Fins 2014 E.C
o hed
Month
J
A May Jule u
p l
y
r
i
l
W W W W W W W WW W
4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1

1 Title 24/08 28/

selection /2014 08/20
14
2 Literature 29/ 05/
review & 08/20 09/20
proposal 14 14
presentatio
n
3 Methodolo 06/ 13/
gy 09/20 09/20
14 14

4 System 20/ 27/

modeling 09/20 09/20
and design 14 14
5 Simulation 28/ 06/
09/20 10/20
14 14
6 Result and 07/ 15/
evaluation 10/20 10/20
14 14
7 Documen 17/ 24/
tation 10/20 10/20
14 14
8 Project 25/ -/
submission 10/20 11/20
14 14
9 Presentati
on
 References
1. Optimization of Spectral Efficiency in Massive-MIMO TDD Systems with Linear Precoding. A,
Ali M and E, Jasmine A. Thrissur : Research India Publications , 2017, Advances in Computational
Sciences and Technology ISSN 0973-6107, Vol. 10, p. 501.
2. Fu, Hua . Spectral resource optimization for MU-MIMO
systems. 2016.
3. Massive MIMO for next generation wireless Systems. E, Larsson, et al., et al. s.l. : IEEE,
2014, p. 52.
4. Massive-MIMO- Past, Present and Future: A Review. Vardhan, Piyush , Gupta, Manisha and
Kumar, Arun .
2016, Indian Journal of Science and Technology Volume
Nine, p. 48.
5. Sun, Diwei. Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in Massive MIMO Systems. 2017. p. 39,
MSc Thesis.
6. Ngo, Hien Quoc. Massive MIMO: Fundamentals and System. Department of Electrical
Engineering , Linköping University. Linköping : LiU-Tryck, 2015. p. 55, Dissertation.