Italy has a rich and complex history of 

government, dating back to the Risorgimento, the 19th-

century movement that led to Italian unification in 1861. Since then, Italy has gone through various
political systems, including monarchy, fascism, and what is now the republic. Monarchy: After
unification, Italy became a constitutional monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel II,
but actual power rested with the Prime Minister and Parliament.
Fascism: At the beginning of the 20th century, Italy fell under the rule of Benito Mussolini and the
National Fascist Party. Italian Republic: After World War II, Italy abolished the monarchy and
established the Italian Republic.

The era of the Christian Democrats: In the early years of the Republic, the

Christian Democrats dominate Italian politics and form various coalition
governments. Often referred to as the “First Republic”, the period from 1948 to the early 1990s was
characterized by a fragmented political landscape with multiple parties vying for power.
Tangentopoli and the political reforms provoked a deep crisis in the political establishment, leading
to the collapse of the traditional parties. In
, during the Second Republic, media mogul Silvio Berlusconi and his party Forza
Italia were founded and new parties such as the
Democratic Party emerged. Recent events have led to economic stagnation,
high national debt, immigration, and political polarization, with the 5 Star Movement and
the Right League on the rise.

The current government is a coalition of the Democratic Party and the Five Star Movement.
It should be noted that the political situation in Italy is dynamic and this report provides a
general context. Specific events and changes may have occurred
since knowledge of the Model ceased in September 2021.