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DIGGING FOR SOLUTION: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE GROUNDWATER
GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
-Saumya Rajpal and Vihaan Acharya
1 2
Groundwater acts as a vital source of water on the planet. As an agrarian
858 3,4 1,5
economy, India is one of the largest users of groundwater in the world. Rapid
expansion of groundwater irrigation has caused significant increases in
1,6
agricultural productivity in many rural regions of the country. This has, however,
7
engendered a critical problem of groundwater overdraft, resulting in declining
1 8
water table and deteriorating water quality. This supply demand imbalance and
4
increasing dependence on groundwater has led to its constant depletion and
9 10
contamination which calls for the need to develop a robust groundwater
1 13 11
regulatory framework. However, India has failed in conceiving a concrete
12 12
management plan to rectify this significant challenge due to myriad factors,
such as inadequate monitoring and surveillance, lack of political will, and
1
insufficient human and financial resources. Moreover, the non-compliance of
14 15
859 these laws along with international treaties and protocols, such as the UN's
Sustainable Development Goals and the UN Convention to Combat
16 17 1
Desertification,1994 further exacerbates the groundwater crisis. This research
18
paper aims to critically evaluate the current state of groundwater laws and
regulations in India, focusing on their effectiveness and implementation status.
1 19
The paper further advocates for the need to strengthen the implementation and
compliance of groundwater laws in India and align them with global

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sustainability goals to ensure the long-term viability of this vital resource and
discusses potential solutions.
4
Keywords: Water laws, Groundwater, groundwater governance, overdraft,
20
ownership, Model Groundwater Bill.
INTRODUCTION
21 15 4
As an agrarian economy, India’s dependence on groundwater has witnessed a
22 1
skyrocketing increase. Groundwater accounts for 80% of the total drinking
1 15
858 water needs of the country. Forming the backbone of India’s farm produce, food
23 24
security and drinking water source, the country has become the largest user of
4 1
groundwater. However, this precious resource has been under recent attack
4
owing to the uncontrolled tapping of groundwater without ensuring that the
25 26 15 15,27
same is compensated resulting in a massive “groundwater overdraft”.
Many districts in India have recorded a plummeting groundwater level and
1
water quality. With technological advancement comes increased abstraction
28 15
power which has clearly outweighed this resource’s capacity to replenish itself.
1 29 3
This problem is further aggravated by the recent climate change patterns which
31 32 33
has been expressing itself in the form of irregular rainfall patterns recorded in
34
the recent years.
35 36
Groundwater in India is still regulated by the Indian Easement Act which gives it
859
37 38 4
a landowner-ownership right thereby totally disregarding groundwater as a
39 1 40
common resource. The Government also introduced different Model Laws in
41 1
1975, 2005, 2011 and 2017 to tackle the menacing lower water levels. However,
42 42 1 43
they have proved to be insufficient to deal with the problem. In addition to this,
44
the Ministry of Jal Shakti has also come up with various programs every now
and then.
This paper focuses on groundwater governance which has hit a severe blow in
45 1
face of the groundwater crisis that haunts to plague the country. Sadly despite

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various debates and increased awareness, groundwater governance is a major

defeat since it has failed to overcome this crucial problem raising cries for a
46 47 48,49
well formulated legislation which incorporates collective ownership, surface-
50 51,52
groundwater interference and periodical checks and balances on the
53
groundwater depletion.
HISTORY
4 54 55
858 India has been a groundwater dependent country with around 85% of its
population still deriving its water needs from wells at conservative estimates.
1
India uses the national groundwater assessment to measure the degree of
4 56,57
groundwater used as against the annual availability of groundwater resources.
1,15
India’s groundwater crisis is shaped not only by its physical settings but also by
1
its diverse set of socio-economic factors. It was in the 1960s that water
58 59
resources were being used massively to meet with the growing needs of the
60 1 61
country. However, this development was not sustainable and the quality of the
environment deteriorated.
62 40 6
In face of the recent development, the Government decided to formulate policy
65,67 66
to meet with the growing demand for portable water and formulated the Model
1 15,68 69
Groundwater Bill in 1975. This Bill’s main focus was the establishment of a
859
Groundwater authority to look after the groundwater resources in India.
1 4
However, the mere establishment of a groundwater monitoring committee was
70 71 76
not enough to meet with the groundwater crisis of the country and in the 12th
72 73 74 75
Five Year Plan, the need for a more robust legislation was felt and the
40 1 68
Government introduced the Model Bill on Groundwater 2011. This Bill allowed
77
the States to adopt Groundwater legislation as per their requirement and
4 1 68
circumstances, recognizing groundwater as a public trust. This Bill came up
with solutions to some critical issues but was not encompassing enough to

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78
uproot the problem for which the Ministry of Water Resource in 2017 drafted
1 68
the Groundwater (Sustainable Management Bill) 2016. This Bill broke years of
4
tradition by linking surface water to groundwater and coming up with robust
4
policies to recognize groundwater as a public trust.
Apart from these Model laws, many States in India have recognized the
4
importance of groundwater and have implemented measures in the form of
1
different legislations to deal with the problem. However, the growing problem
still resonates with the need for a universal groundwater management system
858 79 80
which makes the implementation of groundwater laws mandatory in all states
81
irrespective of their conditions.
4 82
Groundwater contamination and decreasing levels of groundwater has been a
860 1 40 83,84 85 86
growing concern. The government in order to deal with this also implemented
83 87 1 88
the National Water Policies in the years 1987, 2002 and 2012. Environment in
89 1,90 91
general is the basic tenet of human existence. Earlier the Constitution did not
92
have any explicit provision for the protection of the environment even though
861 93 94
the basic spirit was embedded in the Preamble and the Directive Principles of
1 95
State Policy (DPSP). But, over time the need for Constitutional protection of the
96 97
environment was felt and the idea of Environment rights and obligations was
98 1 15
introduced through Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties. In today’s
99 100 91 101
859 time the constitution guarantees that the environment must be protected and
that every citizen of India has the right to live in a healthy environment.
102
The ever increasing demand for irrigated food production to meet the food
103 104 105
requirements of one if the largest population in face of the great amount of
4
usage of groundwater in the Indian sub-continent makes it hard for the
legislature and the executive to develop strategies for using groundwater
resources sustainably, especially in light of the new dimension of climate
1 106,109,110 107 108
change. The existing laws have failed in providing a full proof plan to

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110 1 111
deal with the said problem. Hence, the need for a proper central legislation
114 112,113 114 1 115 116
cannot be emphasised enough. An elaborate evaluation of these laws have
been done further in the paper.
LAWS RELATED TO GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT

The groundwater legislation system suffers from 2 major innate limitations- the
first being the absence of proper control vested to the States in terms of the
administration and the second being the State Governments having control
4 1
858 over the groundwater rather than the Central Government. Groundwater rights
117 118
have been highly underdeveloped in India and is mostly governed by the Indian
119 1 40
Easement Act 1882. Apart from this, the Government also introduced certain
1
860 Model Groundwater Bills and National Water Policies. However, subject to the
120,122 122
inherent limitation, these statues and legal provisions have proved to be
121 123 123
inadequate and the groundwater situation in India is still dire.
124
GROUNDWATER RIGHTS AS DEALT UNDER THE INDIAN EASEMENT ACT 1882
125 126 127
861 The Indian Easement Act, 1882 , deals with non-possessory rights on land
128,129
and provides for the use of the amenities on the land without having any stake
1
in the title or ownership. It circles around the processes involving property
1
disputes. This Act establishes guidelines for the right granted to a landowner or
130
occupier for the purpose of enjoying their property in a beneficial manner,
859
131 1
called easement. This easement allows them to do something on or in relation
132 15 133,134 1
to another person's property while maintaining their beneficial use of their own
property.
136,140 4
There is no separate well defined set of legislation to regulate groundwater in
137 140 138
India and to the disappointment of many, it is governed by the Indian
139 1 141
Easement Act 1882. Researchers and scholars have criticized on various
grounds, the prime being the obsolete principles followed since the British era.
1
The first principle that has gained tons of criticism is treating groundwater and

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1
surface water separately. This principle was established and confirmed in the
142 4
case of Chasemore vs Richards wherein groundwater, unlike surface water (in
143
the form of rivers, rainwater) was said to percolate into the soil and can flow in
1 144 145
any direction. Thus, the rules of flowing water cannot be applied to
4
groundwater.
4 146
Now that groundwater is different from surface water, the Court decided to set
147 148
on defining different groundwater rights which were different from other
1
surface water rights. Thus, the landless groundwater users were left outside
858 149 150 151
the purview resulting in denial of basic necessity of water amounting to a
1
blatant violation of their Fundamental Right to clean water. Unlike the previous
152 153 1
existing rights, the new rights were plagued with various restrictions. The
860 4
impugned legislation gave the landowner all the rights over the groundwater
154 1,155
which came within his land. One of the earliest cases that bolstered and
156 1 146
provided legal validation to this principle of Acton vs Blundell. The court, in the
157 158
present case laid down that any person who has a land can dig it and apply all
861 159
that is found there to his own purposes at his free will and pleasure; and any
160
inconvenience caused as a result shall be a case of damnum sine injuria i.e.
damage without injury.
161 162
In this case, the plaintiff owned a well in his land which he used for procuring
1 163
859 water. However, the defendant dug a coal mine on his land, because of which
15 164 165 1 146 166
the plaintiff’s well went dry and sued for damages. The Court however, went
170 167 168
ahead and decided in favour of the defendant citing his right to dig a coal mine
169 1
on his land thereby stating the same to be a case of damnum sine injuria. Even
171 4
though the owners had full fledged rights over the groundwater, it was equally
important to understand that the uses must be reasonable and should not
incapacitate or render useless the purpose of the land and the water so
extracted (Katiyar 2010).

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172 173
The impugned Act made several mistakes in the way it gauged groundwater
1 174 4
rights in India. Firstly, the concept of treating groundwater as distinct from
surface water is impractical and difficult to implement due to the inherent
1
difficulties in ascertaining the groundwater channels. In many cases, separate
175 176 177 4 1,178
and distinct channels of water have been applied to groundwater. This shows
179
the uncertain and ambiguous attitude of the Courts towards the legal status of
4,180 1 181
groundwater. However, the biggest problem of all is giving the entire
4
possession of the groundwater to the land owners leaving the landless people
858 182 1 183
completely out of the equation. Nature is recognized as a shared resource for
184 185 186
all the people and with the guarantee of Fundamental Right to water for life,
1
the law has breached their rights. Furthermore, the increased stress on
860 4
groundwater has aggravated conflicts without providing proper redressal for
1 187 188 189
the same. The result is long years spent at litigation as seen the Hindustan
Coca-cola case.
In conclusion, the standards mentioned in the Act were not apt for regulating
861 4 190 191
groundwater having their seat in the long dead concept of individual ownership.
1 192 193
The Indian Easement Act 1882 is a remnant of the British era tyranny which still
4 194 1
haunts the groundwater in India. Marked by innumerous limitations, it is time
195 196 4
to introduce a new law which caters to the needs of all, regulates groundwater
859 as a public trust along with surface water while at the same time imposing
197
proper checks and balances over the groundwater extraction.
MODEL GROUNDWATER BILLS
Since 1970, around 80% of the total addition to the net irrigated area is met
4 198 199
through groundwater ensuring that it accounts by now for around 60% of
irrigation water use.
Model Groundwater Bill 1975

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The first Model Groundwater Bill in India was introduced in 1975 by the Ministry
1 200
of Agriculture. It proposed the State Government to set a limit as to the
201 202 20
construction of new ground water infrastructure, such as borewells, tubewells,
204 1
and even dug wells, for uses other than providing drinking water. As the first
4 68 205 15
Model Bill for groundwater, the Bill mostly regulated the State Government's
206
actions for instance, putting a bar on individuals as to the construction of
207
ground water abstraction structures except for those created for drinking
208
purpose in a notified area as prescribed by the Ground Water Authority of State
858 209 1 210
in public interest. It laid the foundation stones of constructing a Ground Water
Authority by the respective State Governments.
211 212
The Authority was to be headed by a Chairman and must include
860
representatives of the concerned State Government Departments and other
4 1
people who had proper knowledge in the field of groundwater. To increase the
213 214
efficiency of the Ground Water Authority, it must be provided with apt technical
1
support. The Ground Water Authority also had the duty to ensure that the wells
861 215
were only used for domestic purposes while taking into account a number of
216
factors like the existence of other competitive users, the availability of
4 217 1
groundwater in the given area among other factors. It was mandatory for
218 211 1 219
persons/organizations to get themselves registered with the Authority. It was
220 211 219 219
859 only after the Authority approved it that a person or organization could use the
4 1
groundwater for the purpose stated in their respective application. The
211 221
Authority was also entrusted with the duty to provide complete legal support to
uphold and implement the provisions of the legislation.
68
Though the Bill provided methods to alleviate groundwater depletion, the State
222 1 223
Governments failed to make proper use of the legislation. Their biggest mistake
15 224 227
was not paying heed to the Centre’s advice due to which it ended up being a
225 227 226
mere piece of paper and the same continued for almost 2 decades before the

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68
Central Government decided to revive the Bill and rectify its past
1
implementation errors. However, the casual attitude of the States and their
unwillingness to cooperate engendered a severe groundwater crisis which was
228 229
finally looked into in 2005 after which the Central Government introduced the
230
Model Groundwater Bill, 2005.
862 231 232 233 234
Model Bill to regulate and control the development and management of
4,235
groundwater, 2005.
The 2005 Model Groundwater Bill provides for a Ground Water Authority
858 236
consisting of a Chairman, representative of the Central Ground Water Board
237
(CGWB) and other Departments concerned with the survey, exploration,
238 239
development and management of ground water of different States and UTs
860
863
along with other such members having special knowledge or practical
4 1
experience in matters relating to groundwater. The Board can control and
4
regulate the extraction and use of groundwater, as well as advise the
40 1
Government to declare any area as a notified area. This advisory power even
861 240 1 211
extends to de-notifying such areas after proper consultation. The Authority can
241 68
itself or authorize someone else to carry out its powers as laid within the Bill.
1 242 243,
The Government and the Authority are provided protection against any sort of
actions they took in good faith.
245 68
859 To keep a check on the groundwater use, this Bill provided for a system of
246
permit whereby any person who wanted to sink a well must obtain a prior
247 211 1
permit from the Authority. The grant of such a permit is subject to various
248 211 1 68
conditions and restrictions which the granting Authority must satisfy. The Bill
249
not only keeps a check on the new activities, it also asks for the registration of
250 251 252 1 253
the existing users in notified areas and unnotified areas . If upon proper
211 254
consideration, the Authority is satisfied that the groundwater use in a notified
255
864 area will not result in any harm to the public interest, the Registering Authority

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1
can approve the same. Apart from this, every rig owner is also supposed to get
256 1 259
themselves registered. However, these permits are not permanent and can be
257,258
cancelled as per the process mentioned in Section 11 of the impugned Bill.
68 1
The Bill has a separate elaborate provision about Rainwater Harvesting. Rain
260 264 261
water harvesting is an old concept which includes within its umbrella term a
862 262 264
variety of practices which mostly pertain to the collection and storage of
263 1
rainwater that runs off from roof tops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. This
265 265
water can either be stored for household uses or help to replenish the
858 4 1 4
groundwater. Groundwater is a sustainable method to recharge groundwater
267 266 1
and up the diminished water levels in wells and provide water for irrigation. In
268
urban areas, rainwater harvesting is done through recharge pits, trench,
860
863 269 270 15 271
existing tube wells or open wells while in rural areas, it’s majorly done through
1 68 272 273,274
watershed management. This Bill emphasises on rainwater harvesting as an
4
option to rejuvenate groundwater by introducing the same as a part of the
275 1 211
groundwater governance. In urban areas, the Authority can issue directions to
861 276
construct rainwater harvesting structures in all residential, commercial and
277 278 279 280
other premises having an area of 100 Sq. mt. within a specified time, failing
1,281 68
which they will be penalized. Lastly this Bill calls for support from different
282
NGOs, Volunteer Organizations, Government Agencies and other educational
283 284
859 institutions for raising mass awareness about rainwater harvesting.
68 295 285
This Bill provides for penalties in case of any sort of contravention by any of the
286 287
groundwater use which may extend to Rs. 5000 in case of their first offence and
288 289 290 291 292 293
during subsequent offence, imprisonment of upto 6 months or fine extending to
294 1 68 296
Rs. 10,000 or both. This Bill also provides for separate penalties in case of any
865 297 1
contravention by Companies. An appeal lies against the decision of the
298
Groundwater Authority within a period of 60 days from the time from which the
864

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299 1
decision has been taken. The Appellant Authority has the responsibility to
300
provide for an expeditious decision.
301
The 2011 Model Bill was a failure mostly because of hasty implementation.
1 68 302
Even after the formulation of the Bill, many States did not form a State Ground
1,303
Water Authority. Even in many states where the State Ground Water Authority,
862 304 305 306 310
they lacked proper infrastructure, manpower, checks and balances along with
307 308 310 309
limited database necessary for bringing proper laws in place.
Model Groundwater Bill 2011
858
The Model Groundwater Bill 2011 sewed into the fabric of groundwater
311 315 312
governance, the existing constitutional and legal principles which binding all
313 314 315 1
the existing legal principles since 1970 together. The first significant
860
863 316 4
improvement was legally recognising groundwater as a public trust in
317 318,320
alignment with the various Supreme Court judgements which reiterated
4 320 319
groundwater and surface water to be public trust, resulting in better inter-
1
sectoral groundwater management. To further bolster the implementation of
861 40
this principle, the government also added the principle of decentralization and
1 321 322 323
subsidiarity. The principle of decentralization was introduced during the 73rd
324,325
and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act whereby Art 243G and Art 243W were
326 91
introduced to the Constitution.
328
859 A repeated problem with the past groundwater bills was their lack of
327 1,329 330 331 33
connection with the groundlevel forces. This was dealt in the 2011 Bill which
incorporated the Gram Panchayat at the rural level to initiate community
1
engagement. This Committee was called the Gram Panchayat Groundwater
333 1 68 33
Committee. This Bill laid down a proper management plan in case of sharing of
865 4 1 335
groundwater between different Gram Panchayats. The urban counterpart the
336 337
Gram Panchayat Groundwater Committee is the Groundwater committee which
1 4
864 caters to the needs of the urban areas. While declaring groundwater as a public

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339
trust raised concerns as to its abuse at the hand of the government bodies, this
68 338
Bill provided a check on any such illegitimate power through principle of
subsidiarity.
340 68 340,342 341
Furthermore, the Bill furthermore provides for a district groundwater councils
342
entrusted with the coordination of measures taken at the block and municipal
862 1,343 344 345
level. For state level a State Groundwater Advisory Council is to be set up to
provide advice and support to all groundwater bodies constituted under the
1 346 347 68
legislation. To fullproof the plan, this bill also lays down the laying of
858
monitoring cells and supporting institutions to assist the various Committees
1
in achieving their duties and responsibilities. Groundwater is an essential part
15 348 1
of everyone’s life directly or indirectly. Hence, it is critical to engage other
860
863 349 68
institutions and Committees, this Bill ensures collaboration with the State
Pollution Board and Groundwater Departments to help collectively resolve this
issue.
68
Another salient feature of this Bill was integrating the Fundamental Right to
861
866 350 1
Water as an important facet of groundwater governance. Every citizen of India
351 4
has a fundamental right to clean drinking water and groundwater is included as
352 1 68 353,356
a part of it as well. This Bill achieves so by making drinking water as the top
354 356 355 1 357
priority among all of the groundwater uses. India has a large teeming
358
859 population to cater to and even the basic portable water needs of the
359 361 360 1
population are not met. In light of this, ensuring that the backward sections get
40 362,364
portable drinking water must be the prime concern of the government and this
363
is achieved through the 2011 Bill.
Another innovative plan that the 2011 Plan came up with was the introduction
865 365 1
of Groundwater Protection Zones and Groundwater Security Plan. The
366
Groundwater Protection Bill is made after concurrence with the State
1
864 Groundwater Authorities and other appropriate authorities. It also regulates the

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4,367
uses of groundwater under various provisions such that there can be equitable
4 368 369 1 68
distribution of groundwater among its various uses. This Bill additionally deals
370 371
with the social and environment impact assessment, transparency and
1 372
accountability in governance. Transparency is an important part of any
373 376 374
democratic process as has been discussed under the Right to Information Act,
862 375 1 68
2005. This Bill includes proactive mandatory disclosure, the right to inspect all
documents and offices, and ensuring the transparency of the decision-making
processes.
858 377
Even though the 2011 Model Bill was introduced to make up for the sloppy
378
implementation and inefficient legislative provisions, the new Model still
380 379
suffered severe blows due to some inherent problems that hindered its success
860
863 1 68 4
overall. Firstly, this Bill recognized access to groundwater as an essential part
15 381
of the citizens’ fundamental rights without bringing any change in the legal
4 381 1
status of groundwater as such. Secondly, introducing a multi-tier groundwater
382
authority was needed however, the entire idea proved to be unrealistic and
861
866 1
impractical, thereby proving to be ineffectual. Thirdly, the State Groundwater
383 384 385 1
Authorities suffered a blow on account of deficient manpower. Lastly, the
386 387
entire institutional frameworks were designed with a great aim but lack of
388
clarity in general resulted in a lot of ambiguity and power conflicts.
859 Model Groundwater Bill 2017
389
The Model Bill, 2017 was introduced in the backdrop of the 12th Five Year Plan
15
whereby the Planning Commission recognized ‘the urgent need to come out with
15,390 1
a clear legal framework governing the use of groundwater’. The 2005 and
2011 Bills failed to solve major issues in the groundwater protection scheme.
865 1
There was no provision for any groundwater management committee at the
1
district and panchayat levels. The colonial system of land-ownership rights to
4 4,391
864 groundwater created a monopoly, making the landless users of groundwater

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1
helpless and resulting in its uncontrolled exploitation. Such problems were
392
addressed in the 2017 Bill.
393
The first major change was the introduction and implementation of the
4,394 396 395,396
groundwater as a public trust bringing about an end to the years long system of
867 1 39
individual rights. India was one of the few countries who had not implemented
862 399 400 1 402
this drawing worldwide criticisms. Surface Water was declared a public trust
403 4
868 but groundwater was considered the same until 2004 when the Supreme Court
404 405 406
in the case of State of West Bengal v Kesoram Industries declared it to be
858 407,408 409
considered public trust by Courts.
68 410
Another change observed in the Bill was the introduction of a multi-tier water
411 412 413 1
management committee at Block, District and State Level. The Municipalities
860
863 414
and Panchayats were left out of the purview of groundwater governance in the
1
past legislation. Groundwater replenishment in urban areas includes
1 4
watershed management, catchment, conveyance, etc. It is the rural area which
416,418 417 1
lacks technological advancement to meet with the groundwater overdraft. To
861
866 68
deal with this, the Bill introduced a sub-committee of the Village Water and
Sanitation Committee in rural areas and a water management system in the
419
urban areas.
420 421
The previous legislations have failed to give importance to the need for
859 establishing a proper procedure to demarcate areas as per the availability of
4 1 68 422 423
groundwater. The current Bill proposed to introduce groundwater protection
zones and groundwater security plans to protect aquifers in the long term
869 1
providing for proper measures in case of any potential threat to the aquifer. It is
424
for the first time that any groundwater legislation links the right to water as an
865 91
essential requisite to Art. 21 of the Constitution.
While the 2017 Model Bill brought in a couple of stringent actions to control
429 425 426
864 groundwater depletion, there were some grounds that need to be addressed in

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427,429 428 1
relation to the link between the groundwater and land ownership rights. Even
68 430,433 4
though the Bill advocates to declare groundwater as a public trust, it has
432 431,433
clearly failed to lay down a proper procedure as to delink groundwater rights
1 434,4
from ownership of land. Likewise, there are no such measures which outlines
867
the relationship that is to be shared between groundwater and surface water,
862 1 437 4
creating ambiguity as to their legal status. Since , surface and groundwater are
438 439
868 inter connected, it is really important to formulate a legal framework to decide
upon this legal aspect to ensure better groundwater governance.
858
NATIONAL WATER POLICY
440
Water Policies are governed by the sense that water as a basis of human
441,442 443 1
existence must be governed by national perspective. Life on Earth is
860
863 444
unimaginable without potable water and owing to the reckless acts of human
445 1,446
beings, this precious resource faces threat of deterioration and scarcity. This
40
led the government to formulate policies for proper planning and management
447
of the use of water.
861
866
National Water Policy 1987
448 1
The first National Water Policy was introduced in 1987. Its main aim was to
449
introduce a national level network encompassing network planning and
450 451
maximising the availability of water, ensuring safety of associated structures,
859 focussing on groundwater development, enhancing irrigation and participation
452
of farmers and other voluntary agencies, water conservation and water zoning
along with drought management and improving the quality of water.
869 453 4 454 453 63
As far as conservation of groundwater was concerned the impugned Policy
4
talked about the periodic assessment of groundwater on a scientific basis to
865 1
measure the available water and its economic viability. It further provides that
455 4 456
exploitation of groundwater should be controlled thereby upholding social
457 63
864 equality by augmenting supplies.This Policy advocated for the need to establish

Report: Untitled
4
an integrated and coordinated development of surface water and groundwater
as an essential part of water conservation and also clearly warned against over
458 4 459 460
exploitation of groundwater especially near the coasts to prevent seawater
from entering the aquifers.
867
National Water Policy 2002
862
The National Water Policy of 1987 was revised in 2002 owing to the rapid spurt
461,462
868 in population and incessant decrease in water levels which raised cries for a
870 revamped policy best suited to deal with the problems faced by the country
858 1
during that period. As the 1987 water policy could not stand its promises, the
463,467 464
emphasis on the need of a better improvised plan and implementation
465 466 40 467
procedure was felt even more and this led the Government to come up with a
860
863
new water policy.
63
This policy brought up the idea of conducting periodic checks on the
470
groundwater levels in the country along scientific grounds trying to ensure that
470 468 469 4
the social equality is upheld and can prevent exploitation of groundwater.
861
866 1 471 15,63 4
Supporting the unification of groundwater and surface water, the Policy’s major
473
achievement was calling for a coordinated and integrated development
474
approach in the planning stage as an sine qua non for project implementation.
63 475
The policy also appraised the alarming situation which could be created by
476 1 477,480
859 ingress of seawater into the aquifers. Not only did it delineate upon technical
478,480
issues but also accentuated upon larger issues of social justice and equitable
distribution of water, providing for special schemes for the Scheduled Caste,
869 479 1 15
Scheduled Tribes and other disadvantaged groups. Imposing polluters’ pay,
481
formulating training programs, ensuring proper safety programs and forming a
865 15
Formation of Water Users’ Association to facilitate irrigation management were
482 63
some other key concerns raised in the impugned policy.
864 National Water Policy 2012

Report: Untitled
483
The earlier water policies introduced new reforms but they all suffered from
485 484 1 486 40
problems from implementation. With increasing population, the Government
487 488 493
was posed with the problem of formulating an improved water policy which
489 490
could deal with climate change, decreasing water levels, solving the problem of
867 491,492 493 1
water scarcity, mismanagement, wastage and inefficient use of water. The
862
871 494 495 496 497
2012 Policy was implemented with the aim to come up with a framework that
868 could create a system of laws and regulations with a unified national
870 perspective.
858 63
The Policy delineated the various problems faced by the environment resulting
498
in water level depletion, deterioration of water quality, contamination and
499 500 501
skewed availability of water at different regions of the country.It warned
860
863 4 502
against the groundwater being seen as an individual property and the same
506 503
being exploited through groundwater overdraft acknowledging inter-regional,
504 505,506
inter-State and intra-State relationship when it come to surface and
4 1
groundwater. Proposing a holistic and inter-disciplinary approach, the 2012
861
866 507
Policy circled around the concept of water being a common pool resource which
872 508 40
must be treated as a public trust to ensure that the Government is able to
509
maintain food security, support livelihood and sustainable development.
510
Another crucial framework that was incorporated was the addressing the need
511
859 for laying down a National Framework for the entire country dividing tasks and
18 1 517
responsibilities between the Centre and the State. This piece of legislation was
512 513 514
envisaged to include a comprehensive law which would include inter-State
869 515 517
river coordination, basin regulation, aquifers management along with managing
516 4
other water resources including groundwater.
865 63
Rather than establishing benchmarks, this Policy laid down provisions for
518
periodic assessments accompanied by reviews after every five years which
519 1
864 would measure the quantity and quality of water in the aquifers. Addressing

Report: Untitled
63
the problem of decreasing groundwater levels, this Policy suggested ways to
4 520
recharge the groundwater like community management of aquifers,
521 522
incentivizing efficient water use, preventing overdraft and implementing
523
Integrated Watershed Management system.
867
873 4 1
Irrigation is one of the major sources of groundwater. Thus, to ensure checks on
862
871
the abstraction level, it is equally important that the irrigation system in India
868 is advanced in technological terms so as to ensure optimum utilization of
874 4 1,524
870 groundwater. This can be done through various means as laid down in the
858 63 525
policy like Micro-irrigation, apt crop alignment, automated irrigation operation
526 4 1 4
and recycling water to replenish groundwater. Recharging groundwater is just
1
875 one part of groundwater management. It is also essential to ensure that the
860
863 4 1
groundwater does not get contaminated. The National Water Policy provided for
the same by reiterating the fact that groundwater protection is possible only
4
when pollutants and industrial effluents do not reach the groundwater.
4
Another inherent problem with groundwater in the Indian legal system is that it
861
866 527 1
is still treated as separate from surface water. However, this approach has
872 528 532 63 529
proved to be disastrous and the same has been tackled by the Policy which
532 53
promotes a unified approach to the Surface and Groundwater and condemning
4 531
the process of individual ownership of groundwater among the land owners.
859 CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY
533
The Supreme Court in 1996 in a Writ Petition filed in the case of M C Mehta vs
Union of India, constituted the Central Groundwater Water Authority while
869
exercising its power under sub-section 3 of Section 3 of the Environmental
(Protection) Act 1986 with the prime aim of regulating and controlling the
865 1,534
process of groundwater management and development. This was further
535 1 211
reiterated in the landmark judgment of Vellore Citizens. The Authority mainly
15 15
864 conducts its business by issuing ‘No Objection Certificates’ for water extraction

Report: Untitled
or other industrial activities related projects while checking their potential

4
impact on the groundwater along with proper formulation of guidelines for
different states from time to time.
876
The CGWA has been granted the power to issue directions to any person, officer
867
873 536 211 537 538 1,539
or authority and the same must be complied by the concerned person. This
862
871
further extends to imposing penalties as laid under the Environment Protection
540 211 1 211 541
868 Act 1986 and appointing officer for the Authority. The Authority is endowed with
874
870 the responsibility of declaring critical and over-exploited areas as per the level
858
of their groundwater availability and so far has declared 11 such zones.
The Central Ground Water Authority has done considerable work in the field of
1 542 4 545
875 groundwater conservation. It is regulating groundwater by withdrawal of
860
863 543
industries in over exploited areas, constituting expert committees with the
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) dealing with mining and
544
infrastructural development of projects, examining groundwater pollution and
preparing databases for registering people and agencies who engage in drilling
861
866 1
activities. Not only this, the CGWA is providing legal support to the High Courts
872 546
and Supreme Court on matters concerning water conservation and protection
of water bodies.
The CGWA has performed impressively in the past decades in achieving the goal
547,548 549,550 551
859 with which it was constituted especially when it comes to raising awareness
1 552 558
among the masses. However, the CGWA has a long way to go and the same can
553
be achieved by increased participation by NGOs, Gram Panchayats,
869 554,558 211 555
associations, etc which will help the Authority reach the grassroot level and
556 557 4 1
engage citizens at individual stance to preserve groundwater. These awareness
865
programs will ensure that the shareholder and the stakeholder are inculcated
559,560 561
a positive attitude towards the idea of water conservation in general.
1 211 562,564
864 Furthermore, the Authority has failed erroneously when it comes to preventing

Report: Untitled
563 1 565,566 567,568

overdraft. While its focus is mostly aimed at notifying areas which are in urgent
569 570 63
need for protection, it has not come up with robust policy to ensure that areas
571
with normal water levels do not turn into over-exploited areas as the saying
876 15 15,572
goes- ‘prevention is better than cure’.
867
873
862
871
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH GROUNDWATER LAWS IN INDIA
868
Even though water falls within the State List, the Parliament has been
573 574 575
874
870
empowered under Article 253 read with Entry 13 of Union List to enact laws on
877 1
858 matters that fall within the State List. It is a sad sight to see how groundwater
governance happens on a superficial level without incorporating the technical
576,577 577
875
aspect to the legal framework, thereby resulting in groundwater exploitation.
1
860
863 1. Groundwater Quality Monitoring
4
The first step towards protecting groundwater is monitoring the groundwater
levels for depletion and pollution through water quality monitoring (WQM).
1
Unfortunately, India does not have enough monitoring sites to look into it.
1 578 40 578 579 18
861
866 Unless the government has proper data for protecting the State, the
40 578 580
872 Government can not implement a proper plan of action for protecting the
4 1 581,584 584 582
groundwater. The water related technology is still in a nascent stage and the
583 583 1,585
credibility of the data so available is still not very accurate. Lack of basic
understanding of aquifer boundaries may hinder the proper implementation of
859
laws that cater to groundwater management.
Groundwater quality monitoring comes within the purview of the Central
1
869 Ground Water Board and the other state groundwater agencies. However, over
586 587 588 1
the years, severe concerns were raised with regards to them. Firstly, the data
589 1
865 collected so far is not so reliable and authentic. Secondly, the parameters
590 596
along which the groundwater contamination is measured failed to include
591 592 595 593
864
important elements which thereby fails to give us a proper picture of the real
594 1 597
life scenario. Lastly, given the technological expertise of various institutions in

Report: Untitled
40
India is still not enough to meet the duties entrusted upon the government
599
since the modernization of the groundwater governance is essentially needed
598
to save the backbone of basic water needs of the country.
876 1
2. No regulation of the Pollutants
867
873 4
Groundwater pollution is a big menace in the journey to protect groundwater
862
871 601 600 1
and needs to be checked before it goes out of hand. There are many pollutants
878 602 4 1,603
868 that contaminate the groundwater. This has become an even bigger problem in
874 4,604
870 areas where there is an acute shortage of groundwater, like Rajasthan, where
877
858
further extraction may provide water unsuitable for human consumption.
1
Groundwater not only meets the irrigation needs but also supplies a large
605
875 amount of the portable water supply in the country.
860
863
Storage tanks, septic tanks, landfills, and uncontrolled dumping of hazardous
4,606 1
wastes can cause pollution of groundwater. There are various legal provisions
4 607 608
regulating groundwater but none of them actually regulates groundwater
4
pollutants by bringing in laws that penalize the pollution of groundwater while
861
866 609
at the same time regulating the disposal of landfills or hazardous material.
872 1
3. Lack of proper precautions
610 611 612
The groundwater laws provide remedies for over exploited regions but no
613 614
such precautionary measures are implemented to ensure that the groundwater
615,616 617,618
859 surplus areas do not turn into areas with deficit or become over exploited .
1 619
The Precautionary Principle was introduced during the United Nations Rio
879 622 15
Declaration on Environment and Development, which laid down that “In order
869 620 62
to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied
1
by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or
865
irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason
623 15
for postponing cost‑effective measures to prevent environmental degradation”.
864

Report: Untitled
626 624
If the legislation could somehow enact this principle it would help deal with all
625
the uncertainties faced during the management of groundwater extraction and
1 40,627
recharge rates. Inculcating a precautionary attitude from the government,
876
880 628 629,630 631
farmer institutions, village community and the individuals most importantly is
867
873
necessary to meet the needs of the hour.
862
871 1
4. Groundwater Overdraft
878
868 Groundwater overdraft is a serious condition associated with drawing
881
874 632 633 1,634
870 groundwater which is more than the level at which it is replenished. This can
877
858 635 4
result in many problems such as falling levels of groundwater, aquifer
depletion, groundwater contamination, increasing burden on water levels,
882 636 637 1
875 irrigational problems and scarcity of drinking water. Rural landowners and
860
863 638
small-scale farmers are disproportionately affected by overdraft as they have
639
fewer financial resources to dig new or deeper wells or diversify their water
1 640 641
supply. The fueled up process of digging wells in rural areas is highly
responsible for this.
861
866 1
5. Excessive Irrigation-
872 642 15
As an agrarian economy, India’s backbone of farmers depends extensively on
4 1 643
groundwater for most of their tasks. Over the time, people all around the
4 644
country have used groundwater for irrigation recklessly, without realising that
645
859 excess irrigation, without replenishment might result in the exhaustion of
4 1,646 647 648 649 649,650
groundwater. This in absence of proper awareness programs, have
879 1
developed into a mass unsustainable practice. Despite the various
869 651
modernization brought about in the agricultural sector, traditional irrigation
652
systems that utilize too much water are found in different parts of the country.
865 1 653 654
A proper legislative framework to regulate such practices and coming up with
655
proper strategies to manage the abstraction level in irrigation can help solve
864 the problem.
15 656

Report: Untitled
15 656
INDIA’S POSITION WITH RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
660 4,657 660 658
Water, may it be surface or groundwater know no boundary and water depletion
659 1 662
is a worldwide problem now. Even though there are different aims and
876
880 661 662
ambitions of different countries, all of us share some common goals of
867
873 1
Sustainable Development and propagating a healthy environment. Several
862
871 663 664 665
international treaties including that of the United Nations have been signed for
878 666 667 668
868
ensuring that the environment is not made to suffer the wrath of human
881
874 669 1 670,672 672
870
877
follyness. This segment will be focussing on those international treaties and
858 671 1
conventions dealing with conservation of groundwater resources. The treaties
673
signed pertain to the obligation on the parties to develop a framework or an
882 674
875
action plan to eradicate the problems relating to water resources including
860
863 4
groundwater.
The depletion of groundwater resources is a pressing global issue, and several
675
international treaties and conventions have been established to address this
1
challenge. However, it is essential to acknowledge that certain countries,
861
866 676 676
including India, have not fully complied with these treaties, leading to
872
significant losses in groundwater reserves.
883
India, as a signatory to various international agreements, such as the United
Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the United Nations
884
859 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International
879 677
Watercourses (UNWC), has been endowed with the responsibility to ensure the
869 1
sustainable management of its groundwater resources. However, the
678
implementation of these treaties in India has been marred by challenges and
865
shortcomings.
15
One of the key issues in India's compliance with international groundwater
679
864
conservation treaties is the lack of effective governance and regulatory

Report: Untitled
1 680
mechanisms. Despite the existence of various laws and policies, the
681 1,68
enforcement and implementation of these measures remain inadequate. This
has resulted in rampant groundwater exploitation, particularly in agricultural
876
880 1
practices, without proper regulation and monitoring. As a consequence, India
867
873
has witnessed a rapid decline in groundwater levels, leading to severe water
862
871
scarcity in many regions.
878 683
868 Additionally, there is a lack of coordination and collaboration among various
881
874 1
870 government agencies responsible for groundwater management in India. The
877
858 685 685
fragmented approach and lack of integration between different sectors, such
684 685
as agriculture, water resources, and environment , have hindered effective
882 1
875 policy implementation and enforcement. As a result, the sustainable use and
860
863 4 686 1
conservation of groundwater have been compromised. Furthermore, socio-
economic factors, such as population growth, urbanization, and changing
consumption patterns, have exerted immense pressure on groundwater
1 687
resources in India. The demand for water has increased significantly, leading to
861
866 1
over-extraction and depletion of aquifers. Inadequate water pricing
872 4
mechanisms and the subsidization of electricity for pumping groundwater have
883
further aggravated the problem, encouraging unsustainable water use
practices.
885
884
859 Climate change also poses a significant threat to groundwater resources in
1
India. Changing rainfall patterns, increased frequency of droughts, and rising
879
temperatures affect the recharge of aquifers, exacerbating the already
869 1
stressed groundwater situation. While the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement
886
emphasize the need for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures,
865 15 688 689
India's efforts in this regard have been insufficient to address the impacts on
688 1 15
groundwater resources effectively. Moreover, India's compliance with
864 international treaties related to transboundary water resources, including

Report: Untitled
4 1
groundwater, has been limited. The UNWC encourages cooperation among
1
riparian states for equitable and sustainable water use. However, issues of
water-sharing, particularly with neighboring countries, have often been a
876
880 1
source of tension and disputes. The absence of comprehensive agreements
867
873
and cooperative frameworks for managing shared aquifers has further hindered
862
871
effective groundwater conservation.
878
887 690
868 To address these challenges, it is crucial for India to strengthen its
881
874
870 commitment to international treaties and conventions related to groundwater
877
858 1,691
conservation. This includes improving governance and regulatory frameworks,
enhancing coordination among relevant government agencies, and promoting
882 1
875 integrated water resource management practices. Robust monitoring systems
860
863 692
and data collection mechanisms should be established to track groundwater
693 1
levels, quality, and usage patterns accurately. Furthermore, promoting public
awareness and community participation in sustainable groundwater
1
management is essential. Encouraging water-efficient practices in agriculture,
861
866
implementing water-saving technologies, and promoting rainwater harvesting
872 1
can help alleviate the pressure on groundwater resources. Effective pricing
883
mechanisms and incentives for sustainable water use should also be
694
introduced to discourage over-exploitation.
885
884
859 India should also prioritize climate change adaptation strategies, including
695
measures to enhance water storage, improve irrigation efficiency, and promote
879 1
drought-resistant crops. Strengthening collaboration with neighboring
869
countries through bilateral and multilateral agreements can facilitate
886
transboundary groundwater management and foster regional cooperation.
865 15
INDIA’S GROUNDWATER CONSERVATION: Un-UNCCD
15
Environment Minister Bhupendra Singh during India’s recent participation in
888 15
864 the UNCCD COP 15, said, "The three conventions on climate change, biodiversity

Report: Untitled
16
and combating desertification are all linked by the high consumption lifestyle of
696
a global minority among countries....Urgently reducing their profligate emissions
15
is key to the success of all these three conventions,"
876
880 697
Undoubtedly, India has made commendable strides in the implementation of
867
873 698
projects undertaken pursuant to the United Nations Convention to Combat
862
871 1
Desertification (UNCCD). However, it is imperative to acknowledge that despite
878
887 699 700
868 these notable advancements, there exist notable deficiencies in various
881
874
870 realms, particularly the main scope of this paper, i.e., Groundwater
877
858
Conservation and Management.
15
While recognizing India's achievements, it is crucial to underscore the lacunae
882
875 that persist in its efforts to ensure effective conservation and management of
860
863
groundwater resources, a vital component of sustainable land and water
1 701
management. The legal framework and regulatory mechanisms pertaining to
groundwater governance exhibit certain inadequacies, rendering them
1,702
insufficient in achieving optimal results. Insufficient enforcement of existing
861
866
laws and policies, coupled with suboptimal monitoring and regulation, has
872 703
contributed to the pervasive issue of uncontrolled groundwater exploitation,
1
883
particularly in the agricultural sector. This rampant and unsustainable
4,704
extraction of groundwater has triggered an alarming decline in groundwater
885
884
859 levels, exacerbating water scarcity concerns across various regions of the
country.
879 15
India's compliance with the United Nations Convention to Combat
869 705 706
Desertification (UNCCD) in relation to Article 9 and functions of the same are
886 707
defined in Article 10, which mandates the development and implementation of
865
a National Action Programme (NAP), reveals a significant failure in addressing
1
groundwater management. Despite establishing the NAP in 2001, a thorough
888 708 709
864 analysis reveals a lack of effective mechanisms and a glaring disregard for

Report: Untitled
1 710 714
groundwater conservation within the plan. Notably, there is a major lack of
711
targets specifically dedicated to groundwater conservation, a stark contrast to
712
other aspects such as watershed development, Afforestation and poverty
876
880 713 1
eradication where targets are clearly defined and present. For instance, The
867
873 715 716 717 718
physical targets for Afforestation was 1.88 Lakh ha and the same was
862
871 15,719
mentioned in three point no. 6.7.9.1 of the Action Plan’s but nothing as such is
878
887 720 4
868 mentioned in the whole document relating to Groundwater.
881
874 721
870 This critical oversight highlights a fundamental lack of comprehensive planning
877
858
and tangible strategies to confront the challenges associated with groundwater
1
depletion. The absence of specific goals and objectives for groundwater
882
875 conservation within the NAP hampers progress tracking, evaluation of
860
863 1 722 7
intervention effectiveness, and accountability. Consequently, the absence of
724
targeted policies and programs undermines any meaningful efforts towards
1
sustainable groundwater management. Moreover, the limited attention given to
groundwater conservation within the NAP raises serious concerns about
861
866 725
resource allocation and the low priority assigned to addressing this pressing
872 1
issue. Neglecting groundwater management perpetuates unsustainable
883
practices, further exacerbating the depletion of groundwater resources and
aggravating water scarcity challenges.
885
884
859 Addressing these deficiencies necessitates a comprehensive review and
15
revision of India's NAP, integrating specific targets and objectives for
879 1
groundwater conservation and management. This revision should include
869
measurable indicators to facilitate progress monitoring and secure adequate
886 1
financial and technical resources to support implementation. By explicitly
865
defining targets for groundwater conservation, India can establish clear
benchmarks for progress and ensure accountability in its efforts to sustainably
888 726
864 manage this vital resource.

Report: Untitled
Simultaneously, a critical overhaul of institutional frameworks and regulatory

mechanisms is imperative to ensure effective governance and enforcement of
1 727
groundwater management practices. The development of robust groundwater
876
880 727
laws and policies, establishment of comprehensive monitoring systems, and
867
873
active involvement of local communities and stakeholders through
862
871
participatory approaches are vital steps.
878
887
868 Furthermore, enhancing data collection and research efforts is of paramount
881
874 728
870 importance to gain a deeper understanding of groundwater dynamics, including
877
858 1
recharge rates, aquifer characteristics, and usage patterns. This knowledge
forms the foundation for evidence-based decision-making and the formulation
882
875 of appropriate strategies for sustainable groundwater management.
860
863
By confronting these shortcomings, India can take necessary steps to align its
actions with the provisions of the UNCCD, contributing to global efforts to
16 1
combat desertification and land degradation. Prioritizing groundwater
conservation within the NAP, setting clear targets alongside other aspects like
861
866
watershed development and poverty eradication, strengthening institutional
872
frameworks, and enhancing data collection efforts will be crucial for India to
729 730
883
make any meaningful progress towards sustainable groundwater management.
Moving forward, Article 11 of the Convention (UNCCD) highlights the
885 731
884
859 importance of consultation and cooperation among affected member country
1
to prepare regional and sub-regional action plans. These action plans aim to
879
harmonize, complement, and enhance the effectiveness of national programs.
869 1 732 733
The provisions outlined in Article 10, which pertains to national action
886 1
programs, also apply to sub-regional and regional programs. This cooperation
865
889 may involve joint initiatives for the sustainable management of transboundary
734
natural resources, scientific and technical collaboration, and the strengthening
888 734
864 of relevant institutions.

Report: Untitled
15
However, when it comes to India's involvement in the conservation and
4 736
management of groundwater, there appears to be a lack of implementation of
735 1
the obligations set forth in Article 11. Despite the importance of regional and
876
880 737
sub-regional action plans, India has not taken adequate steps to develop and
867
873 1
execute such plans specifically targeting groundwater conservation. The
862
871 15 738
absence of regional and sub-regional action plans in India's approach to
878
887 1 739
868 groundwater conservation and management is concerning. These plans could
881
874
870 facilitate coordinated efforts, knowledge-sharing, and efficient utilization of
877
858
resources among neighboring countries or regions facing similar water
1 740 741
challenges. By neglecting to establish such plans, India misses out on valuable
882
875 opportunities to collaborate with other nations and benefit from shared
860
863
expertise and experiences in addressing groundwater-related issues.
Furthermore, regional and sub-regional action plans have the potential to
address transboundary water concerns, such as shared aquifers or river
basins, which require collective efforts for sustainable management.
861
866 1
Collaborative programs can foster cooperation, improve data collection and
872
monitoring systems, develop common methodologies, and implement joint
883
initiatives to mitigate water scarcity, pollution, and overexploitation.
15
India's non-compliance with the obligation to establish regional and sub-
885
884
859 regional action plans in the context of groundwater conservation underscores
1
the need for stronger commitment and proactive measures. By actively
879 743 742
engaging in the development and implementation of such plans, India can
869
enhance its groundwater management practices, leverage regional expertise,
886
and promote a more sustainable and coordinated approach to address water-
865
889 related challenges.
744 745
It is important for India to recognize the significance of regional and sub-
888
864 regional cooperation in groundwater conservation and take appropriate actions

Report: Untitled
1
to fulfill its obligations under the UNCCD. By doing so, India can contribute to
746
the broader global efforts aimed at achieving sustainable development,
746
environmental protection, and the preservation of precious water resources for
876
880
present and future generations.
867
873
In conclusion, while India has made progress in implementing projects under
862
871 747
the UNCCD, there are notable deficiencies in groundwater conservation and
878
887 1
868 management. The absence of specific targets for groundwater conservation
881
874
870 within the National Action Programme (NAP) is a significant oversight,
877
858 748 1,749
indicating a lack of prioritization and resource allocation. This hampers
1
progress tracking and accountability. A comprehensive review and revision of
882
875 the NAP, incorporating measurable indicators and clear targets for groundwater
860
863 1
conservation, is necessary. Institutional frameworks and regulatory
750
mechanisms must be strengthened to effectively govern groundwater
751 1
resources. Developing robust laws, implementing comprehensive monitoring
1
systems, and involving local communities are some vital steps. Enhancing data
861
866
collection and research efforts is crucial for evidence-based decision-making
872 1 752
and formulating appropriate strategies. To fulfill its obligations, India should
883
recognize the significance of regional cooperation in groundwater conservation.
1
Proactive measures, such as broadening the NAP, strengthening institutions,
885 753
884
859 and participating in regional initiatives, are needed for sustainable
groundwater management.
879
869
POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
754
886 The groundwater management system in India is plagued by a myriad of issues,
865
889
including the absence of proper laws, a lack of motivation to improve, and
1
inadequate implementation. These challenges have been previously highlighted
888
864
in this paper, underscoring the urgent need for solutions to enhance the
1 755
system. Several potential measures can be implemented to address these

Report: Untitled
1
problems and drive improvements. Legislative reforms stand out as a vital step,
757
necessitating the development and implementation of comprehensive laws and
756 1,758
regulations specifically tailored to groundwater management. This could
876
880 759
involve introducing new legislation or amending existing laws to address the
867
873 75
unique characteristics and challenges associated with groundwater resources.
862
871 1
Clear guidelines, standards, and robust enforcement mechanisms would help
878
887 1,760
868 ensure sustainable use and conservation. Additionally, stakeholder
881
874 1
870 participation and awareness play a critical role in effecting change. Engaging
877
858
all relevant parties, including communities, farmers, industries, and local
authorities, is essential for effective and inclusive decision-making.
882 1 761
875 Empowering local communities and involving them in the decision-making
860
863 761
process can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility towards
groundwater resources.
890
Furthermore, creating awareness programs and educational initiatives can
inform and educate the public about the importance of responsible
861
866
groundwater management and the consequences of overexploitation.
872 1
Encouraging water-saving practices, promoting water-efficient technologies,
883
and incentivizing sustainable groundwater use can also contribute to the
1
overall improvement of the system. Moreover, adequate monitoring and data
885
884
859 collection systems are imperative to assess groundwater levels, identify
1
trends, and make informed decisions. Establishing robust monitoring
879
networks, investing in technological advancements, and training personnel for
869 762
effective data analysis are crucial components of a comprehensive
886
groundwater management strategy.
865
889 Furthermore, inter-state and inter-agency coordination should be strengthened
to address the transboundary nature of groundwater resources and ensure
888 764 1
864 effective management at regional levels. Collaborative efforts and knowledge-
891

Report: Untitled
sharing among states can lead to the development of best practices and the
765 1
adoption of successful strategies. Finally, fostering research and innovation in
766
groundwater management can drive advancements in technology, policy
876
880 1
frameworks, and management practices. Supporting scientific research,
867
873
encouraging interdisciplinary collaborations, and promoting the
862
871 767
implementation of innovative solutions can lead to more effective and
878
887 1 768
868 sustainable groundwater management in India. By adopting a multifaceted
881
874
870 approach encompassing legislative reforms, stakeholder participation,
877
858
awareness campaigns, robust monitoring systems, inter-agency coordination,
892 and research and innovation, the groundwater management system in India can
882
875 overcome its current challenges and pave the way for a more sustainable and
860
863 1 769
secure future for this vital resource. The importance of usage of Natural
770 771 772
Resources including Groundwater can be witnessed in the various international
890 773
arrangements like:-
774 775
Principle 2 of Stockholm Declaration, 1972 reads as follows:-
861
866
893 15 776
"The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and
872 777
fauna especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be
883
safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful
15
planning or management, as appropriate."
885 778 779 4,780
884
859 Therefore, it must be clear that the natural resources including groundwater
894 781 782 783 784 1
is not owned by any one and no one has the right to exploit it. The groundwater
879 785
sector in India suffers majorly from lack of governance, implementation, and
869
895 786
lack of willingness to come up with innovative solutions to the existing
886 1 4
problems. Now, the groundwater is a natural resource and belongs to the public
865 787 788 1
889 but the same cannot be exploited by one. There has been a steep decline in
789 4,792 790 4
availability of groundwater in several areas whereas the usage of Groundwater
888 791,792
864 for irrigation and other purposes have been increasing over the past decades.
891

Report: Untitled
4
The statement highlights a situation where the overutilization of groundwater
793
became a problem due to the establishment of tubewells, while public wells
794 1 795
were not seen as an issue. To address this problem, the statement suggests
876
880 796 797
looking at a specific case, namely the Perumatty Grama Panchayat vs State Of
867
873
Kerala, as an example of a successful solution.
862
871
In the mentioned case, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. was using
878
887 4 798
868 groundwater excessively which allegedly caused the depletion of groundwater
881
874 1
870 quantity and quality, which led to objections from the Gram Panchayat. As a
877
858 15 800 799 1 15
result, the company's license was not renewed. The company's counsel argued
4 801
892 that groundwater is a natural resource and should be allowed to be used
882 802 803 146 15
875 without any restrictions but the court acknowledged the Apex court’s
860
863
896 15
observation in State of Tamil Nadu v. Hind Stone which stated- "Rivers, Forests,
15 1
Minerals and such other resources constitute a nation's natural wealth. These
890 804
resources are not to be frittered away and exhausted by any one generation.
1
Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and
861
866
893 805 1
conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. It is in the
872 806 1 15
interest of mankind. It is in the interest of the nation."
807 808 15
883
In this case, it was held , “The government had a duty to act to protect
809
against excessive groundwater exploitation and the inaction of the State in this
885
884
897
859 regard was tantamount to infringement of the right to life of the people
894 15
guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.” Based on this
879 146 15
principle, the court directed and imposed restrictions on the company's
869
895 1
groundwater usage. It determined that the company would be allowed to use
886 4
only an amount of groundwater equivalent to the water typically used for
865 1 146
889 irrigating crops on a 34-acre plot. The court further instructed the Panchayat to
specify the exact quantity within this framework.
888
864
891

Report: Untitled
898
By referring to this case, the statement suggests that a similar approach could
810 4
be adopted in addressing the issue of overutilization of groundwater in other
1
contexts as well. It underscores the importance of considering the long-term
876
880
sustainability of natural resources and balancing their utilization with
867
873
conservation efforts.
862
871 4,811 812
To address the issue of overexploitation of groundwater, it is suggested that a
878
887 813 1,814
868 specified limit can be set for tubewell owners. This means that there would be
881
874 4
870 a maximum allowable limit on the amount of groundwater that can be extracted
877
858 815 1
by individual tubewell owners. By implementing such an upper-limit
4
892 mechanism, the aim is to control and regulate the extraction of groundwater,
882 1 18
875 ultimately leading to its sustainable management. The current state of
860
863
896 816,817
groundwater depletion is largely attributed to excessive pumping and
1
extraction of water, which has surpassed the natural replenishment rate. This
890
unregulated overexploitation has resulted in declining water tables and
818 1
increased risks of water scarcity. By establishing a limit on groundwater
861
866
893 819
extraction, the hope is to curb the excessive use and promote more responsible
872
practices.
883
The responsibility for controlling and monitoring the implementation of this
820
upper-limit mechanism can be assigned to local authorities such as the Gram
885 1
884
897
859 Panchayat or other relevant governing bodies. These local authorities are
894
typically responsible for managing and governing local issues, including water
879 1 821
resources. They would be entrusted with ensuring compliance with the
869
895 1,15
specified limit and taking appropriate measures to enforce it effectively. It's
886
899
important to note that the specific provisions and regulations regarding the
865
889 control and monitoring of groundwater extraction may vary depending on the
1
jurisdiction and the legal framework in place. The details of how the upper-limit
888 824 822 823
864 mechanism would be enforced and monitored would need to be defined under
891

Report: Untitled
898
the respective provisions governing groundwater management in the relevant
region or country.
825 826
This whole problem can be dealt with by preparing an institutional local
876
880 827 1 829
framework for the governance. In most of the states, the power rests with the
867
873 828
Panchayat and the Municipalities only and the only need is to form a robust
862
871 829
mechanism for the same which has the necessary authorities and information
878
887 1
868 in place. All the current system needs is a proper system with a clear
881
874 830,832
870 bifurcation of tasks and duties entrusted upon different stakeholders for the
877
858 831 832
proper functioning of the process and meeting of goals.
900
892 An alternative approach to addressing the issue of groundwater overdraft
882
875 involves emphasizing the importance of proactive measures rather than
860
863
896
901 1 833
reactive solutions. Instead of waiting for the problem to occur and then finding
833 1
a cure, the focus should be on prevention. In this context, it is crucial to
890 4
regulate and monitor the extraction of groundwater to ensure its sustainable
use.
861
866
893
While traditional water extraction by villagers for personal use has not posed a
872 837 4,837 834
significant problem, the excessive use of groundwater, particularly through
835 836 1 838
883
tubewells, has been a major concern. To tackle this issue, one potential
839 1
solution is to establish limits on the amount of water that can be extracted. By
885 840
884
897
859 setting clear boundaries, individuals who own tubewells will be encouraged to
894 1
exercise restraint and use water resources more responsibly. In addition to
879
902 1,841
setting limits, regular monitoring of groundwater extraction is essential. This
869
895 842 843
can be achieved through the use of specific equipment designed to measure
886
899 1
the quantity of water extracted from each tubewell. By implementing a
865 844
889 monitoring system, tubewell owners will be held accountable for their water
845 1
903 usage, ensuring that they adhere to sustainable levels of extraction. This
888
864
891

Report: Untitled
898
approach aims to strike a balance between meeting water needs and
preserving the integrity of groundwater reserves.
By emphasizing prevention through limits and monitoring, the objective is to
876
880
create awareness among stakeholders about the importance of preserving
867
873 1
groundwater resources. Encouraging responsible behavior and fostering a
862
871
culture of sustainable water use will help maintain the long-term availability of
878
887 4 1 846
868 groundwater. Ultimately , adopting a proactive approach to groundwater
881
874
870 management can alleviate the negative consequences associated with
877
858 847 846
overdraft and promote the sustainable utilization of this vital natural resource.
900
892
882
CONCLUSION
875
15
860
863
896
901 India's stance on international agreements concerning groundwater
1
conservation is a matter of evaluation of its word and deed. While India
890 recognizes the importance of addressing the challenges posed by the depletion
4
of water resources, particularly groundwater, its commitment to and
848
861
866
893 effectiveness in implementing international agreements in this regard is not at
849 1,15
872 par. India's participation in international treaties, conventions, and forums
883
related to water resource conservation indicates a recognition of the global
904
significance of sustainable development and environmental preservation.
1
885
884
897
Agreements such as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
859
894
905
(UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
879
902 (UNFCCC) provide a platform for India to collaborate with other nations in
869
895 addressing water-related concerns and achieving common goals.
15
886
899 However, the effectiveness of India's implementation of these agreements in
850 851 1
865
889
the context of groundwater conservation is questionable. Despite being a
852
903
signatory to international commitments, India continues to face significant
853 1
888
864
challenges in managing its groundwater resources. Issues such as over-
891

Report: Untitled
898
extraction, pollution, and inadequate regulatory mechanisms persist, leading
to the depletion and contamination of groundwater reserves.
15
One of the primary factors hindering India's ability to effectively conserve
876
880 4,854 855
groundwater is the lack of comprehensive legislation and enforcement
867
873 1
mechanisms. While international agreements provide a framework for action,
862
871
906
their successful implementation requires domestic laws and regulations that
878
887
907 1
868 address the specific challenges faced by the country. In the case of India, there
881
874 856
870 is a need for stronger and more stringent legislation to regulate groundwater
877
858 1
extraction and prevent its unsustainable use. Furthermore, there is a gap
900 857 1
892 between policy formulation and on-ground implementation in India. Despite
882
875 the existence of national policies and programs aimed at promoting
860
863
896
901
sustainable water management, the translation of these policies into tangible
1
outcomes at the local level remains a challenge. Inadequate institutional
890
capacity, limited awareness among stakeholders, and weak governance
structures often impede the effective implementation of conservation
861
866
893
measures.
872 15
In conclusion, while India's participation in international agreements related to
883
groundwater conservation demonstrates a recognition of the global importance
904 of sustainable development and environmental preservation, there are
885 1
884
897
859 significant challenges in effectively implementing these commitments. The
894
905 lack of comprehensive legislation, weak enforcement mechanisms, gaps
879
902
between policy formulation and implementation, and the socio-economic
869
895 15
complexities surrounding groundwater use hinder India's progress in
886
899 1
conserving this vital resource. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-
865 768
889 faceted approach that combines robust regulatory frameworks, stakeholder
903 engagement, capacity-building initiatives, and the integration of socio-
888
864 economic considerations into water management strategies.
891

Report: Untitled
898
876
880
867
873
862
871
906
878
887
907
868
881
874
870
877
858
900
892
882
875
860
863
896
901
890
861
866
893
872
883
904
885
884
897
859
894
905
879
902
869
895
886
899
865
889
903
888
864
891

Report: Untitled
898
1. . As; . Rapid; . This; . However; . Text inconsistencies Correctness
Moreover; . The; . Groundwater; .
Forming; . With; . In; . Sadly; . India; .
India’s; . It; . Environment; . Earlier; .
But; . Hence; . An; . Apart; .
876
880
Researchers; . Thus; . Unlike; . One; .
867
873 Even; . Firstly; . Nature; .
Furthermore; . Marked; . To; . Their; .
862
871
906 If;…
878
887
907
868 2. an agrarian → a rural, an agricultural Word choice Clarity
881
874
870
877 3. groundwater users Wordy sentences Clarity
858
900 4. groundwater; Groundwater Text inconsistencies Correctness

892
882
875 5. The rapid Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
860
863
896
901 etc.)
6. This Intricate text Clarity

890
7. a declining Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
861
866
893
8. supply demand → supply-demand Misspelled words Correctness
872
9. , which Punctuation in Correctness

883
compound/complex sentences
904
10. the need to develop → Wordy sentences Clarity
885
884
897
859 developing
894
905
11. in conceiving → to conceive Incorrect verb forms Correctness
879
902
86912.
895 However, India has failed in Unclear sentences Clarity
conceiving a concrete management
886
899 plan to rectify this significant
challenge due to myriad factors,
865
889 such as inadequate monitoring and
surveillance, lack of political will,
903 and insufficient human and financial
888 resources.
864
891
13. Tone suggestions Delivery

Report: Untitled
898
14. , along Punctuation in Correctness
15. UN's; India’s; “; ”; resource’s; Bill’s; Text inconsistencies Correctness

876
880 today’s; person's; plaintiff’s;
Government's; Centre’s; it’s;
867
873
everyone’s; citizens’; ‘; ’; Policy’s;
862
871
906
polluters’; Users’; ’ ; INDIA’S; India's;
"; "; Plan’s; company's; court’s;
878
887
907
868
nation's; ” ; It's
881
874
87016. Desertification; desertification Text inconsistencies Correctness
877
858
17. 1994, Punctuation in Correctness
900 compound/complex sentences
892
882
875
18. state; State Text inconsistencies Correctness
860
863
896
901
19. paper → report, article, form Word choice Engagement
89020. Keywords: Water laws, Groundwater, Incomplete sentences Delivery

groundwater governance, overdraft,
ownership, Model Groundwater Bill.
861
866
893
21. an agrarian → a rural, an agricultural Word choice Clarity
872
88322. increased skyrocketing Wordy sentences Clarity
90423.
, and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
885
884
897
859
24. country → government Word choice Engagement
894
905
87925.
902 is compensated Passive voice misuse Clarity
869
895
26. , resulting Punctuation in Correctness
886
865
88927. ”. → .” Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness
marks, etc.
903
86428.
888 clearly Wordy sentences Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
89829. is further aggravated Passive voice misuse Clarity

876
880
31. has → have Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
867
873
32. which has been Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
907
878
887
868
33. itself → themselves Pronoun use Correctness
881
874
87034. the recent Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
877
858
etc.)
90035. is still regulated Passive voice misuse Clarity

892
882
875
860
863
896
37. , thereby Punctuation in Correctness

38. totally Wordy sentences Clarity

861
866
893
39. common → shared Word choice Engagement
872
88340. Government; government Text inconsistencies Correctness
90441. , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

885
884
897
859
894
905
87943.
902 to this Wordy sentences Clarity
869
895
44. every Wordy sentences Clarity
886
899
45. the face Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
865
889 etc.)
903
46. a well Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
888
864 etc.)
891

Report: Untitled
89847. well formulated → well-formulated Misspelled words Correctness
48. that incorporates Pronoun use Correctness
49. incorporating Wordy sentences Clarity

876
880
86750.
873 , and Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
862
871
906
51. periodical → periodic Word choice Engagement
878
887
907
868
52. periodical → periodic Word choice Clarity
881
874
870
877
85853. the groundwater Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
900
892
882
875
54. groundwater-dependent Misspelled words Correctness
860
863
896
901
55. , with Punctuation in Correctness
89056. as Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
57. as Wordy sentences Clarity

861
866
893
58.
872 being used Passive voice misuse Clarity
88359. with Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

904
60. It was in the 1960s that water Unclear sentences Clarity
885
884
897
859 resources were being used massively
to meet with the growing needs of the
894
905 country.
879
902
61. , and Punctuation in Correctness
869
886
899
865
889 etc.)
903
63. policy; Policy; Policy’s Text inconsistencies Correctness
888
864
64. a policy Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
891
etc.)

Report: Untitled
898
66. formulated → Word choice Engagement

developed, prepared, drafted,
876
880 acquired
867
873
67. In face of the recent development, Unclear sentences Clarity
862
871
906 the Government decided to formulate
policy to meet with the growing
878
887
907
868 demand for portable water and
formulated the Model Groundwater
881
874
870
Bill in 1975.
877
858
68. Bill’s; Bill; bill Text inconsistencies Correctness
900
892
87569.
882 establishing Wordy sentences Clarity
860
863
896
901

890
72. Five Year → Five-Year Misspelled words Correctness
861
866
893
73. a more Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
872 etc.)
88374. was felt Passive voice misuse Clarity

904
885
884
897
894
905
76. However, the mere establishment of Unclear sentences Clarity
879
902 a groundwater monitoring committee
was not enough to meet with the
869
895 groundwater crisis of the country and
in the 12th Five Year Plan, the need
886
899
for a more robust legislation was felt
865 and the Government introduced the
889
Model Bill on Groundwater 2011.
903
77. per their requirements Wordy sentences Clarity
888
864
89178. in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

Report: Untitled
898
79. which makes → that makes Pronoun use Correctness
80. implements Wordy sentences Clarity
87681.
880
, irrespective Punctuation in Correctness
867
873
86282.
871
906 has → have Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
878
887
907
868
83. The government in order to deal with Unclear sentences Clarity
881
874
870 this also implemented the National
877 Water Policies in the years 1987,
858 2002 and 2012.
900
892
84. , in Punctuation in Correctness
882
860
863
896
901
85. in order to → to Wordy sentences Clarity
86. , also Punctuation in Correctness

890

861
866
893

883
89. general, Punctuation in Correctness

904
885
884
897
859
90. Earlier, Punctuation in Correctness
894
879
902
91. Constitution; constitution Text inconsistencies Correctness
869
895
89992.
886 , even Punctuation in Correctness
865
889
93. basic → Word choice Engagement

903
elemental, essential, fundamental
888
864
94. was embedded Passive voice misuse Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
89895. time, Punctuation in Correctness

96. the need for Constitutional Passive voice misuse Clarity

protection of the environment was
876
880
felt
867
873
862
871
878
887
907
868
98. the idea of Environment rights and Passive voice misuse Clarity
881
874
870 obligations was introduced
877
858
99. time, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
900
892
100. In today’s time the → Wordy sentences Clarity
882
875 Today’s
860
863
896
901
101. the environment must be protected Passive voice misuse Clarity
102.
890 ever increasing → ever-increasing Misspelled words Correctness
103. if → of Confused words Correctness

861
866
893
872 etc.)
883
105. great → Word choice Engagement
904 tremendous, significant, incredible
885
884
897
106.
859 in providing → to provide Incorrect verb forms Correctness
894
905
107. a full → Word choice Engagement
879
902
a complete, an entire, a whole
869
895
108. full proof → foolproof Confused words Correctness
886
899
109.
865
889
Tone suggestions Delivery
110.
903 The existing laws have failed in Unclear sentences Clarity
888
providing a full proof plan to deal
864
with the said problem.
891

Report: Untitled
111.
898 a proper Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
112. the need for a proper central Passive voice misuse Clarity
legislation cannot be emphasised
876
880
113.
867
873 emphasised → emphasized Mixed dialects of English Correctness
114.
862
871
906 Tone suggestions Delivery
878
887
907
868
115. An elaborate → A detailed Word choice Engagement
881
874
870
877
116.
858
have → has Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
117.
900
892 is → are Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
882
875
118. is mostly governed Passive voice misuse Clarity
860
863
896
901
119. of 1882 Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
120.
890 statues → statutes Confused words Correctness

861
866
872
122. However, subject to the inherent Unclear sentences Clarity
883 limitation, these statues and legal
provisions have proved to be
904 inadequate and the groundwater
situation in India is still dire.
885
884
897
859
123.
894
879
902
124. WITH UNDER Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
869
895
125. Act, Punctuation in Correctness
886
899
865
889
903
127.
888 1882, Punctuation in Correctness
864
891

Report: Untitled
128.
898 on the land Wordy sentences Clarity
129. land → ground Word choice Engagement
130. beneficially Wordy sentences Clarity

876
880
131.
867
873 an easement Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
862
871
906
132.
907
878
887
868
in relation to → Wordy sentences Clarity
about, to, with, concerning
881
874
870
877
133.
858
their beneficial → the beneficial Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
900
892
134. beneficial → practical Word choice Engagement
882
875
135.
860
863
896
901 own Wordy sentences Clarity
136. well defined → well-defined Misspelled words Correctness

890

861
866
893
138. is governed Passive voice misuse Clarity
872
139.
883 of 1882 Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
140.
904 There is no separate well defined set Unclear sentences Clarity
885
884
of legislation to regulate
897
859
groundwater in India and to the
894
905 disappointment of many, it is
governed by the Indian Easement Act
879
902 1882.
869
895
141. it on Pronoun use Correctness
886
899
142.
865
Richards, Punctuation in Correctness
889
903
143. ), Punctuation in Correctness
888
891

Report: Untitled
144.
898 flowing → rushing Word choice Engagement
145. the rules of flowing water cannot be Passive voice misuse Clarity
applied
876
880
146. Court; court Text inconsistencies Correctness
867
873
147. different → additional Word choice Engagement
862
871
906
148.
907
878
887
868
Now that groundwater is different Unclear sentences Clarity
from surface water, the Court
881
874
870 decided to set on defining different
877 groundwater rights which were
858
different from other surface water
900
rights.
892
149.
882
875 a denial Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
860
863
896
901
150. the basic, or a basic Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
890
151. , amounting Punctuation in Correctness

861
866
893
152.
872
were plagued Passive voice misuse Clarity
153.
883 Unlike the previous existing rights, Unclear sentences Clarity
the new rights were plagued with
904 various restrictions.
885
884
897
859
154. which came Wordy sentences Clarity
894
905
155.
879
902 . One → —one Incomplete sentences Delivery
869
895
156. vs. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
886
899
157. case, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
865
889
158.
903
a land Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
888
864
159.
891 own Wordy sentences Clarity

Report: Untitled
898
160. , i.e. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
161. in → on Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
162.
876
880 , which Punctuation in Correctness
867
873
163.
862
871
906 land → ground Word choice Engagement
164.
878
887
907
881
874
870
165.
877 he sued Incomplete sentences Correctness
858
166.
900 , however Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
892
167.
882
875 favour → favor Mixed dialects of English Correctness
860
863
896
901
168. , citing Punctuation in Correctness
890
169. , thereby Punctuation in Correctness
861
866
893
170. The Court however, went ahead and Unclear sentences Clarity
872 decided in favour of the defendant
citing his right to dig a coal mine on
883 his land thereby stating the same to
be a case of damnum sine injuria.
904
171.
885
884
897
full fledged → full-fledged Misspelled words Correctness
859
894
172.
905 in the way Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
879
902
173. the way it gauged → Wordy sentences Clarity
869
895 gauging
886
899
174. the concept of Wordy sentences Clarity
865
889
175. distinct → different Word choice Engagement
903
176.
888
864 water channels Wordy sentences Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
177.
898 been applied Passive voice misuse Clarity
179. towards → toward Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

876
880
180.
867
873 This shows the uncertain and Unclear sentences Clarity
ambiguous attitude of the Courts
862
871
906 towards the legal status of
groundwater.
878
887
907
868
181.
881
874
870 of all Wordy sentences Clarity
877
858
182. completely → entirely Word choice Engagement
900
892
183. is recognized Passive voice misuse Clarity
882
875
184.
860
863
896
901 the people Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
185.
890 , and Punctuation in Correctness
186.
893
861
866 the Fundamental Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
872
187. at → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

883
188.
904 , as Punctuation in Correctness
885
884
897
859
189.
894
905 in the Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
879
902
190. , having Punctuation in Correctness
869
886
899
191. long dead → long-dead Misspelled words Correctness
865
889
903
193.
864
891

Report: Untitled
194.
898 The Indian Easement Act 1882 is a Unclear sentences Clarity
remnant of the British era tyranny
which still haunts the groundwater in
India.
195.
876
880 which caters → that caters Pronoun use Correctness
867
873
196. and regulates Conjunction use Correctness
862
871
906

878
887
907
868
etc.)
881
874
870
198.
877 , ensuring Punctuation in Correctness
858
900
892
199. around → about, approximately Word choice Engagement
882
875
200.
901
860
863
896 to Incorrect verb forms Correctness
201. of new → of new Improper formatting Correctness

890
202. ground water → groundwater Confused words Correctness
203.
893
861
866 tubewells → tube-wells Misspelled words Correctness
872
204. , and even dug → . It even dug Hard-to-read text Clarity
883
205. mostly → mainly, primarily Word choice Engagement
904
206.
885
884
, for Punctuation in Correctness
897
859
894
905
207.
879
902
ground water → groundwater Confused words Correctness
208.
869
895 purpose → purposes Incorrect noun number Correctness
886
899
209. the public Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
865
889 etc.)
903
210. of → for Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
888
864
211. Authority; authority Text inconsistencies Correctness
891

Report: Untitled
212.
898 and must → . It must Hard-to-read text Clarity
213. To increase the efficiency of the Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

Ground Water Authority
876
880
214. it must be provided Passive voice misuse Clarity
867
873
215. a number of → several, some, many Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
216.
878
887
907
868 and the Conjunction use Correctness
881
874
870
217. , among Punctuation in Correctness
877
900
218.
892 Persons/organizations needed to get Wordy sentences Clarity
882
875
219. It was only after the Authority Unclear sentences Clarity
860
863
896
901 approved it that a person or
organization could use the
groundwater for the purpose stated
890 in their respective application.
220. only Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

861
866
893
221. was also entrusted Passive voice misuse Clarity
872
222. make proper use of → Wordy sentences Clarity

883
properly use
904
223. Their biggest → Their biggest Improper formatting Correctness
885
884
897
859
224.
894
905 , due Punctuation in Correctness
879
902
225.
869
886
899
226.
865 2 → two Improper formatting Correctness
889
227.
903 Their biggest mistake was not paying Unclear sentences Clarity
heed to the Centre’s advice due to
888
864
which it ended up being a mere piece
891 of paper and the same continued for

Report: Untitled
898 almost 2 decades before the Central

Government decided to revive the Bill
and rectify its past implementation
errors.
228.
876
880 was finally looked into Passive voice misuse Clarity
867
873
862
871
878
887
907
868
230. Bill, Punctuation in Correctness
881
870
877
858
231. regulate → Regulate Confused words Correctness
900
892
232. control → Control Confused words Correctness
882
875
233.
901
860
863
896 development → Development Confused words Correctness
234. management → Management Confused words Correctness

890
235. groundwater → Groundwater Confused words Correctness
236.
893
861
866 a representative Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
872

883
238.
885
884
897
859
239. ground water → groundwater Confused words Correctness
894
905
240.
879
902
areas → sites Word choice Engagement
241.
869
895 powers → capabilities Word choice Engagement
886
899
242. are provided Passive voice misuse Clarity
865
889
903
244.
888
864 The Government and the Authority Unclear sentences Clarity
are provided protection against any
891

Report: Untitled
898 sort of actions they took in good

faith.

etc.)
876
880
246.
867
873 permit → permits Incorrect noun number Correctness
247.
862
871
906 permit → license Word choice Engagement
878
887
907
868
248. which Wordy sentences Clarity
881
874
870
877
249.
858
, but Conjunction use Correctness
250.
900
892 areas Wordy sentences Clarity
882
875
251. areas and → areas and Improper formatting Correctness
860
863
896
901
252. areas . Improper formatting Correctness
253.
890 , upon Punctuation in Correctness
254.
861
866
893 notified → declared Word choice Engagement
872
255. If upon proper consideration, the Unclear sentences Clarity
883 Authority is satisfied that the
groundwater use in a notified area
904 will not result in any harm to the
public interest, the Registering
885
884
897
859 Authority can approve the same.
894
905
256. Apart from this, every rig owner is Unclear sentences Clarity
879
902 also supposed to get themselves
registered.
869
895
257.
886
899 be cancelled Passive voice misuse Clarity
865
889
258. cancelled → canceled Mixed dialects of English Correctness
903
888
864
260.
891 Rain water → Rainwater Confused words Correctness

Report: Untitled
898
261. which includes → that includes Pronoun use Correctness
262. which mostly → that mostly Pronoun use Correctness
263.
876
880 roof tops → rooftops Confused words Correctness
867
873
264. Rain water harvesting is an old Unclear sentences Clarity
862
871
906 concept which includes within its
umbrella term a variety of practices
878
887
907
868 which mostly pertain to the
collection and storage of rainwater
881
874
870
that runs off from roof tops, parks,
877
858 roads, open grounds, etc.
900
265.
892 This water can either be stored for Unclear sentences Clarity
882
household uses or help to replenish
875
the groundwater.
860
863
896
901
890
267. Groundwater is a sustainable Unclear sentences Clarity
method to recharge groundwater and
up the diminished water levels in
861
866
893
wells and provide water for irrigation.
872
268. trench → trenches Incorrect noun number Correctness
883
269.
904 , or Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
885
884
270.
897
859 , while Punctuation in Correctness
905
879
902
271. it’s majorly done Passive voice misuse Clarity
869
895
272. emphasises → emphasizes Mixed dialects of English Correctness
886
899
273.
865 on Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
889
274.
903 on Wordy sentences Clarity
888
864
891 etc.)

Report: Untitled
898
277. Sq → sq Misspelled words Correctness
876
880
278. mt → Mt Improper formatting Correctness
867
873
279. within → Within Improper formatting Correctness
862
871
906
280.
907
878
887 it is failing, or it was failing Incomplete sentences Delivery
868
881
874
870
281.
877 Lastly, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
858

900
892
283.
882
875 for raising → to raise Incorrect verb forms Correctness
860
863
896
901
284. raising mass → raising mass Improper formatting Correctness
285.
890
contravention → infringement Word choice Clarity

861
866
893
287.
872 offence → offense Mixed dialects of English Correctness
883
288. the subsequent Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
904
etc.)
885
289.
884
897
859 offence → offense Mixed dialects of English Correctness
894
905
290. upto → up to Misspelled words Correctness
879
902
291.
869
895 , or Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
886
899
292. a fine Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
865
etc.)
889
293.
903 extending → rising Word choice Engagement
888
864
294. a both Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
891 etc.)

Report: Untitled
898
296. for Wordy sentences Clarity
297.
876
880 contravention → infringement Word choice Clarity
867
873
298. a period of Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
299.
878
887
907
been taken Passive voice misuse Clarity
868
300.
881
874
870 decision → conclusion Word choice Engagement
877
858
301. mostly → primarily Word choice Engagement
900
892
302.
882
875
303.
860
863
896
901 . Even → , even Incomplete sentences Correctness
304. they Pronoun use Correctness

890
305. manpower → Potentially sensitive language Delivery

workforce, human resources,
861
866
893 staffing
872
883
307. the limited Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
904 etc.)
885
884
897
859
308. database → databases Incorrect noun number Correctness
894
905
309.
879
902 proper → Word choice Engagement
appropriate, pertinent, right, good
869
895
310. Even in many states where the State Unclear sentences Clarity
886
899
Ground Water Authority, they lacked
865 proper infrastructure, manpower,
889
checks and balances along with
903 limited database necessary for
bringing proper laws in place.
888
864
311.
891 governance, Punctuation in Correctness

Report: Untitled
312. binding → bind Incorrect verb forms Correctness
313. existing → current Word choice Engagement

876
880
314.
867
873 principles → regulations Word choice Engagement
862
871
906
315. The Model Groundwater Bill 2011 Unclear sentences Clarity
878
887
907
868
sewed into the fabric of groundwater
governance, the existing
881
874
870 constitutional and legal principles
877 which binding all the existing legal
858
principles since 1970 together.
900
892
316. recognising → recognizing Mixed dialects of English Correctness
882
875
317.
901
860
863
896 judgements → judgments Mixed dialects of English Correctness

890
319. a public Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
861
866
893
320.
872 The first significant improvement Unclear sentences Clarity
was legally recognising groundwater
883 as a public trust in alignment with
the various Supreme Court
904 judgements which reiterated
885 groundwater and surface water to be
884
897
859
public trust, resulting in better inter-
894
905 sectoral groundwater management.
879
902
321. principle → focus Word choice Engagement
869
895
322. decentralization → Word choice Engagement
886
899
devolution
865
889
323. was introduced Passive voice misuse Clarity
903
324.
888 Act → Acts Incorrect noun number Correctness
864
891

Report: Untitled
326. were introduced Passive voice misuse Clarity
327. groundlevel → Misspelled words Correctness

876
880
ground level, ground-level
867
873
862
871
906
329.
907
878
887
868
This Intricate text Clarity
881
874
330.
870 was dealt Passive voice misuse Clarity
877
858
331. with in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
900
892
332.
882
875
, which Punctuation in Correctness
860
863
896
901
333. This Committee was called the Gram Passive voice misuse Clarity
Panchayat Groundwater Committee
890
334. This Bill laid down a proper Unclear sentences Clarity

management plan in case of sharing
861
866
893 of groundwater between different
Gram Panchayats.
872
335. , the Punctuation in Correctness

883
904
336. Committee, Punctuation in Correctness
885
884
897
894
905
337. committee → Committee Confused words Correctness
879
902
338.
869
895 the principle Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
886
899
339.
865
While declaring groundwater as a Unclear sentences Clarity
889
public trust raised concerns as to its
903
abuse at the hand of the government
bodies, this Bill provided a check on
888
864 any such illegitimate power through
principle of subsidiarity.
891

Report: Untitled
340.
898 Furthermore, the or Wordy sentences Clarity
Bill furthermore
341. a district Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

876
880
etc.)
342.
867
873 Furthermore, the Bill furthermore Unclear sentences Clarity
provides for a district groundwater
862
871
906
councils entrusted with the
878
887
907 coordination of measures taken at
868
the block and municipal level.
881
874
870
343.
877 For → At Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
858
344.
900
892 the state Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
882
875
345.
901
860
863
896 level, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
346. fullproof → foolproof Misspelled words Correctness

890
347. To fullproof the plan Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
348.
861
866
893 , directly Punctuation in Correctness
872
349.
883
, this → ; this, , and this, . This Punctuation in Correctness
904
350. an important → an essential, a vital Word choice Engagement
885
884
897
859
351.
894
879
902
352.
869
895 as well Wordy sentences Clarity
886
899
353. as Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
865
889
354. of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
903
355.
888
864 the groundwater Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
891

Report: Untitled
356.
898 This Bill achieves so by making Unclear sentences Clarity
drinking water as the top priority
among all of the groundwater uses.
357. large → sizeable Word choice Engagement

876
880
358.
873
862
871
906
359. population → people Word choice Engagement

878
887
907
868
360.
881
874
870 are not met Passive voice misuse Clarity
877
858
900
892
882
875
860
863
896
901
363. is achieved Passive voice misuse Clarity
364.
890 In light of this, ensuring that the Unclear sentences Clarity
backward sections get portable
drinking water must be the prime
concern of the government and this
861
866
893
is achieved through the 2011 Bill.
872
365. a Groundwater Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
883 etc.)
904
366. is made Passive voice misuse Clarity
885
884
897
859
367.
894
groundwater uses Wordy sentences Clarity
905
368.
879
902 various → multiple Word choice Engagement
869
895
369. uses → services, benefits Word choice Engagement
886
899
370.
865
environment → environmental Confused words Correctness
889
371.
888
864
372. important → essential, integral Word choice Engagement
891

Report: Untitled
373.
898 , as Punctuation in Correctness

876
880
375.
867
873 of 2005 Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
376.
862
871
906 Transparency is an important part of Unclear sentences Clarity
any democratic process as has been
878
887
907
868 discussed under the Right to
881
874 Information Act, 2005.
870
877
858
900
892
378. inefficient → inadequate Word choice Engagement
882
875
379.
901
860
863
896 some Wordy sentences Clarity

890
381. Firstly, this Bill recognized access to Unclear sentences Clarity
groundwater as an essential part of
the citizens’ fundamental rights
861
866
893
without bringing any change in the
872
legal status of groundwater as such.
382.
883 ; however Punctuation in Correctness
904
383.
885
884
897
859 on account of → due to Wordy sentences Clarity
894
905
384. deficient → insufficient Word choice Engagement
879
902
385. manpower → Potentially sensitive language Delivery

869
895
workforce, human resources,
886
899 staffing
865
386.
889 were designed Passive voice misuse Clarity
903
387. , but Punctuation in Correctness
888
891

Report: Untitled
388.
898 Even though the 2011 Model Bill was Intricate text Clarity
introduced to make up for the sloppy
implementation and inefficient
legislative provisions, the new Model
still suffered severe blows due to
876
880 some inherent problems that
hindered its success overall. Firstly,
867
873 this Bill recognized access to
groundwater as an essent…
862
871
906
389.
907
878
887
868
was introduced Passive voice misuse Clarity
881
874
390.
870 ’. → .’ Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness
877
858
marks, etc.
391.
900
892 groundwater users Wordy sentences Clarity
882
875
392. Such problems were addressed Passive voice misuse Clarity
860
863
896
901
393. major → significant Word choice Engagement
394.
890 the groundwater Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
395.
861
866
893 years long → years-long Misspelled words Correctness
872
396. The first major change was the Unclear sentences Clarity
883 introduction and implementation of
the groundwater as a public trust
904 bringing about an end to the years
long system of individual rights.
885
884
897
859
397.
894
905 who had → that had Pronoun use Correctness
879
902
398. without implementing Wordy sentences Clarity
869
895
399. , drawing Punctuation in Correctness
886
899
865
889
400. criticisms → criticism Incorrect noun number Correctness
903
401.
864
891
402. was declared Passive voice misuse Clarity

Report: Untitled
898

876
867
873
405. Industries, Punctuation in Correctness
862
871
878
887
907
868
406. declared → said Word choice Engagement
881
874
870
407.
877 to be considered Wordy sentences Clarity
858
408.
900
892
considered → regarded as Word choice Engagement
882
875
409. a public Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
860
863
896
901 etc.)
410. of a → of a Improper formatting Correctness

890
411. the Block Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
861
866
893
872
413. Level → Levels Incorrect noun number Correctness

883
414.
904 were left Passive voice misuse Clarity
885
884
897
859
415. It is the rural area which lacks Unclear sentences Clarity
894
905 technological advancement to meet
with the groundwater overdraft.
879
902
416.
869
895 which lacks → that lacks Pronoun use Correctness
886
899
865
889
903
419.
888
864
the urban Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
891

Report: Untitled
420.
898 legislations → legislation Incorrect noun number Correctness
422. Bill proposed → Bill proposed Improper formatting Correctness

876
880
423.
867
873 to introduce → introducing Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
424. It is for the first time that any Unclear sentences Clarity
878
887
907
868
groundwater legislation links the
right to water as an essential
881
874
870 requisite to Art. 21 of the
877 Constitution.
858
425.
900 some grounds need Wordy sentences Clarity
892
882
875
426. be addressed Passive voice misuse Clarity
860
863
896
901
427. in relation to → Wordy sentences Clarity
890
etc.)
861
866
893
429. While the 2017 Model Bill brought in Unclear sentences Clarity
872 a couple of stringent actions to
control groundwater depletion, there
883 were some grounds that need to be
addressed in relation to the link
904 between the groundwater and land
885 ownership rights.
884
897
859
430.
894
905 to declare → declaring Incorrect verb forms Correctness
879
902
431. as Conjunction use Correctness
869
895
432.
886
433.
865
889 Even though the Bill advocates to Unclear sentences Clarity
declare groundwater as a public
903 trust, it has clearly failed to lay down
888 a proper procedure as to delink
864
groundwater rights from ownership
891 of land.

Report: Untitled
898
434. which outlines → that outlines Pronoun use Correctness
435. outlines → outline Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
436.
876
880 Likewise, there are no such measures Unclear sentences Clarity
which outlines the relationship that
867
873
is to be shared between groundwater
862
871
906
and surface water, creating
ambiguity as to their legal status.
878
887
907
868
437. Since, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
881
874
870
877
438.
858 inter connected → Confused words Correctness
interconnected
900
892
439.
882
875
really important → Word choice Engagement
essential, imperative, vital, crucial
860
863
896
901
440. are governed Passive voice misuse Clarity
441.
890 be governed Passive voice misuse Clarity
442. governed → handled, supervised Word choice Engagement

861
866
893
443.
872 a national Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
883
885
884
897
859
445. the threat Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
894
905 etc.)
879
902
869
895
447.
899
886 the use of water → Wordy sentences Clarity
water use
865
889
903
449.
888
864 national level → national-level Misspelled words Correctness
891

Report: Untitled
450.
898 maximising → maximizing Mixed dialects of English Correctness
451. the safety Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)
876
880
867
873
453. As far as conservation of Unclear sentences Clarity
862
871
906 groundwater was concerned the
impugned Policy talked about the
878
887
907
868
periodic assessment of groundwater
881
874
870
on a scientific basis to measure the
877 available water and its economic
858 viability.
900
454.
892 concerned, Punctuation in Correctness
882
875
860
863
896
901
455. the exploitation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
456.
890 controlled, Punctuation in Correctness
457.
861
866
893 . This Improper formatting Correctness
872
458. over-exploitation Misspelled words Correctness
883
459. , especially Punctuation in Correctness
885
884
897
859
460. , to Punctuation in Correctness
894
879
902
461. incessant → steady Word choice Engagement
869
895
462.
886
899
incessant → Word choice Clarity
continuous, continued, constant
865
889
463. of → for Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
903
464.
888
864 better-improvised Misspelled words Correctness
891
465.

Report: Untitled
898 the emphasis on the need of a better Passive voice misuse Clarity
improvised plan and implementation
procedure was felt

876
867
873
467. As the 1987 water policy could not Unclear sentences Clarity
862
871
906 stand its promises, the emphasis on
the need of a better improvised plan
878
887
907
868 and implementation procedure was
felt even more and this led the
881
874
870 Government to come up with a new
877
858
water policy.
468.
900
892 the social Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
882
875
469.
860
863
896
901 the exploitation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
470.
890 This policy brought up the idea of Unclear sentences Clarity
conducting periodic checks on the
groundwater levels in the country
along scientific grounds trying to
861
866
893
ensure that the social equality is
872
upheld and can prevent exploitation
of groundwater.
883
471. Supporting the unification of Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
904 groundwater and surface water
885
884
897
859
894
905
473.
879
902 was calling → called Wordy sentences Clarity
869
895
474. an sine → a sine Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
886
899
etc.)
475.
865
889 be created Passive voice misuse Clarity
903
476. the ingress Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
888
864 etc.)
891
477. upon Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

Report: Untitled
898
478. upon Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

876
880
480. Not only did it delineate upon Unclear sentences Clarity
867
873 technical issues but also
accentuated upon larger issues of
862
871
906 social justice and equitable
distribution of water, providing for
878
887
907
868 special schemes for the Scheduled
881
874 Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other
870
877 disadvantaged groups.
858

900
892
482.
882
875 some Wordy sentences Clarity
860
863
896
901
890
484. The earlier water policies introduced Unclear sentences Clarity
new reforms but they all suffered
from problems from implementation.
861
866
893
485.
872
486.
883 the increasing Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
904
487.
885
884
897
859 was posed Passive voice misuse Clarity
894
905
488. problem → issue Word choice Engagement
879
902
489. which could → that could Pronoun use Correctness

869
895
490.
886
899 and solving Conjunction use Correctness
865
889
491. wastage and → wastage and Improper formatting Correctness
903
888
864
493.
891 With increasing population, the Unclear sentences Clarity

Report: Untitled
898 Government was posed with the

problem of formulating an improved
water policy which could deal with
climate change, decreasing water
levels, solving the problem of water
876
880 scarcity, mismanagement, wastage
and inefficient use of water.
867
873
494. The 2012 Policy was implemented Passive voice misuse Clarity
862
871
906
495.
878
887
907
868 with the aim to → to Wordy sentences Clarity
881
874
870
496.
877 to come → of coming Incorrect verb forms Correctness
858
497. The 2012 Policy was implemented Unclear sentences Clarity

900
892 with the aim to come up with a
882
875
framework that could create a
system of laws and regulations with
860
863
896
901 a unified national perspective.

890
499. water availability Wordy sentences Clarity
500.
861
866
893 at → in Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
872
501. . It Improper formatting Correctness
883
502. being seen Passive voice misuse Clarity
904
503.
885
884
897
859 being exploited Passive voice misuse Clarity
894
905
879
902
505. come → comes Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

869
895
506.
886
899 It warned against the groundwater Unclear sentences Clarity
being seen as an individual property
865
889 and the same being exploited
through groundwater overdraft
903
acknowledging inter-regional, inter-
888 State and intra-State relationship
864
when it come to surface and
891 groundwater.

Report: Untitled
898
507. being → is Incorrect verb forms Correctness
508. which must → that must Pronoun use Correctness
509.
876
867
873
510. was incorporated Passive voice misuse Clarity
862
871
906
511.
878
887
907
, dividing Punctuation in Correctness
868
881
874
870
512.
877 This piece of legislation was Passive voice misuse Clarity
858
envisaged
900
892
513. which would → that would Pronoun use Correctness
882
875
514.
901
860
863
896 include → consist of Word choice Engagement
515. , along Punctuation in Correctness

890
516. , including Punctuation in Correctness

861
866
893
517.
872 This piece of legislation was Unclear sentences Clarity
envisaged to include a
883 comprehensive law which would
include inter-State river
904
coordination, basin regulation,
885
884
aquifers management along with
897
859
managing other water resources
894
905 including groundwater.
879
902
869
886
899
519. Rather than establishing Unclear sentences Clarity
865
benchmarks, this Policy laid down
889
provisions for periodic assessments
903 accompanied by reviews after every
five years which would measure the
888
864 quantity and quality of water in the
aquifers.
891

Report: Untitled
520.
898 , like Punctuation in Correctness
521. incentivizing efficient Improper formatting Correctness
876
880
867
873
523. an Integrated Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
862
871
906
etc.)
878
887
907
868
881
874
870
877
525.
858 , like Punctuation in Correctness
900
892
882
875
527.
860
863
896
901 is still treated Passive voice misuse Clarity


861
866
872
530. condemning → condemns Incorrect verb forms Correctness
883
531. land owners → landowners Confused words Correctness
904
532.
885
884
However, this approach has proved Unclear sentences Clarity
897
859
to be disastrous and the same has
894
905 been tackled by the Policy which
promotes a unified approach to the
879
902 Surface and Groundwater and
condemning the process of individual
869
895
ownership of groundwater among the
886
899 land owners.
865
533.
889 1996, Punctuation in Correctness
903
534.
888
864 This Intricate text Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
535.
898 was further reiterated Passive voice misuse Clarity
536. , or Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

876
880
867
873
538. with by Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
862
871
906
539.
907
878
887
868
This Intricate text Clarity
881
874
540.
870 officer → officers Incorrect noun number Correctness
877
858
541. is endowed Passive voice misuse Clarity
900
892
542.
882
875
is regulating → regulates Faulty tense sequence Correctness
860
863
896
901
543. over exploited → over-exploited Misspelled words Correctness

890
545. It is regulating groundwater by Unclear sentences Clarity

withdrawal of industries in over
861
866
893 exploited areas, constituting expert
committees with the Ministry of
872
Environment and Forest (MoEF)
dealing with mining and
883
infrastructural development of
904
projects, examining groundwater
pollution and preparing databases
885
884
897
859 for registerin…
894
905
546. the protection Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
879
902 etc.)
869
895
547. was constituted Passive voice misuse Clarity
886
899
548. constituted, Punctuation in Correctness
865
903
549. especially → mainly, primarily Word choice Engagement
888
864
550.
891 especially Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

Report: Untitled
898
551. The CGWA has performed Unclear sentences Clarity
impressively in the past decades in
achieving the goal with which it was
constituted especially when it comes
to raising awareness among the
876
880 masses.
867
873
862
871
878
887
907
868
553. be achieved Passive voice misuse Clarity
881
874
870
554.
877 etc. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
858
555.
900
892
grassroot → grassroots Misspelled words Correctness
882
875
556. individual → personal Word choice Engagement
860
863
896
901
557. stance → stances Incorrect noun number Correctness
558.
890 However, the CGWA has a long way to Unclear sentences Clarity
go and the same can be achieved by
increased participation by NGOs,
Gram Panchayats, associations, etc
861
866
893
which will help the Authority reach
872 the grassroot level and engage
citizens at individual stance to
883 preserve groundwater.
904
559. are inculcated Passive voice misuse Clarity
885
884
897
859
560. inculcated → taught Word choice Clarity
894
905
561.
879
902 with a Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
869
895
562. erroneously Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
886
899
563. overdraft → overdrafts Incorrect noun number Correctness
865
889
564.
888
864
565. is mostly aimed Passive voice misuse Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
566.
898 mostly aimed → Word choice Engagement
mainly aimed, aimed chiefly
567. which are → that are Pronoun use Correctness
876
880
568. which are Wordy sentences Clarity
867
873
569. for → of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
862
871
906
570.
907
878
887
868
a robust Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
881
874
870
877
571.
858
as → . As, ; as Punctuation in Correctness
900
892
572. ’. → .’ Misuse of semicolons, quotation Correctness
882
875 marks, etc.
860
863
896
901
890
574. the Union Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
861
866
893
575. , to Punctuation in Correctness
883
576. to → of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
904
577. It is a sad sight to see how Unclear sentences Clarity
885
884
897
859 groundwater governance happens on
894
a superficial level without
905
incorporating the technical aspect to
879
902 the legal framework, thereby
resulting in groundwater
869
895 exploitation.
886
899
865
889
579. proper → accurate, valid Word choice Engagement
903
580.
888
864 a proper → an appropriate Word choice Engagement
891
581.

Report: Untitled
898 water related → water-related Misspelled words Correctness

876
880
867
873
584. The water related technology is still Unclear sentences Clarity
862
871
906 in a nascent stage and the credibility
of the data so available is still not
878
887
907
868
very accurate.
881
874
870
585.
877 A lack Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
858
etc.)
900
892
586. severe concerns were raised Passive voice misuse Clarity
882
875
587.
901
860
863
896 regards → regard Incorrect noun number Correctness
588. with regards to → regarding Wordy sentences Clarity

890
590.
893
861
866 is measured Passive voice misuse Clarity
872
591. important → essential Word choice Engagement
883
885
884
897
859
593. a proper → Word choice Engagement
894
905 an accurate, a true, a good
879
902
594. real life → real-life Misspelled words Correctness
869
895
595. Secondly, the parameters along Unclear sentences Clarity
886
899
which the groundwater
865
contamination is measured failed to
889
include important elements which
903
thereby fails to give us a proper
picture of the real life scenario.
888
864
596.

Report: Untitled
898
597. given Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
598. However, over the years, severe Intricate text Clarity

concerns were raised with regards to
them. Firstly, the data collected so
876
880
far is not so reliable and authentic.
867
873 Secondly, the parameters along
which the groundwater
862
871
906 contamination is measured failed to
include important elements which
878
887
907
868 thereby fails to give us a proper…
881
874
870
599.
858
600.
900
be checked Passive voice misuse Clarity
892
601.
882
875 Groundwater pollution is a big Unclear sentences Clarity
menace in the journey to protect
860
863
896
901
groundwater and needs to be
checked before it goes out of hand.
890
602. Many pollutants contaminate Wordy sentences Clarity

861
866
893
604.
872 This has become an even bigger Unclear sentences Clarity
problem in areas where there is an
883 acute shortage of groundwater, like
Rajasthan, where further extraction
904 may provide water unsuitable for
human consumption.
885
884
897
859
605.
894
905 portable → potable Confused words Correctness
879
902
606. groundwater pollution Wordy sentences Clarity
869
895
886
899
865
889
608. actually Wordy sentences Clarity
903
609.
888
864
regulating → Word choice Engagement
controlling, holding, handling
891

Report: Untitled
610.
898 over exploited → over-exploited Misspelled words Correctness

876
880
612. but no → . Still, no Hard-to-read text Clarity
867
873
613. precautionary → preventive Word choice Clarity
862
871
906
614.
907
878
887
868
are implemented Passive voice misuse Clarity
881
874
615.
870 a deficit, or the deficit Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
877
858
etc.)
616.
900
892 deficit → deficits Incorrect noun number Correctness
882
875
617. over exploited → over-exploited Misspelled words Correctness
860
863
896
901
618. exploited → used Word choice Engagement
619.
890 was introduced Passive voice misuse Clarity
620. In order to → To Wordy sentences Clarity

861
866
893
621.
872 be widely applied Passive voice misuse Clarity
622.
883 The Precautionary Principle was Unclear sentences Clarity
introduced during the United Nations
904 Rio Declaration on Environment and
885
884
Development, which laid down that
897
859
“In order to protect the environment,
894
905 the precautionary approach shall be
widely applied by States according to
879
902 their capabilities.
869
895
623. Where there are threats of serious or Unclear sentences Clarity
886
899 irreversible damage, lack of full
scientific certainty shall not be used
865
889 as a reason for postponing
cost‑effective measures to prevent
903
environmental degradation”.
888
864
624. principle, Punctuation in Correctness
891

Report: Untitled
898
625. while managing Wordy sentences Clarity
876
880
627. Inculcating a precautionary attitude Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
867
873 from the government
862
871
906
878
887
907
868
629.
881
874
870 the individuals Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
877 etc.)
858
630.
900 individuals, Punctuation in Correctness
892
882
875
631.
901
860
863
896 importantly, Punctuation in Correctness
632.
890
which is → that is Pronoun use Correctness
633. is replenished Passive voice misuse Clarity

861
866
893
872
635. , such Punctuation in Correctness

883
904
636. problems → issues, difficulties Word choice Engagement
885
884
897
859
637.
894
879
902
638. overdraft → overdrafts Incorrect noun number Correctness
869
895
886
899
640.
865
889 fueled up → fueled-up Misspelled words Correctness
903
641. digging → drilling Word choice Engagement
888
864
642. an agrarian → a rural, an agricultural Word choice Clarity
891

Report: Untitled
643.
898 the time Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
644. realising → realizing Mixed dialects of English Correctness

876
880
645. replenishment, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness
867
873
862
871
906
647.
878
887
907
868 , in Punctuation in Correctness
881
874
870
877
648.
858 the absence Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
900
892
649.
882
This in absence of proper awareness Unclear sentences Clarity
875
programs, have developed into a
860
863
896
901 mass unsustainable practice.
650. have → has Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

890
651. brought about Wordy sentences Clarity
652.
861
866
893 are found Passive voice misuse Clarity
872
653. coming → come Incorrect verb forms Correctness
883
654. coming up with → developing Wordy sentences Clarity
904
655.
885
884
897 proper → appropriate Word choice Engagement
859
894
656.
905 WITH RESPECT TO → Wordy sentences Clarity
879
902 CONCERNING, FOR, TO
869
895
657. groundwater, Punctuation in Correctness
886
899
658.
865
903
659. worldwide → global Incorrect phrasing Correctness
888
864
660. Water, may it be surface or Unclear sentences Clarity
891
groundwater know no boundary and

Report: Untitled
898 water depletion is a worldwide

problem now.
661. different → other Word choice Engagement
876
880
662. Even though there are different aims Unclear sentences Clarity
867
873 and ambitions of different countries,
all of us share some common goals of
862
871
906 Sustainable Development and
propagating a healthy environment.
878
887
907
868
663.
881
874 , including Punctuation in Correctness
870
858
664. Nations, Punctuation in Correctness

900
882
875
665. been signed Passive voice misuse Clarity
860
863
896
901
666. for ensuring → to ensure Incorrect verb forms Correctness
890
667. environment → domain Word choice Engagement
668. is not made Passive voice misuse Clarity

861
866
893
669.
872 follyness → fullness Misspelled words Correctness
883
670. be focussing → focus Faulty tense sequence Correctness
904
671. the conservation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
885
884
897
859 etc.)
894
905
672. This segment will be focussing on Unclear sentences Clarity
879
902 those international treaties and
conventions dealing with
869
895
conservation of groundwater
886
899 resources.
673.
865
889 on → of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness
903
888
891

Report: Untitled
675.
898 been established Passive voice misuse Clarity
677. as a signatory to various Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

876
880
international agreements, such as
867
873 the United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the
862
871
906 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
878
887
907
868 (UNFCCC), and the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Non-
881
874
870 Navigational Uses of International
877
858
Watercourses (U…
678.
900
892 been marred Passive voice misuse Clarity
882
875
860
863
896
901
680. the existence of Wordy sentences Clarity
681.

861
866
893
683.
872
684.
883 the environment Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness
etc.)
904
685.
885
884
897
859 The fragmented approach and lack of Unclear sentences Clarity
integration between different
894
905 sectors, such as agriculture, water
resources, and environment, have
879
902
hindered effective policy
869
895 implementation and enforcement.
886
899
686. been compromised Passive voice misuse Clarity
865
889
687. demand for water → Wordy sentences Clarity
903 water demand
888
864
688. While the UNFCCC and the Paris Unclear sentences Clarity
891 Agreement emphasize the need for

Report: Untitled
898 climate change adaptation and

mitigation measures, India's efforts
in this regard have been insufficient
to address the impacts on
groundwater resources effectively.
876
880
867
873
690.
906
862
871 To address these challenges Misplaced words or phrases Correctness
878
887
907
868
881
874
870
692.
877 Robust monitoring systems and data Passive voice misuse Clarity
858
collection mechanisms should be
900
established
892
693.
882
875 Robust monitoring systems and data Unclear sentences Clarity
collection mechanisms should be
860
863
896
901
established to track groundwater
levels, quality, and usage patterns
accurately.
890
694. Effective pricing mechanisms and Passive voice misuse Clarity

incentives for sustainable water use
861
866
893 should also be introduced
872
695. India should also prioritize climate Unclear sentences Clarity
change adaptation strategies,
883
including measures to enhance water
904
storage, improve irrigation efficiency,
and promote drought-resistant
885
884
897
859 crops.
894
905
696. .... → ... Closing punctuation Correctness
879
902
697. implementing Wordy sentences Clarity

869
895
698.
886
899 pursuant to → under, according to Wordy sentences Clarity
865
889
699. notable → Word choice Engagement
903
outstanding, significant, substantial
888
700.
891

Report: Untitled
701.
898 pertaining to → about, of, on Wordy sentences Clarity
702. Insufficient → Inadequate Word choice Engagement
703. the pervasive issue of Wordy sentences Clarity

876
880
704.
867
873 groundwater extraction Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
705. in relation to → Wordy sentences Clarity
878
887
907
868
881
874
706.
870 are → is Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
877
858
707. are defined Passive voice misuse Clarity
900
892
708.
882
875
reveals → shows Word choice Engagement
860
863
896
901

890
711. starkly contrasting Wordy sentences Clarity
861
866
893
872
713. eradication, Punctuation in Correctness
904
885
884
897
859
715.
894 physical → biological Word choice Engagement
905
716.
879
902 targets → target Incorrect noun number Correctness
869
895
886
899
718.
865 For instance, The physical targets for Unclear sentences Clarity
889
Afforestation was 1.88 Lakh ha and
903 the same was mentioned in three
point no.
888
864
719.
891 Plan’s → Plan Incorrect noun number Correctness

Report: Untitled
898
720. is mentioned Passive voice misuse Clarity
722.
876
880 absence → lack Word choice Engagement
867
873
723. the absence of → lacking Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
878
887
907
868
725.
881
874
870 assigned to → of Wordy sentences Clarity
877
858
726. to manage this vital resource Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
900 sustainably
892
882
727.
875 The development of robust Unclear sentences Clarity
860
863
896
901
groundwater laws and policies,
establishment of comprehensive
monitoring systems, and active
involvement of local communities
890 and stakeholders through
participatory approaches are vital
steps.
861
866
893
728. Furthermore, enhancing data Unclear sentences Clarity
872 collection and research efforts is of
paramount importance to gain a
883 deeper understanding of
groundwater dynamics, including
904
recharge rates, aquifer
885
884
897
characteristics, and usage patterns.
859
894
729.
905 any Wordy sentences Clarity
879
902
869
895
731.
899
886 country → countries Incorrect noun number Correctness
865
732.
889 pertains → pertain Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness
903
733. national → federal Word choice Engagement
888
864
734.
891 This cooperation may involve joint Unclear sentences Clarity

Report: Untitled
898 initiatives for the sustainable

management of transboundary
natural resources, scientific and
technical collaboration, and the
strengthening of relevant
876
880 institutions.
867
873
735. set forth in → outlined in Wordy sentences Clarity
862
871
906
878
887
907
868
737.
881
870
877
858
738. The absence of regional and sub- Unclear sentences Clarity
900
regional action plans in India's
892 approach to groundwater
882
875
conservation and management is
concerning.
860
863
896
901
740.
890 plans → programs, procedures, goals Word choice Engagement
741. out on Wordy sentences Clarity

861
866
893
742.
872
plans → Word choice Engagement
programs, projects, methods,
883 techniques
743.
904 By actively engaging in the Unclear sentences Clarity
885
884
development and implementation of
897
859
such plans, India can enhance its
894
905 groundwater management practices,
leverage regional expertise, and
879
902 promote a more sustainable and
coordinated approach to address
869
895
water-related challenges.
886
899
744. important → essential, crucial, vital Word choice Engagement
865
889
745.
903
India needs to recognize Wordy sentences Clarity
888
746.
864 By doing so, India can contribute to Unclear sentences Clarity
891 the broader global efforts aimed at

Report: Untitled
898 achieving sustainable development,

environmental protection, and the
preservation of precious water
resources for present and future
generations.
876
880
867
873
748.
906
862
878
887
907
868
881
874
870
750.
877 be strengthened Passive voice misuse Clarity
858
751.
900 to govern groundwater resources Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery
892
effectively
882
875
752.
901
860
863
896 To fulfill its obligations, India should Unclear sentences Clarity
recognize the significance of regional
cooperation in groundwater
conservation.
890
753. such as broadening the NAP, Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

strengthening institutions, and
861
866
893 participating in regional initiatives
872
754. is plagued Passive voice misuse Clarity
883
755. Several potential measures can be Passive voice misuse Clarity
904 implemented
885
884
897
859
756. tailored explicitly Word choice Engagement
894
905
757.
879
902 Legislative reforms stand out as a Unclear sentences Clarity
vital step, necessitating the
869
895 development and implementation of
comprehensive laws and regulations
886
899
specifically tailored to groundwater
865
management.
889
758.
888
864
759. This could involve introducing new Unclear sentences Clarity
891 legislation or amending existing laws

Report: Untitled
898 to address the unique characteristics

and challenges associated with
groundwater resources.
760. Additionally → ¶ Additionally Intricate text Clarity

876
880
761.
873
867 Empowering local communities and Unclear sentences Clarity
involving them in the decision-
862
871
906 making process can foster a sense of
ownership and responsibility
878
887
907
868 towards groundwater resources.
881
874
870
762.
877 effective → practical Word choice Engagement
858
763.
900
inter-state and inter-agency Passive voice misuse Clarity
892 coordination should be strengthened
882
875
764. Furthermore, inter-state and inter- Unclear sentences Clarity
860
863
896
901
agency coordination should be
strengthened to address the
transboundary nature of
890 groundwater resources and ensure
effective management at regional
levels.
861
866
893
765. the adoption of Wordy sentences Clarity
872
766. technological advancements Wordy sentences Clarity

883
767.
904 the implementation of Wordy sentences Clarity
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Report: Untitled
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898 and conserve the natural resources

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Report: Untitled
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865
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Report: Untitled
834.
898 particularly → mainly Word choice Engagement
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867
873 While traditional water extraction by Unclear sentences Clarity
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865
889 overdraft → overdrafts Incorrect noun number Correctness
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Report: Untitled
898
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880 continues to face → Wordy sentences Clarity
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861
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893 local-partnerships-to-solve-
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Report: Untitled
861.
898 the Preamble and the Directive 'Economic Justice' as one of the Originality
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880 https://www.sarthaks.com/27552
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https://lexcredence.com/medical-
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899 Every citizen of India has a FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ON Originality
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Report: Untitled
898 who Improve Based on Revised SEBI

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– Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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890
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891 media-audit-netbase-quid/

Report: Untitled
898
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885
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Report: Untitled
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867
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868
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892
Navigational Uses of International Representative Federica
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875 Watercourses Mogherini on behalf of the EU on
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860
863
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significant threat to - Knowledgedo
890 https://knowledgedo.in/10-lines-
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885
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865
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903 high consumption lifestyle of a global the Conference of Parties of
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Report: Untitled
898 transboundary natural resources, Desertification 1994 (Text + PDF) -

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https://www.lawglobalhub.com/u
n-convention-to-combat-
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876
880
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867
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870 to the development of best practices We are ICML MLT 1 certified - Originality
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858
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882
875
892.
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896 and pave the way for a more Taka Solutions Appoints New CEO Originality
sustainable - Taka Solutions - Energy Services
Company in Dubai, UAE
https://takasolutions.com/taka-
890 solutions-appoints-new-ceo/
893. natural resources of the earth, Pakistan’s Climate Change and Originality
861
866
893 including the air, water, land, flora Environmental Cases
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872 samples of natural ecosystems, must pakistans-climate-change-and-
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883
present and future generations
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904
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885
884
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859
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902 d/37831c-gerichte-mit-reis-und-
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869
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886
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to the https://www.bayfm.org/news/lism
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898 exhausted by any one generation. Court Judgments | Law Library |

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878
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demoagua.html
881
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898.
870 that a similar approach could be Covid19: a catalyst for Universal Originality
877
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892
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report-water-management-
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879
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903.
898 This approach aims to strike a https://www.michelin.com/en/sus Originality
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867
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various debates and increased awareness, groundwater governance is a major

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LAWS RELATED TO GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT

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or other industrial activities related projects while checking their potential

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Simultaneously, a critical overhaul of institutional frameworks and regulatory

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900 4. groundwater; Groundwater Text inconsistencies Correctness

6. This Intricate text Clarity

9. , which Punctuation in Correctness

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15. UN's; India’s; “; ”; resource’s; Bill’s; Text inconsistencies Correctness

19. paper → report, article, form Word choice Engagement