Question 1

Draw the stress Mohr’s circles for the stress states at a point given in Figure 1. For the stress state
in Figure 1(a) determine and show the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses. For the
stress state in Figure 1(b) show the stress components on the inclined plane.

(a) (b)
Figure 1

Solution:

(a)
s

max

(-30,40)

n
0
45 1 = 66.57
2 = -46.57

(50,-40)

1
 1 2 1
2 = √ (50 + 30)2 + (−40)2 = 56.57
𝑅 = √4 (𝜎𝑦 −𝜎𝑥 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 4

𝜎1 =
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦
+𝑅 =
(− 30 + 50) + 56.57 = 66.57
MPa
2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦
𝜎2 = 2 − 𝑅 =
(− 30 + 50) − 56.57 = −46.57 MPa
2

2 xy − 2  40
tan 2 = = = 1 , 2 = 45
 x − y − 30 − 50

50 MPa

1
40 MPa
2
22.5
30 MPa

2
1

(b)
s

max

240
n
0
x = 1 = 60
y = 2 = 20
(30,-17.32)

R=
1
( y −  x )2 +  xy2 = 1 (20 − 60)2 = 20
4 4

2
 x + y 60 + 20
xc = = = 40
2 2
 n = xc − R cos 60 = 40 − 20 cos 60 = 30 MPa
 s = −R sin 60 = −20 sin 60 = −17.32 MPa

Question 2

A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel 2.5 m in diameter is fabricated by shaping two 10 mm

thick steel plates and butt-welding the plates along helical arcs, as shown in Figure 2. The
maximum internal pressure in the pressure vessel is 1200 kPa. For this pressure level, calculate
the following quantities:

(1) The axial stress and hoop stress.

(2) The principal stresses and maximum shear stress.
(3) The normal stress  n perpendicular to the weld line and the shear stress  s tangent to the weld
line.

Figure 2

Solution:

pR
(1)  l = (Longitudinal stress)
2t
1200 10−3  1250
= = 75 MPa
2  10

pR
 = (Hoop stress or circumferential stress)
t
1200 10−3  1250
= = 150 MPa
10
(2)  1 =   = 150 MPa
 2 =  l = 75 MPa

3
  max=
1
( 1 −  2 ) = 1 (150 − 75) = 37.5 MPa
2 2

 = 1=150 MPa

l = 2=75 MPa

(3)  = −30

n =
1
( x +  y ) + 1 ( x −  y )cos 2 +  xy sin 2
2 2
= ( l +   ) + ( l −   ) cos(−60)
1 1
2 2
= (75 + 150 ) + (75 − 150 ) cos(−60) = 93.75 MPa
1 1
2 2

s =
1
( x −  y )sin 2 −  xy cos 2
2
= ( l −   )sin( −60)
1
2
= (75 − 150 )sin( −60) = 32.48 MPa
1
2

s

max

60
2 1 n
0

4
Question 3

The stresses shown in Figure 3(a) act at a point on the free surface of a brass machine component
with E = 100 GPa and  = 0.28.

(1) Determine the normal strains εa, εb and εc that would be indicated by the strain rosette shown
in Figure 3(b).
(2) Determine the principal stresses and draw the stress Mohr’s circle.

Figure 3

Solution:

36 MPa

72 MPa

24 MPa

5
(1)  n =
1
( x +  y ) + 1 ( x −  y )cos 2 +  xy sin 2
2 2
 45 = (72 + 36) + (72 − 36) cos 90 − 24 sin 90 = 30 MPa
1 1
2 2
 135  = (72 + 36) + (72 − 36) cos 270 − 24 sin 270 = 78 MPa
1 1
2 2
    1
 x = x −   y + z  = ( x −  y ) = (72 − 0.28  36) = 6.2  10−4 =  a
1
E  E E  E 100  10 3

 45 = ( 45 −  135  ) = (30 − 0.28  78) = 8.16  10 −5 =  b

1 1
E 100  10 3

 135  = ( 135  −  45 ) = (78 − 0.28  30) = 6.96  10 −4 =  c

1 1
E 100  10 3

72 + 36
(2) 𝜎1 =
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦
2
1 2 =
+ √4 (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
+
1
(72 − 36)2 + (− 24)2 = 84 MPa
2 4
72 + 36
𝜎2 =
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦
2
1 2
− √4 (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
= −
1
(72 − 36)2 + (− 24)2 = 24 MPa
2 4
2𝜏𝑥𝑦 −2×24
tan2𝜙 = 𝜎 = = −1.333 , 2𝜙 = −53.13°
𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 72−36

Alternative calculation for 2:

 n=  x cos 2  +  y sin 2  +  xy sin  cos

𝜀𝑏 = 𝜀𝑎 cos2 45° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 45° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin 45°cos 45°
𝜀𝑐 = 𝜀𝑎 cos 2 135° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 135° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin 135°cos 135°

8.16 × 10−5 = 6.2 × 10−4 cos2 45° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 45° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin 45°cos 45°
6.96 × 10−4 = 6.2 × 10−4 cos2 135° + 𝜀𝑦 sin2 135° + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 sin 135°cos 135°

8.16 × 10−5 = 6.2 × 10−4 × 0.5 + 𝜀𝑦 × 0.5 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 × 0.5 (1)

6.96 × 10−4 = 6.2 × 10−4 × 0.5 + 𝜀𝑦 × 0.5 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 × 0.5 (2)

Solving eqns (1) and (2) yields

𝜀𝑦 = 1.576 × 10−4 and 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = −6.144 × 10−4

𝛾𝑥𝑦 −6.144×10−4
tan2𝜙 = = = −1.333 , 2𝜙 = −53.13°
𝜀𝑥 −𝜀𝑦 6.2×10−4 −1.576×10−4

6
 s

max (x, xy)

(72,24)

45

2 = 24 53.13
n
0
1 = 84

135

(36,-24)
(y,-xy)