ale29559_ch10.

qxd 07/08/2008 11:59 AM Page 441

Review Questions 441

In the Wien-bridge oscillator circuit in Fig. 10.42, let R1  R2  Practice Problem 10.16
2.5 k, C1  C2  1 nF. Determine the frequency fo of the oscillator.

Answer: 63.66 kHz.

10.10 Summary
1. We apply nodal and mesh analysis to ac circuits by applying KCL
and KVL to the phasor form of the circuits.
2. In solving for the steady-state response of a circuit that has inde-
pendent sources with different frequencies, each independent
source must be considered separately. The most natural approach
to analyzing such circuits is to apply the superposition theorem. A
separate phasor circuit for each frequency must be solved inde-
pendently, and the corresponding response should be obtained in
the time domain. The overall response is the sum of the time
domain responses of all the individual phasor circuits.
3. The concept of source transformation is also applicable in the fre-
quency domain.
4. The Thevenin equivalent of an ac circuit consists of a voltage
source VTh in series with the Thevenin impedance ZTh.
5. The Norton equivalent of an ac circuit consists of a current source
IN in parallel with the Norton impedance ZN (ZTh).
6. PSpice is a simple and powerful tool for solving ac circuit prob-
lems. It relieves us of the tedious task of working with the com-
plex numbers involved in steady-state analysis.
7. The capacitance multiplier and the ac oscillator provide two typi-
cal applications for the concepts presented in this chapter. A capac-
itance multiplier is an op amp circuit used in producing a multiple
of a physical capacitance. An oscillator is a device that uses a dc
input to generate an ac output.

Review Questions
10.1 The voltage Vo across the capacitor in Fig. 10.43 is: 10.2 The value of the current Io in the circuit of Fig. 10.44 is:
(a) 5l0 V (b) 7.071l45 V (a) 4l0 A (b) 2.4l90 A
(c) 7.071l45 V (d) 5l45 V (c) 0.6l0 A (d) 1 A

1Ω

+ Io
10 0° V + – j1 Ω Vo 3 0° A j8 Ω – j2 Ω
−
−

Figure 10.43 Figure 10.44

For Review Question 10.1. For Review Question 10.2.
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442 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.3 Using nodal analysis, the value of Vo in the circuit of 10.6 For the circuit in Fig. 10.48, the Thevenin
Fig. 10.45 is: impedance at terminals a-b is:
(a) 24 V (b) 8 V (a) 1  (b) 0.5  j0.5 
(c) 8 V (d) 24 V (c) 0.5
j0.5  (d) 1
j2 
(e) 1  j2 

Vo

1Ω 1H
a
j6 Ω 4 90° A –j 3 Ω
+ 1F
5 cos t V −
b
Figure 10.48
Figure 10.45 For Review Questions 10.6 and 10.7.
For Review Question 10.3.

10.4 In the circuit of Fig. 10.46, current i(t) is: 10.7 In the circuit of Fig. 10.48, the Thevenin voltage at
terminals a-b is:
(a) 10 cos t A (b) 10 sin t A (c) 5 cos t A
(a) 3.535l45 V (b) 3.535l45 V
(d) 5 sin t A (e) 4.472 cos(t  63.43) A
(c) 7.071l45 V (d) 7.071l45 V
10.8 Refer to the circuit in Fig. 10.49. The Norton
equivalent impedance at terminals a-b is:
1H 1F (a) j4  (b) j2 
(c) j2  (d) j4 
+ i(t) 1Ω
10 cos t V −

–j2 Ω
Figure 10.46
a
For Review Question 10.4.

6 0° V +
− j4 Ω

10.5 Refer to the circuit in Fig. 10.47 and observe that the b
two sources do not have the same frequency. The Figure 10.49
current ix(t) can be obtained by: For Review Questions 10.8 and 10.9.

(a) source transformation

(b) the superposition theorem
(c) PSpice 10.9 The Norton current at terminals a-b in the circuit of
Fig. 10.49 is:
(a) 1l0 A (b) 1.5 l90 A
1H 1Ω (c) 1.5l90 A (d) 3l90 A
10.10 PSpice can handle a circuit with two independent
ix
sources of different frequencies.
sin 2t V + 1F + sin 10t V
− − (a) True (b) False

Figure 10.47 Answers: 10.1c, 10.2a, 10.3d, 10.4a, 10.5b, 10.6c,

For Review Question 10.5. 10.7a, 10.8a, 10.9d, 10.10b.
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Problems 443

Problems
Section 10.2 Nodal Analysis 10.6 Determine Vx in Fig. 10.55.

10.1 Determine i in the circuit of Fig. 10.50.

20 Ω j10 Ω
i 1Ω

+ +
4Vx – 4.5 0° A 20 Ω Vx
2 cos 10t V + 1F 1Ω –
− 1H

Figure 10.55
For Prob. 10.6.
Figure 10.50
For Prob. 10.1.
10.2 Using Fig. 10.51, design a problem to help other 10.7 Use nodal analysis to find V in the circuit of
students better understand nodal analysis. Fig. 10.56.

2Ω
40 Ω j20 Ω V
+
4 0° V + –j5 Ω j4 Ω Vo
−
− + 6 30° A –j30 Ω 50 Ω
120 –15° V −

Figure 10.51
For Prob. 10.2.
10.3 Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.52.
Figure 10.56
1
F For Prob. 10.7.
4Ω 12 2H

10.8 Use nodal analysis to find current io in the circuit of

+ Fig. 10.57. Let is  6 cos(200t
15) A.
+
32 sin 4t V − vo 1Ω 4 cos 4t A 6Ω
−
0.1 vo
Figure 10.52
For Prob. 10.3. io 40 Ω

10.4 Determine i1 in the circuit of Fig. 10.53.

+
i1 2 kΩ 2 ␮F is 20 Ω vo 50 F 100 mH
–

+ + 30i1 Figure 10.57

100 cos 103t V − 0.5 H −
For Prob. 10.8.

Figure 10.53 10.9 Use nodal analysis to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.58.
For Prob. 10.4.
10.5 Find io in the circuit of Fig. 10.54. 50 F
20 Ω 10 mH
io
2 kΩ 2 ␮F
io
+
10 cos 103t V + 20 Ω 4io 30 Ω vo
−
25 cos(4  103t) V +
− 0.25 H +
− 10io −

Figure 10.54 Figure 10.58

For Prob. 10.5. For Prob. 10.9.
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444 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.10 Use nodal analysis to find vo in the circuit of 10.14 Calculate the voltage at nodes 1 and 2 in the circuit
Fig. 10.59. Let
 2 krad/s. of Fig. 10.63 using nodal analysis.

j4 Ω
2 F

+ 20 30° A
+ 1 2
10 sin
t A 2 kΩ vx 50 mH 0.1 vx 4 kΩ vo
–
– –j2 Ω 10 Ω j2 Ω –j5 Ω

Figure 10.59
For Prob. 10.10.

Figure 10.63
10.11 Apply nodal analysis to the circuit in Fig. 10.60 and For Prob. 10.14.
determine Io.
10.15 Solve for the current I in the circuit of Fig. 10.64
Io using nodal analysis.
j5 Ω

10 0° A
2Ω 2Ω

2Ω j1 Ω
10 0° V + 2I o j8 Ω
−
I
40 –90° V + –j2 Ω 4Ω
− 2I
Figure 10.60
For Prob. 10.11.

10.12 Using Fig. 10.61, design a problem to help other Figure 10.64
students better understand nodal analysis. For Prob. 10.15.

2io
10.16 Use nodal analysis to find Vx in the circuit shown in
Fig. 10.65.

j4 Ω
R2
io + Vx −
is R1 C L 2 0° A 5Ω –j3 Ω 3 45° A

Figure 10.61 Figure 10.65

For Prob. 10.12. For Prob. 10.16.

10.17 By nodal analysis, obtain current Io in the circuit of

10.13 Determine Vx in the circuit of Fig. 10.62 using any Fig. 10.66.
method of your choice.

–j2 Ω 8Ω j6 Ω j4 Ω 1Ω
Io 2Ω
+
+ 150 20° V −
+ Vx 3Ω 10 Ω 5 0° A
40 30° V − 3Ω –j 2 Ω
–

Figure 10.62 Figure 10.66

For Prob. 10.13. For Prob. 10.17.
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Problems 445

10.18 Use nodal analysis to obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.67 below.

8Ω j6 Ω 4Ω j5 Ω

+ +
8 45° A Vx 2Ω 2Vx –j1 Ω –j2 Ω Vo
− −

Figure 10.67
For Prob. 10.18.

10.19 Obtain Vo in Fig. 10.68 using nodal analysis. 10.22 For the circuit in Fig. 10.71, determine Vo
Vs.

R1
j2 Ω

12 0° V R2 +
4Ω +
+− Vs − C Vo
L −
+
2Ω Vo –j4 Ω 0.2Vo
−
Figure 10.71
For Prob. 10.22.
Figure 10.68
For Prob. 10.19.
10.23 Using nodal analysis obtain V in the circuit of
Fig. 10.72.
10.20 Refer to Fig. 10.69. If vs(t)  Vm sin
t and
vo(t)  A sin(
t
f), derive the expressions for
A and f. R

j
L +
+ 1
R Vs − V
j
C –
1
+ j
C
vs(t) + L C vo(t)
−
−
Figure 10.72
For Prob. 10.23.
Figure 10.69
For Prob. 10.20.

Section 10.3 Mesh Analysis

10.21 For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.70, find Vo
Vi for 10.24 Design a problem to help other students better

 0,
S , and
2  1
LC. understand mesh analysis.
10.25 Solve for io in Fig. 10.73 using mesh analysis.

R L R C
4Ω 2H
+ + + +

Vi C Vo Vi Vo io
L
20 cos 2t V +
− 0.25 F + 12 sin 2t V
−
− − − −

(a) (b)
Figure 10.70 Figure 10.73
For Prob. 10.21. For Prob. 10.25.
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446 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.26 Use mesh analysis to find current io in the circuit of 10.29 Using Fig. 10.77, design a problem to help other
Fig. 10.74. students better understand mesh analysis.

2 kΩ 1 F

io
j XL1 R3
5 cos 103t V +
− 0.4 H +
− 10 sin 103t V

R2
R1 I1 I2 j XL3
Figure 10.74
For Prob. 10.26. j XL2

+−
Vs −j XC
10.27 Using mesh analysis, find I1 and I2 in the circuit of
Fig. 10.75. Figure 10.77
For Prob. 10.29.

j 10 Ω 40 Ω

40 30° V +
−
I1 – j 20 Ω I2 +
− 50 0° V 10.30 Use mesh analysis to find vo in the circuit of
Fig. 10.78. Let vs1  240 cos(100t
90) V,
vs2  160 cos 100t V.
Figure 10.75
For Prob. 10.27.

10.28 In the circuit of Fig. 10.76, determine the mesh

20 Ω 400 mH 200 mH
currents i1 and i2. Let v1  10 cos 4t V and
v2  20 cos(4t  30) V. +
vs1 +
− 300 mH 50 F vo 10 Ω
−
1Ω 1H 1H 1Ω + vs2
−

1F Figure 10.78
For Prob. 10.30.
v1 + i2 + v2
− i1 −
1Ω

Figure 10.76
For Prob. 10.28. 10.31 Use mesh analysis to determine current Io in the
circuit of Fig. 10.79 below.

80 Ω Io j60 Ω 20 Ω

100 120° V +
− – j40 Ω –j 40 Ω +
− 60 –30° V

Figure 10.79
For Prob. 10.31.
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Problems 447

10.32 Determine Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 10.80 10.38 Using mesh analysis, obtain Io in the circuit shown
using mesh analysis. in Fig. 10.83.

Io
j4 Ω

Io
+ 2 0° A 2Ω + 10 90° V
− –j4 Ω −
4 –30° A 2Ω Vo 3Vo –j2 Ω j2 Ω
+
−

1Ω 4 0° A 1Ω
Figure 10.80
For Prob. 10.32.
Figure 10.83
For Prob. 10.38.
10.33 Compute I in Prob. 10.15 using mesh analysis.
10.39 Find I1, I2, I3, and Ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.84.

10.34 Use mesh analysis to find Io in Fig. 10.28 (for 10 Ω

Example 10.10).
I3
20 Ω –j 15 Ω j 16 Ω
10.35 Calculate Io in Fig. 10.30 (for Practice Prob. 10.10)
using mesh analysis. Ix
I1 I2
20 64° V +
− 8Ω –j25 Ω
10.36 Compute Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.81 using mesh
analysis.

–j3 Ω
Figure 10.84
j4 Ω For Prob. 10.39.
+
8 90° A 2Ω Vo + 24 0° V
− Section 10.4 Superposition Theorem
2Ω − 2Ω
10.40 Find io in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.85 using
superposition.

4 0° A 4Ω 2Ω
Figure 10.81 io
For Prob. 10.36.
+ 1H + 16 V
20 cos 4t V − −

10.37 Use mesh analysis to find currents I1, I2, and I3 in

the circuit of Fig. 10.82.
Figure 10.85
For Prob. 10.40.
I1
10.41 Find vo for the circuit in Fig. 10.86, assuming that
vs  3 cos 2t
8 sin 4t V.
+ Z
120 –90° V − I2
0.25 F
Z = 80 – j 35 Ω
+
120 –30° V − Z vs + 2Ω vo
+ −
I3 –

Figure 10.82 Figure 10.86

For Prob. 10.37. For Prob. 10.41.
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448 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.42 Using Fig. 10.87, design a problem to help other 10.46 Solve for vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.91 using the
students better understand the superposition theorem. superposition principle.

j XL Io R2
6Ω 2H

+
V1 + −j XC + V + 1 vo +
− R1 − 2 12 cos 3t V − 12 F 4 sin 2t A − 20 V
−

Figure 10.87 Figure 10.91

For Prob. 10.42. For Prob. 10.46.

10.47 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 10.92, using the

10.43 Using the superposition principle, find ix in the superposition principle.
circuit of Fig. 10.88.

1
6 F 24 V
1
F 1Ω 2H
8
3Ω ix −+
io

10 sin(t – 30°) V + 2Ω 2 cos 3t 4Ω

5 cos(2t + 10°) A 4H + 10 cos(2t – 60°) V −
−

Figure 10.88 Figure 10.92

For Prob. 10.43. For Prob. 10.47.

10.48 Find io in the circuit of Fig. 10.93 using superposition.

10.44 Use the superposition principle to obtain vx in the
circuit of Fig. 10.89. Let vs  25 sin 2t V and
is  6 cos(6t
10) A.
20 F

io
20 Ω 5H +
50 cos 2000t V − 80 Ω 100 Ω
40 mH
+
is + vs
16 Ω vx − 2 sin 4000t A 60 Ω + 24 V
– −

Figure 10.93
Figure 10.89 For Prob. 10.48.
For Prob. 10.44.

Section 10.5 Source Transformation

10.45 Use superposition to find i(t) in the circuit of
Fig. 10.90. 10.49 Using source transformation, find i in the circuit of
Fig. 10.94.

i 20 Ω
3Ω i

20 cos(10t + 30°) V + + 10 sin 4t V

− − 5 mH
5Ω 16 sin(200t + 30°) A
1 mF
300 mH
Figure 10.90 Figure 10.94
For Prob. 10.45. For Prob. 10.49.
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Problems 449

10.50 Using Fig. 10.95, design a problem to help other –j5 Ω

students understand source transformation. a

R1 L 4 0° A 8Ω j10 Ω

+ b
vs(t) + C R2 vo (b)
Figure 10.98
For Prob. 10.55.
Figure 10.95
For Prob. 10.50. 10.56 For each of the circuits in Fig. 10.99, obtain Thevenin
and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b.
10.51 Use source transformation to find Io in the circuit of j4 Ω
Prob. 10.42. 6Ω
a
10.52 Use the method of source transformation to find Ix in
the circuit of Fig. 10.96.
–j2 Ω

–j2 Ω 2 0° A
2Ω j4 Ω
Ix
b
4Ω (a)
30 0° V +
− 6Ω 2.5 90° A
30 Ω
–j3 Ω

j10 Ω
Figure 10.96
For Prob. 10.52. 120 45° V +
− 60 Ω a
–j5 Ω
10.53 Use the concept of source transformation to find Vo b
in the circuit of Fig. 10.97. (b)
Figure 10.99
4Ω –j3 Ω j4 Ω
For Prob. 10.56.
10.57 Using Fig. 10.100, design a problem to help other
+ students better understand Thevenin and Norton
20 0° V +
− j2 Ω 2Ω –j2 Ω Vo equivalent circuits.
−
R1 – j XC R2
Figure 10.97
For Prob. 10.53.
Vs +
− j XL

10.54 Rework Prob. 10.7 using source transformation.

Section 10.6 Thevenin and Norton Figure 10.100

For Prob. 10.57.
Equivalent Circuits
10.58 For the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.101, find the
10.55 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.
terminals a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 10.98.
a
j20 Ω 10 Ω
8Ω
a
2 30° A j10 Ω
–j10 Ω –j6 Ω
50 30° V +
−
b
b Figure 10.101
(a) For Prob. 10.58.
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450 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.59 Calculate the output impedance of the circuit shown 10.63 Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit depicted
in Fig. 10.102. in Fig. 10.106 at terminals a-b.

–j 2 Ω 10 Ω
5 F
a
+ Vo −
0.2Vo j 40 Ω 4 cos(200t + 30°) A 10 H 2 kΩ

Figure 10.102 Figure 10.106

For Prob. 10.59. For Prob. 10.63.

10.60 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in 10.64 For the circuit shown in Fig. 10.107, find the Norton
Fig. 10.103 as seen from: equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.
(a) terminals a-b (b) terminals c-d

c d

10 Ω –j4 Ω 60 Ω 40 Ω
a
3 60° A a b
40 0° V + j5 Ω 8 0° A 4Ω
− j80 Ω –j30 Ω

b
Figure 10.107
Figure 10.103 For Prob. 10.64.
For Prob. 10.60.

10.61 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the 10.65 Using Fig. 10.108, design a problem to help other
circuit in Fig. 10.104. students better understand Norton’s theorem.

4Ω
vs(t)
a R
Ix +−
io
2 0° A –j3 Ω 1.5Ix
C1 L C2

b
Figure 10.104 Figure 10.108
For Prob. 10.61.
For Prob. 10.65.

10.62 Using Thevenin’s theorem, find vo in the circuit of

Fig. 10.105. 10.66 At terminals a-b, obtain Thevenin and Norton
equivalent circuits for the network depicted in
3io
Fig. 10.109. Take
 10 rad/s.

10 mF 12 cos
t V
io 4Ω 2H −+ a
+
+
2 sin
t A vo 10 Ω 1
H 2vo
20 cos(t + 30°) V +
−
1
4 F 1
8 F 2Ω vo −
2
−
b
Figure 10.105 Figure 10.109
For Prob. 10.62. For Prob. 10.66.
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Problems 451

10.67 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at R2

terminals a-b in the circuit of Fig. 10.110.
C

R1
–j5 Ω −
12 Ω + +
13 Ω vs +
− vo
−
+ a b
60 45° V −

j6 Ω Figure 10.113
10 Ω For Prob. 10.70.
8Ω
10.71 Find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.114.
Figure 10.110
For Prob. 10.67. +
−
+

10.68 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b in the 0.5 F

circuit of Fig. 10.111.
16 cos(2t + 45°) V +
− vo
10 kΩ

2 kΩ
io 4Ω
a –
+
1
vo F
+ + 20 1 H vo Figure 10.114
6 sin10t V − 3 − 4io
For Prob. 10.71.
−
b 10.72 Compute io(t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.115 if
vs  10 cos(104t
30) V.
Figure 10.111
For Prob. 10.68. 50 kΩ
+
−
io
vs + 1 nF
−
Section 10.7 Op Amp AC Circuits 100 kΩ

10.69 For the differentiator shown in Fig. 10.112, obtain

Vo
Vs. Find vo(t) when vs(t)  Vm sin
t and

 1
RC. Figure 10.115
For Prob. 10.72.

10.73 If the input impedance is defined as Zin  Vs
Is,

R find the input impedance of the op amp circuit in
Fig. 10.116 when R1  10 k, R2  20 k, C1 
C 10 nF, C2  20 nF, and
 5000 rad/s.
−
+ + C1
vs +
− vo
− Is R1 R2
+
− Vo
Figure 10.112
Vs + C2
For Prob. 10.69. −

Zin
10.70 Using Fig. 10.113, design a problem to help other Figure 10.116
students better understand op amps in AC circuits. For Prob. 10.73.
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452 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.74 Evaluate the voltage gain Av  Vo
Vs in the op amp 10.76 Determine Vo and Io in the op amp circuit of
circuit of Fig. 10.117. Find Av at
 0,
S , Fig. 10.119.

 1
R1C1, and
 1
R2C2.

20 kΩ Io

R2 C2
–j4 kΩ 10 kΩ
R1 C1 +
−
− +
+ +
Vs + + – j 2 kΩ Vo
− Vo 20 30° mV −
−
−

Figure 10.117
For Prob. 10.74. Figure 10.119
For Prob. 10.76.

10.75 In the op amp circuit of Fig. 10.118, find the closed- 10.77 Compute the closed-loop gain Vo
Vs for the op amp
loop gain and phase shift of the output voltage with circuit of Fig. 10.120.
respect to the input voltage if C1  C2  1 nF, R1 
R2  100 k, R3  20 k, R4  40 k, and

 2000 rad/s.
R3 C2 R2
−
R1 + +
R1
+ C1 vo
C1 C2 vs −
+ −
− +
R4
vs +
− R2 vo Figure 10.120
For Prob. 10.77.
R3
−

Figure 10.118 10.78 Determine vo(t) in the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.121
For Prob. 10.75. below.

20 kΩ

10 kΩ 0.5 F
+ vo
−

+ 0.25 F
4 sin(400t) mV − 10 kΩ 40 kΩ

20 kΩ

Figure 10.121
For Prob. 10.78.
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Problems 453

10.79 For the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.122, obtain vo(t). 2Ω

20 kΩ 6Ω 8Ω

0.1 F is +
40 kΩ 4 F vo
10 mH –
10 kΩ 0.2 F 4Ω
− −
+
+ +
500 cos(103t) mV +
− vo Figure 10.125
−
For Prob. 10.83.

10.84 Obtain Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.126 using PSpice.

Figure 10.122
For Prob. 10.79.

–j2 Ω 2Vx
10.80 Obtain vo(t) for the op amp circuit in Fig. 10.123 if j4 Ω +
vs  4 cos(1000t  60) V. 2Ω Vo
+ −
3 0° A 1Ω Vx
50 kΩ −

20 kΩ 0.2 F Figure 10.126

For Prob. 10.84.
0.1 F
10 kΩ
−
+ − 10.85 Using Fig. 10.127, design a problem to help other
+ + students better understand performing AC analysis
vs +
− vo with PSpice.
−

Figure 10.123 +
For Prob. 10.80. R1 0.25Vx R3 Vo
–
R2 –jXC
Section 10.8 AC Analysis Using PSpice + –
Vx

jXL R4
Is
10.81 Use PSpice to determine Vo in the circuit of
Fig. 10.124. Assume
 1 rad/s.

Figure 10.127
–j2 Ω 25 Ω For Prob. 10.85.

+ 10.86 Use PSpice to find V1, V2, and V3 in the network of

24 0° V − 30 Ω
+ Fig. 10.128.
10 Ω
40 Ω Vo
− 8Ω
4 0° A j4 Ω

V1 j10 Ω V2 j10 Ω V3

Figure 10.124 + –j4 Ω –j4 Ω

60 30° V − 4 0° A
For Prob. 10.81.

10.82 Solve Prob. 10.19 using PSpice.

10.83 Use PSpice to find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10.125. Figure 10.128
Let is  2 cos(103t) A. For Prob. 10.86.
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454 Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

10.87 Determine V1, V2, and V3 in the circuit of 10.90 Figure 10.132 shows a Wien-bridge network. Show
Fig. 10.129 using PSpice. that the frequency at which the phase shift between
the input and output signals is zero is f  12p RC,
and that the necessary gain is Av  Vo
Vi  3 at
that frequency.
j10 Ω

–j4 Ω 2Ω 1Ω
V1 V2 V3

4 0° A 8Ω j6 Ω –j2 Ω 2 0° A
R
R1
C

Figure 10.129 Vi +
− + Vo −
For Prob. 10.87. C

R2
R

10.88 Use PSpice to find vo and io in the circuit of Figure 10.132

Fig. 10.130 below. For Prob. 10.90.

4Ω 20 mF 2H
io
+
+ +
6 cos 4t V − 0.5vo − 4io 10 Ω 25 mF vo
−

Figure 10.130
For Prob. 10.88.

Section 10.9 Applications 10.91 Consider the oscillator in Fig. 10.133.

10.89 The op amp circuit in Fig. 10.131 is called an (a) Determine the oscillation frequency.
inductance simulator. Show that the input (b) Obtain the minimum value of R for which
impedance is given by oscillation takes place.
Vin
Zin   j
Leq
Iin
where
R1R3R4
Leq  C
R2 80 kΩ
20 kΩ
−
+
R1 R2 R3 C R4
0.4 mH 2 nF R
I in
−
+ − +
+ − Vin 10 kΩ

Figure 10.131 Figure 10.133

For Prob. 10.89. For Prob. 10.91.
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Problems 455

10.92 The oscillator circuit in Fig. 10.134 uses an ideal 10.95 Figure 10.136 shows a Hartley oscillator. Show that
op amp. the frequency of oscillation is
(a) Calculate the minimum value of Ro that will 1
fo 
cause oscillation to occur. 2p1C(L1
L2)
(b) Find the frequency of oscillation.

Rf
1 MΩ
Ri
100 kΩ −
− + Vo
+
Ro
C
10 H 2 nF 10 kΩ
L2 L1

Figure 10.134 Figure 10.136

For Prob. 10.92. A Hartley oscillator; for Prob. 10.95.

10.93 Figure 10.135 shows a Colpitts oscillator. Show that 10.96 Refer to the oscillator in Fig. 10.137.
the oscillation frequency is
1 (a) Show that
fo 
2p1LCT V2 1

where CT  C1C2
(C1
C2). Assume Ri W XC2. Vo 3
j(
L
R  R

L)
(b) Determine the oscillation frequency fo.
Rf (c) Obtain the relationship between R1 and R2 in
Ri order for oscillation to occur.
−
+ Vo
R2
L R1
−
+ Vo
C2 C1
R L
Figure 10.135 V2
A Colpitts oscillator; for Prob. 10.93. L R

(Hint: Set the imaginary part of the impedance in the

feedback circuit equal to zero.)
Figure 10.137
10.94 Design a Colpitts oscillator that will operate at 50 kHz. For Prob. 10.96.