Running head: A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF…

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education Region
IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Laguna
District of San Pedro
Pacita Complex Senior High School
(Stand Alone SHS No. 19 San Pedro)
School ID: 342361
Tirad Pass St. Pacita Complex, San Pedro, Laguna (02)
720-50-32

A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL ARTICLE

ENTITLED “THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF

ACANTHOGYRUS SP. (ACANTHOCEPHALA

QUADRIGYRIDAE IN NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS

NILOTICUS L.) FROM SAMPALOC LAKE, PHILIPPINES”

A document analysis presented to the faculty of Pacita

Complex Senior High School in fulfillment to the

requirements of the Research Capstone

Submitted by

YURI C. ANTONIO

CHRISTIAN L. CALUYA

June 2021
A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… i

APPROVAL PAGE

PACITA COMPLEX SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This is to certify that the document analysis prepared and submitted by Christian L.

Caluya and Yuri C. Antonio, entitled “A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE

JOURNAL ARTICLE ENTITLED “THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF

ACANTHOGYRUS SP. (ACANTHOCEPHALA QUADRIGYRIDAE IN NILE

TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS L.) FROM SAMPALOC LAKE,

PHILIPPINES”” submitted in fulfillment for Research Capstone meets the accepted

standards with respect to originality.

Approved:

_________________________

MARY ANN M. ESPECTACION, LPT. MAEd-SciTech

SHS-TEACHER II
A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This document analysis would not have been possible without the help of many

individuals. The analysts would like to expound their sincere thanks to all of them.

Foremost, the analysts would like to express their gratitude towards their family for the

incentive care and encouragement which helped in completion of the research. They

supported the analysts despite being in pandemic. Next is to the subject adviser of the

analysts, Mrs. Anne Espectacion, who helped guide the analysts and took the time and

patience to conduct the beginning until the end of this task without hustle along with

imparting her knowledge and expertise on performing a document analysis. The analysts

are also indebted to Pacita Complex Senior High School for their constant supervision and

guidance.
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… iii

ABSTRACT

The authors of the study, “DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF Acanthogyrus SP.

(ACANTHOCEPHALA: QUADRIGYRIDAE) IN NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis

niloticus L.) FROM SAMPALOC LAKE, PHILIPPINES”, are the researchers Christian

Paul P. de la Cruz, Modesto Z. Bandal, Jr., Angela Rosalina B. Avila, and Vachel Gay V.

Paller. They are all members of the Animal Biology Research Laboratory at the Institute

of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los

Baños, College, Laguna. This document is a scientific paper or journal article published in

the periodical called Journal of Nature Studies. It was made as a prerequisite for the

completion of the author’s Master of Science in Zoology at the University of the

Philippines, Los Baños. The site where the study was conducted is located at Sampaloc

Lake, an inactive volcanic maar on the island of Luzon, Philippines. It is an area focused

on cage tilapia aquaculture and is known as the largest among the seven crater lakes of

volcanic origin within San Pablo City, Philippines. Through this study, the discovery and

understanding of the dynamics among parasite populations will allow an individual to

somewhat predict future outbreaks and contribute to the research involving the objective

and progress of controlling infections. The study is primarily geared for the local

communities who use the Sampaloc Lake for fish cage aquaculture, fishermen, ecological

parasitologists, biologists and those interested in aquaculture. The intended purpose of the

document is to inform readers of the distribution pattern of an unknown Acanthogyrus

parasitic worms on Nile tilapia from Sampaloc Lake, Philippines. The document shows the

topography of the lake with the intention to show the readers context on where the lake is

and what the subjects are within. Furthermore, the document shows the results of the study
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… iv

through various graphs and written explanations. The subjects of the study were a total of

550 fish of the Oreochromis niloctus species more commonly known as Nile Tilapia

collected from Sampaloc Lake in the Philippines. The acanthocephalan distribution was

measured using goodness of fit tests which describes how well sample data fits in a

distribution from a population that has normal distribution. The used tests in the study were

the Kolomogrov-Smirnov test, index of discrepancy, and negative binomial distribution

models. The Acanthogyrus sp. was shown to have a non-random distribution pattern which

was skewed to the left which is akin to fish acanthocephalan. Based on the analyzed

document and supporting data, the analysts surmised that the study was conducted to

evaluate the distribution pattern of Acanthogyrus Sp. on Nile Tilapia from Sampaloc Lake

in the Philippines. The distribution being questioned is in fact a non-random distribution

pattern that states that the larger and longer the fish, the more parasites are infested in it
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

SPEAKER 1

OCCASION 3

AUDIENCE 4

PURPOSE 4

SUBJECT 6

CONCLUSION 8

RECOMMENDATION 8

REFERENCES 10

CURRICULUM VITAE 12

DOCUMENTATION 14
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 1

Introduction

Parasites are a breed of microorganism that feed on its “host”, the body that it

sustains nutrients from, in order to survive. This type of symbiotic relationship allows for

a detrimental or beneficial or a neutral effect on the host. The study that was analyzed is

centralized on the distribution pattern of a parasite inside a type of fish in a certain lake in

the Philippines.

A document analysis is exactly what it says, an analysis on a certain document that

will allow readers to further find out knowledge within the document being analyzed.

Furthermore, it will allow the common man to read and find out this type of knowledge

without the need of delving too deep into the technical knowledge required to fully

understand this type of study as the analyzation provides a translation.

The analysis itself was done in the SOAPS or the Speaker, Occasion, Audience,

Purpose, Subject, format that gives way to an easier organization of the information to

provide insight on the study. The Speaker portion contains information about those who

conducted the study, the Occasion contains information about where and when the study

was conducted as well as where it was published, the Audience is about who the study is

for, the Purpose contains information about what the study was made for, and the Subject

contains information about the subjects, the statistical analyses, and the figures within the

study.

Speaker

The authors of the study “DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF Acanthogyrus SP.

(ACANTHOCEPHALA: QUADRIGYRIDAE) IN NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis

 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 2

niloticus L.) FROM SAMPALOC LAKE, PHILIPPINES” are the following: Christian

Paul P. de la Cruz, Modesto Z. Bandal, Jr., Angela Rosalina B. Avila, and Vachel Gay V.

Paller. They are all members of the Animal Biology Research Laboratory at the Institute

of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los

Baños, College, Laguna.

As shown in their profiles at a website named ResearchGate, Christian Paul P. de

La Cruz owns a bachelor’s and Master’ Degree in Biology and Zoology, respectively. His

primary field of study is Parasitology with interests on epidemiology, molecular biology

and environmental science. He also has 8 years of experience on being a teacher along with

being a researcher and is pursuing a PhD on Animal Science at the University of the

Philippines – Los Banos (UPLB). Following this author is Modesto Z. Bandal, Jr., currently

a research associate working at the Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the

Philippines Los Baños with a focus on Parasitology, Limnology and Ecology. Third is

Angelina Rosalina B. Avelina, the only contributor of this study who does not have a

ResearchGate profile of her own but is also listed as a contributor of the study. Last to be

introduced is Vachel Gay Paller, whose research interest revolves around Parasitology with

a focus on the field of parasite ecology and public health. This same person also holds the

current position of being an associate professor.

The roles they assumed consist of the first three authors performing data collection

in the form of fieldwork and testing in the laboratory with the first author having the

specific job of compiling the results of the study conducted. On the other hand, the last

author assumed the role of the consultant or guide for the other contributors.

The reason why they conducted this study is in order to prove the relationship of
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 3

these parasitic organisms within an ecosystem along with an analysis of their roles, the

risks they introduce and their impact to the structure of the system that occurs in it. The

study also aims to pinpoint the patterns occurring in the parasite distribution of fish hosts

and what factors can affect its dispersion among the population. Use of statistics was

employed in order to assure that no bias will affect the outcome of the study.

Occasion

This document is a scientific paper or journal article published in the periodical

called Journal of Nature Studies in 2013. It was made as a prerequisite for the completion of

the author’s Master of Science in Zoology at the University of the Philippines, Los Baños.

The site where the study was conducted is located at Sampaloc Lake, an inactive volcanic

maar on the island of Luzon, Philippines. It is an area focused on cage tilapia aquaculture

and is known as the largest among the seven crater lakes of volcanic origin within San

Pablo City, Philippines. This lake also has fishpens containing various aquatic creatures

with a high possibility of being a host for acanthocephalan parasites which made it a prime

option in becoming a resource for examining the host-parasite distribution pattern. On the

other hand, according to Global Nature Fund (n.d.), which is a website of an environmental

foundation, Lake Sampaloc was dubbed as the “Threatened Lake of the year 2014” in the

Philippines. In addition, it was said there that intensive fish caging will leave adverse

effects on the lake itself. With this, it can be inferred that attention was drawn to the

advancing destruction of the crater lakes. This warrants an investigation with creating

measures to protect the location.

 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 4

Audience

The study is aims to draw attention from local policymaking authorities to the issues

in Lake Sampaloc. In doing so, the local communities who use the Sampaloc Lake for fish

cage aquaculture, fishermen, and local markets will benefit from the positive change once

the problems there are addressed. Moreover, ecological parasitologists, biologists and

those interested in aquaculture can also stand to gain knowledge from the results of the

study. This research may also benefit students and other people who wish to pursue further

studies on the ecology of Acanthocephala with a particular focus for the genus

Acanthogyrus along with many academic institutions and prominent organizations like the

Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development of the Department

of Science and Technology (PCAMRD-DOST), the National Research Council of the

Philippines (NRCP), and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). This study also

utilizes scientific and technical terms to further specify the focus of the study and

emphasize the scholarly stance of the research. The speaker evokes balance and awareness

on the importance of host-parasite relationships and distribution along with host mortality.

Purpose

The intended purpose of the document is to inform readers of the distribution

pattern of an unknown Acanthogyrus parasitic worms on Nile tilapia from Sampaloc Lake,

Philippines. The document shows the topography of the lake with the intention to show the

readers context on where the lake is and what the subjects are within. Furthermore, the

document shows the results of the study through various graphs and written explanations.

The document is written in a scientific and formal way not uncommon with other scholarly
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 5

texts found in this type of field. The research was written in an experimental design format.

More specifically, the IMRAD format which aims to present itself as a scholarly article.

The speaker is speaking in a tone that would allow the audience to understand

scientifically what the document is all about. This is proven using scientific jargon such as

“Oreochromis niloticus” and Phylum Acanthocephala. The speaker is in a state of scientific

devotion to their craft. The speaker wishes to give the audience the necessary information

about the unknown parasitic worm in order to create more discussion and further add more

information about such a discovery.

Through this study, the discovery and understanding of the dynamics among

parasite populations will allow an individual to somewhat predict future outbreaks and

contribute to the research involving the objective and progress of controlling infections.

Moreover, the study will help with the investigation of the relationship between the host

and organism along with the creation of control approaches or management system for lake

ecosystems through knowing the causes and risk factors attached to fish cultivation.

Furthermore, the research of such a subject will be able to correlate other fish of

the same type with other parasites. Likewise, the study of the reproduction pattern of other

parasites in other bodies of water through fish can help learn if any undiscovered variety

of parasites that may or may not be dangerous to both the fish, the environment the fish is

in, the water it inhabits and most importantly, the humans consuming the fish.

Understanding of host-parasite relationships in small lakes will be beneficial to public

health, especially since the ecosystems of small lakes are more vulnerable compared to

larger lakes in terms of being a fishing ground and being a popular location for human

activities.
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 6

Arguedas et. al. (2017) conducted a study titled “Parasites of Nile Tilapia larvae

Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in concrete ponds in Guanacaste, Northern Costa

Rica” which adds to the document being analyzed due to the Nile Tilapia having parasites.

The information gained in this study adds to the validity of the document being analyzed.

Subject

The title of the study is “DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF Acanthogyrus SP.

(ACANTHOCEPHALA: QUADRIGYRIDAE) IN NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis

niloticus L.) FROM SAMPALOC LAKE, PHILIPPINES” by de la Cruz et al. (2013). The

subjects of the study were a total of 550 fish of the Oreochromis niloctus species more

commonly known as Nile Tilapia collected from Sampaloc Lake in the Philippines. Nile

Tilapia commonly reachers 60 cm in length and can weigh up to 5 kg. The parasites

Acanthogyrus sp. are a phylum of parasitic worms of the Acanthocephala phylum. Using

ice, the fish were transported to the laboratory from the lake the same day they were caught.

The fish were then dissected and had their intestines removed for detection and analysis of

the parasite Acanthogyrus Sp. using a dissecting stereomicroscope and a digital camera

under 20x scanning view.

The study was conducted at Sampaloc Lake which is a crater lake in San Pablo

City, Philippines. The lake is an inactive volcanic maar and is the largest in the seven lakes

in San Pablo City. It has a circular surface of 105 ha with a perimeter of 3.5 km and a depth

of 27 km. Approximately 16 ha are for Nile tilapia aquaculture.

The acanthocephalan distribution was measured using goodness of fit tests which

describes how well sample data fits in a distribution from a population that has normal
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 7

distribution. The used tests in the study were the Kolomogrov-Smirnov test, index of

discrepancy, and negative binomial distribution models. Furthermore, the Pearson product

moment correlation test was used to ascertain the correlation between the intensity of

infection and the size, in length and weight, of the fish.

The Acanthogyrus sp. was shown to have a non-random distribution pattern which

was skewed to the left which is akin to fish acanthocephalan. The dataset was then

examined using Poulin’s index of discrepancy, a discrepancy index where all subjects are

used equally to quantify parasite aggression, to estimate the degree of aggregation in the

hosts. The index, denoted as D, has a given range of zero to one. Zero suggests no

aggregation whereas one suggests all parasites in a sample are concentrated on one host.

The study computed a 0.819 indicating that Acanthogyrus sp. was highly spread among the

fish hosts.

However, Poulin’s index is one of several methods to measure the aggregation of

the parasites. In the study, the variance(s2) and mean distribution (m) was also considered

where if variance is equal to mean, the distribution of the parasites were random, if variance

is greater than mean, there would be aggregation in the distribution, the degree of

aggregation would be measured with variance over mean. In the study, the variance was

greater than the mean.

Another method used was the negative binomial distribution (NBD) model which

is widely used in parasite crowding where, (q-p)-k but q = 1+p, and k is positive. However,

the dataset of the study did not match the requirement to use NBD which suggests that

NBD is not universal in describing parasite datasets.

Using a dot chart, the researchers opted to measure and correlate the parasite
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 8

infection intensity with the height and length of the fish. The dataset suggests that the

parasite load increased as the size and weight increased.

Conclusion

Based on the document analysis conducted, the analysts concluded the following:

1. The document was well written and well versed. However, the vocabulary used by

the researchers is too complicated and technical to be read by the common reader.

It is to be read mostly by other researchers and experts in the field.

2. The implementation of varying data analytics tools and statistical treatments were

a great idea. Due to these, the results were more comprehensive, and the

conclusions made had more weight.

3. Many people were cited throughout the study. This assures the researchers that the

concepts, facts or information dispersed throughout the document are supported by

other people.

Recommendation

➢ Future research direction should focus on the distribution pattern of Acanthogyrus

sp. (Acanthocephala quadrigyridae in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus l.) from

Sampaloc Lake, Philippines and its host-parasite relationship while considering the

following factors in order to fill the knowledge gaps of the study:

1. Environmental changes to the lake’s ecosystem.

2. Water pollution

3. Overcrowding of fish populations in the fishpens.

A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 9

➢ Designing a monitoring-scheme on Sampaloc Lake fish caging and plans for

alteration of lake environments for when once equilibrium of the host-parasite

relationship is disturbed.

➢ Finding medicated feed able to control infections.

A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 10

References

Arguedaz, et al. (2017). Parasites of Nile Tilapia larvae Oreochromis

niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in concrete ponds in Guanacaste,

Northern Costa Rica.

https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/cinn/v9n2/1659-4266-cinn-9-02-

00313.pdf

Avila, A. (n.d.). Profile. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Angela-

Rosalina-B-Avila-2035218344

Bandal Jr., M. (n.d.). Profile. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Modesto-Bandal-Jr

Cruz, C. (n.d.). Profile. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian-Cruz-4

de la Cruz, et. al. (2013). Distribution Pattern of Acanthogyrus sp.

(Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis

Niloticus L.) From Sampaloc Lake, Philippines. Journal of Nature

Studies. 12 (1): 1-10

Global Nature Fund. (n.d.). Threatened Lake of the Year 2014: Lake

Sampaloc in Philippines. Retrieved from

https://www.globalnature.org/ThreatenedLake2014

Paller, V. (n.d.). Profile. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vachel-Gay-Paller

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Lake Sampaloc. Retrieved from

A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 11

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sampaloc
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 12

CURRICULUM VITAE

Christian L. Caluya

Phase 3B Blk 16 Lot 3c Pacita Complex, Biñan, Laguna

christianroswellc@gmail.com

October 20, 2002

EDUCATION

Senior High school: Pacita Complex Senior High School

Graduation date: July 2021

Junior High School: Pacita Complex National High School

Graduation Date: April 2019

Elementary School: Casa Del Niño Montessori School of Biñan

Graduation Date: March 2015

HONORS, AWARDS AND MEMBERSHIPS

• 2018. Editorial Writer at The Dove

• 2018. Science Congress 2018 – Science Investigatory Project Division Level

Contest – 1st Place

• 2018. Science Congress 2018 – Science Investigatory Project Regional Level

Contest – Participant
 A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 13

Yuri C. Antonio

Blk 6 Lot 9 Phase 7 Ivory St., Elvinda Village,

San Antonio, San Pedro Laguna

nitenoir,gathers11@gmail.com

December 1, 2002

EDUCATION

Senior High school: Pacita Complex Senior High School

Graduation date: July 2021

Junior High school: Adelina 1 National High School – Sampaguita Annex

Graduation date: April 2019

Elementary School: San Antonio Elementary School

Graduation date: March 2015

HONORS, AWARDS AND MEMBERSHIPS

• 2015 – 2018. Top 1

• 2017. 1st placer Division Level School Paper – Best Science page (English

Category)

• 2014. Best Editorial Page – Collaborative Desktop Publishing - Division

Level (Filipino Category)

A DOCUMENT ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL… 14

DOCUMENTATION