Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

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Environmental and Sustainability Indicators

journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/environmental-and-sustainability-indicators/

Evaluation of fuzzy inference in box type solar cooking food image of

thermal effect
G. Palanikumar a, S. Shanmugan b, *, Chithambaram Vengatesan c, Periyasami Selvaraju d
a
Department of Computer Science, Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 601301, India
b
Research Center of Physics, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF - KLU), Green Fields, Guntur District, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
c
Research Center of Physics, Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 601301, India
d
Research Center of Energy & Mathematics, 45, Enterprises, Chennai, 600094, Tamilnadu, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This work fact the classic exploration of natural box type solar cooker has been advanced through fuzzy tech-
Thermal image niques in equipment to thermal image opinion on heat energy occupation. The image scrutiny has been done as
Segmentation four days type of weather disorder for each various month of the year at Tambaram, Chennai climate condition.
Fuzzy logic
The cooker has been enhanced by efficiency evolving in PCM (C18H36O2) and Nanoparticles (Al2O3). The thermal
Heat storage
PCM
image has been occupied through a cooker (egg) fuzzy edge detector and applied in segmentation techniques
Solar box cooker should be considered. These applications should be developing the cooker various places using like industrial,
Nanoparticles hostel, hospital, Rich and Poor families etc. The cooker exposures have been industrialized a thermal performance
of (52.17%), PCM and Nanoparticles efficiency are (75.47%). It is obtained overall efficiency enhanced as 15.41%
in the power supply during certain months of day.

1. Introduction
The food is one of the basic needs for the survival of life on the planet
earth. The number of researchers developing for a new application in the
world has been shaped in box type solar cooker becoming more popular
in many countries. Food is the most significant element and one of the
vital factors for the sustenance of the life all creatures on the earth. The
achievement in its place of improvement energy is from the food devel-
oping low cost solar thermal techniques. Among these entire techniques,
the solar cooker is the simplest, environment-friendly and cost-effective
method used to produce stuff food on utilizing the non-conventional
source of energy (renewable source of solar energy). The solar cooker
many types are available in the market and also it is divided into three
groups like as Concentrator type, Box type, Indirect Type, various re-
searchers developed in a solar cooker. Abhishek Saxena et al. (2013)
have been planned cooking by using PCM as a thermal heat storage. It
found that the conclude rice, beans, pulses and fish with a good possi-
bility a cooker is a high-temperature reach in 64
C like milk, soups and
water. Hajare and Gawali (2015) have experimentally studied in mixed
Nanoparticles by using PCM. It decided that heat transfer by PCM in-
creases to the mixed Nano-particles. The B2 experimental using for TiO2
mix in the spherical ball is used in melting point time is 5.92% and
conducted on 0.05%. Sunil Geddam et al. (2015) has developed of a box
type solar cooker. It is concluded proof that there exists a good agreement
between the experimental and predicted F2 values. (Mahavar et al.,
2015) was considered for optimum load range for box-type solar cookers.
SFSC is highest value of F2 (0.573) and (0.397). The solar cooker high
load is 3.0 kg and cooking time taken 270 min. The solar cooker was
lowest load 0.8 kg and time taken 2h 5min through the load efficiency
remains 23%. SFSC showed good thermal cooking performance for high
efficiency 30%. The experimental testing achieved in high-temperature
reach (100
C) in box type solar cooker produced by Soria Verdugo
(2015); Sethi et al. (2014); Negi and Purohit (2005). The finally a box
type solar cooker design and developing was produced in many coun-
tries, show in this function slow to heat is diffuse radiation, convention
heat loss wind, intermitted cloud cover and low temperature. The solar
energy converted useful to heat energy was finally utilization to cook the
foodstuff kept in the cooker. We are presented in the non-tracking box
type solar cooker and CPC in with and without booster reflector the
maximum absorber plate temperature gained to 166
C, 165
C and
127.7
C. F1 and F2 higher value are 0.152 and 0.470. The standard
cooking power absorbs temperature is 78.9W by Harmim et al. (2013);

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: gpalanimca@gmail.com (G. Palanikumar), s.shanmugam1982@gmail.com (S. Shanmugan), sweetchithaphy@gmail.com (C. Vengatesan),
pselvar@yahoo.com, pselvarr@gmail.com (P. Selvaraju).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2019.100002
Received 8 May 2019; Received in revised form 17 July 2019; Accepted 21 July 2019
Available online 26 July 2019
2665-9727/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
G. Palanikumar et al.
Joshi and Jan (2015) have produced small-scale hybrid solar cooker
SSBH was designed for simple family reveals 38% efficiency. The solar
panels integrated for design (5) 75 W output, and fast cooking in the
system. Mahavar et al. (2013) was studied in the testing of the rice
cooker. The finally values of parameter had taken on a ¼ 10%, b ¼ 8%
and M ¼ 10%, the price of cooker Indian rupees is Rs.2500. SRC analysis
and found that to be 0.4g rice twice on a clear day. Akhtar and Mullick
(2012) were studied heat transfer in single and double glazed flat plate
collectors. It concluded that single glass cover high-temperature 6o and
double glass cover is 14
and 11
. Chen et al. (2008) had established box
type solar cooker. They were studied many PCM and like that stearic acid
and acetamide high performance in evening long time taken in a system.
Jaffery et al. (2017) told PV model using in thermal image. It is
concluding that to be improvement algorithm technical in this system
and solar module thermal image detect to relevant fault and maintenance
continues. Shazia Shaikh et al. (2016) had premeditated skin cancer
using thermal image processing techniques. It is used medical diagnostics
area systems capable of precise and correct segmentation processing
work can identify a skin cancer. Buntoon Wiengmoon et al. (2013) was
developed PV using thermal imaging analysis. It is different effective
temperatures of calculation values in the system through electrical bulk
resistance less than 2% consider to solar cell RRD and analysis of rapid,
non-destructive assessment of weak spots. Bhavani et al. (2018) have
produced in solar cooker by heat transfer of the system control fuzzy
logic. It is found that the fuzzy mode of the solar cooker proof in math-
ematically individual a value representing its grade of membership in the
fuzzy set. Prabavathi et al. (2019) was formed of rotating oscillations of
solar cooker couple Stress of fluid dynamics. It concluded that the solving
to cooker problem in heat flow of a Stokesian through an incompressible
couple pressure liquid is displayed and Reynold’s numbers (Re 0.1 to 0.4)
is explained in Stokesian hypothesis for velocity field in the form of
modified Bessel functions.
In this work, New Solar cooking by thermal image has been fashioned
in design and study of a PCM with Nanoparticles Productivity of various
temperatures. The experimental scrutiny has been supported glass cover,
cooker lid bottom foodstuff temperature bar plate temperature, the ef-
ficiency of thermal image and fuzzy logic rule ponder to an organization
results are deliberated. The cooker has been industrialized in Dhana-
lakshmi College of Engineering, Tambaram, Tamilnadu in India, weather
conditions of the day in 2017.
2. Methodology and materials
2.1. System description
In the solar cooker consists of inner and outer dimensions
120 cm  120 cm, bar plate (copper metal) area 100 cm  100 cm and
commercially available in bottom slide have been used in glass cover
thickness 4mm. The copper plate area is assorted in Nanoparticles
(Al2O3) using made black paint in covering the plate area and bottom
side of the bar plate in welding for copper coil castoff of the Phase Change
Material (PCM) (C18H36O2). The copper coil dia1.5mm inlet and outlet
fixed the copper bar plate bottom side. The copper coil all place Nano-
particles mixed made black paint all coating and more absorb solar ra-
diation in the system. The thermal efficiency improvements in both (PCM
and Nano) techniques have absorptivity secure a focal point a detach-
ment of the cooker is 15cm from the top edge of the box. The glass wool
insulation has secondhand on the side of the box to cooker minimize the
no heat losses of the working hours. The insulations in between plywood
outer and inner diameter of the cooker should be 5cm thickness occupied
with the glass wool. The door of the system has been fixed top side area
on 100 cm  100 cm (glass cover). The thermal model heat increases
through in very fast working of the cooker which that aid of the materials
PCM and Nanoparticles for using inside the bar plate area more energy
saving on heat conducted from a vessel. The vessel depth of dia is 10cm in
amid top to bar plate should be used in more thermal conduct with the
2
Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002
absorbing plate to obtain for a cooking point. The plywood corners of an
edge in the box are well roofed with the silicone sealant to prevent any air
leakage and infiltration. The ambient temperature measure has ther-
mometer use of the system. The solar radiation absorbs in the cooker per
second change the ratios which expression the solar radiation monitor.
The box type solar cooker should be measured glass cover, bar plate, solar
vessel bottom, top, cooking stuff food temperature and thermal efficiency
calculated all values use in fixed thermocouple wire in the system. The
cooking foodstuff (Egg) has been observed on clearance and finally
values of in this fuzzy rule detection of image techniques of segmentation
emergent a box type solar cooker. The performance of an experimental
work has mad schematic diagram, algorithm and thermal image inter-
pretation in Fig is 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D & 1E as by Shanmugan et al. (2012,
2014) and Prabavathi et al. (2019).
2.2. Nano particles (NP)
The box type solar cooker is shaped of high energy evolving in
method to more absorbing solar radiation save energy through a bar plate
and confidential castoff in made black paint with sundry a Nanoparticles
(Al2O3) coating in bar plate area. The properties of Nanoparticle (Al2O3)
varied made black point engross solar radiation of average particle dia
20 nm (gamma) and which that the density is 3880 Kg/m3. The solar
cooker more energy absorption of bar plate to vessel clear Nanoparticle
Purity is 99.99%. The cooker is working very fast more engross solar
energy vital minimum time. The schematic view of Nanoparticles with
more heat energy absorb exposed in Fig. 1A & B, it is very useful and
more energy saving in this system as by Shanmugan et al. (2018).
2.3. Phase change materials (PCM)
PCM is latent heat storage materials and energy statement across
when a material change its phase from solid to liquid or vice versa. The
cooker is fascinated to release energy at a constant temperature through
an inside function and should be gain to more heat flux per unit volume
than sensible heat storage materials. Stearic acid has a high heat of fusion
values in carbon 18 chain to chemical formula is C18H36O2, melting Point
is 69.4
C, Latent heat is 199 KJ/kg highlight thermophysical properties
of phase change materials. The stearic acid can be stored thermal energy
and chemical phase will change from same solid to liquid and during
thermal process. Inside PCM (stearic acid) materials using in new solar
box type cooker (SBC) have been developed of more energy chain to
chain heat form of to help their PCM and NP which that LHS improve
efficiency. The SBC should be a gain of solar utilization; PCM and NP in
solar cooker have been advanced visible in Table 1 while the classifica-
tion of SBC with thermal heat storage must TES is exposed in Fig. 1A & B
[2]. Thermo properties of Nano-Mixed are Phase Change Material by
Hajare and Gawali (2015) and Shanmugan et al. (2018) (see Table 2).
3. Fuzzy logic expenditure a solar cooker
Fuzzy rule has castoff in a tactics from the creation of treatise to the
close interval {0, 1}. The endless nature of solar radiation absorbs a box
type solar cooker with a temperature range to grow applications can be
symbolized by a membership function in expression Fig. 1C, the cooker
(egg) observe energy fickle temperature fuzzy sets.
The solar cooker in surrounding reflects several factors measure
temperature, weather condition with respect to load (egg) and experi-
mental value cannot be faithful to gritty arithmetically. Therefore, a
fuzzy logic attitude will be the best suitable system to use under such as
environments. Fuzzy logic is secondhand to map the highly using
membership function between the solar cooker parameters on the peak
load in a typical day in the month of April 2017 to June 2017. In this
work the three parameters of temperature and cooker inside moisture
have been used as inputs to the fuzzy logic model while the load is an
output. The end anticipation is that the three range of temperature in the
G. Palanikumar et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

Fig. 1. A,B,C, D & E in Experimental analysis of box type solar cooker and schematic diagram, Electromagnetic Wave observe BAR Plate Range, Thermal
Image Processing.

solar cooker weather condition of parameters may have a sway on the

Table 1
load (egg) peak as experimental in this research. The several temperature
The performance of solar cooker has been enhanced after engraving the cooking
ranges of a system are poised from three places. The block diagram of a
pot (egg).
solar cooker has been fashioned in fuzzy techniques view of image Pro-
Time I (W/m2) Ambient (K) Cooker by use in PCM & Efficiency (%) cessing shows in Fig. 2A.
Nanoparticle - Input &
output
3.1. Emerging in fuzzy sets for solar cooker
9:30 889 301.2 – – .
10.00 993 302.4 379.824 76.351 20.102
10.30 1121 303.1 428.799 75.536 17.617 Membership function can range from 0 to 1. It is clear that if one only
11.00 1187 303.1 464.010 75.071 16.534 permissible the extreme membership values of 0–1, that this would
11.30 1218 306.5 480.941 71.579 15.364 actually be equivalent to crisps sets. The cooker has been produced
12.00 1213 310.8 497.001 66.574 14.349
during weather conditions of the temperature, like that low, medium,
and high and value μ is the amount of membership function. There is
clarity in different temperature succeeding membership function is
Table 2 Gaussian from show Fig. 2B. Membership function is cooking pots as by
The effect of solar cooker is range of boiling temperature.
Bhavani et al. (2018).
S.No Range of Range of Reference Times The box type solar cooker parameters are valid energy techniques to
Boiling Temperature (ºC) (Sec.) bargain weather condition range of temperature fed to the Fuzzification
effect
to the output of fuzzy logic base attains into the work of a cooker pro-
1 Low 44 Shanmugan et al. (2018) 39 cesses input values and gives out the foodstuff. The output from the
& Bhavani et al. (2018)
Fuzzification cooker is tranquil fuzzy in nature. It is then converted into a
2 Middle 68 Shanmugan et al. (2018) 55
& Bhavani et al. (2018) crisp value by defuzzification, which produces the foodstuff and cooker
3 High 89 Shanmugan et al. (2018) 90 observe energy variable of fuzzy sets of a typical day in the month of April
& Bhavani et al. (2018) 2017 to June 2017 and their average cook with temperature and
moistness, respectively.
Assigning of the membership function is a curve that expresses how
all opinion in the input value is mapped to a membership value between

3
G. Palanikumar et al.
Fig. 2. A,B, C, D & E in View of Solar cooker and fuzzy Techniques Using thermal Image, Membership function, cooking, Egg, & Boiling temperature.
0 and 1 by MATLAB (2015b) and Patel and Shah (2014). The solar
cooking foodstuff in range a temperature of membership functions used
in fuzzy logic includes the triangular, trapezoidal and bell shapes. The
solar cooker parameters such as temperature have been obtained from
maximum and minimum values to develop the process of Fuzzification.
In this work, input absorbs parameters in a cooker through foodstuff
(egg) have been measured as an output while temperature range. Fuzzy
sets are ordered to cooker inside (Mass Wight (MW)-3egg) storage energy
as with range of Low Temperature (LT): 44
C, Medium Temperature
(MT): 66
C, High Temperature (HT): 89
C, while the input parameters
temperature is classified as Low Temperature (LT): 26%, Medium Tem-
perature (MT): 38%, High Temperature (HT): 43%. These are fully
implemented as visible in Fig. 2C, D, E, respectively.
3.2. Solar cooking pot form of if then fuzzy rule
The solar cooking pot in foodstuff (FS) is the most vital of the whole
work. The cooking (egg) prevention output has been depended on these
rules as by Bhavani et al. (2018). The cooking range of temperature
variables are used in two or more as pasts, fuzzy operators, for example,
If, Then, may be used to combine the variables to form fuzzy statement
formulated are as follows.
IF (Moisture is LT) AND (Temperature is LT) THEN (egg boiling is
Low)
IF (Moisture is MT) AND (Temperature is LT) THEN (egg boiling is
HT)
IF (Moisture is MT) AND (Temperature is HT) THEN (egg boiling is
MT)
4
Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002
IF (Moisture is HT) AND (Temperature is HT) THEN (egg boiling is
MT).
IF (Moisture is HT) OR (Temperature is HT) THEN (egg boiling is (FS)
HT)
4. Thermal image process analysis of solar cooking (egg) pots
4.1. Environmental setup
The thermal imaging process is analytical technique fit for the food
industry. Recent advances and likely applications of the box type solar
cooker labeling model based on the concept to implement, the environ-
ment pollution avoid has to be set up in the scope of the human life
problem in thermal imaging for food protection and quality taxation.
Since the many research problem is scoped that only one cooking occurs
in the image, the system has to make a temperature need to be clear a
cooker. Some clear of the cooking pots (egg) has been twisted like
samples shown in Fig. 3A is out of our scope of the study and as shown in
Fig. 2D, a thermal camera with a fixed angle of front wall is fit vertically
on over the bar plate surface to focus on cooking pots. The parameters of
the system are measured from every 30 minutes of calculating digital
multimeter. The natural food cooking (egg) form of low, middle and high
temperatures are scrutinized of thermal image process techniques as
shown in Fig. 3B.
The electromagnetic spectrum in the wavelength region of 0–100
C
storage energy of the system as with a range of Low Temperature (LT):
44
C, Medium Temperature (MT): 66
C, High Temperature (HT): 89
C,
infrared regions up to reached in boiling time maximum 90minitues.
Thermal imaging structures can be detecting radiation absorb of the solar
G. Palanikumar et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

Fig. 3. A. B & C in various heat analyses of PCM and Nano materials, Use by Solar Cooking pots thermal Image Processing, Analysis heat flowing to egg.

 
box type cooker from the shortwave to long-wave infrared, which may be 2π 4 k 4
Ef ¼  T 4 ¼ σT 4 ¼ Σ σT 4 (4)
desirable in specific food industry applications. Temperature control of 15c2 h3
food manufacturing process is critical to ensure product quality during
As thermal imaging operates at a limited bandwidth to absorb in
processes for solar box type cooking shelf life and maintenance of sum-
cooker temperature values are integrated of Planck’s law use in the
mer to winter chain integrity during the distribution of harvests in cre-
temperature range up to 44
C–89
C. The solar cooker is developed
ation, carrying, storage of system and resulting was produced quality by
ambient temperature and acquired by a thermal camera produce of total
Nott and Hall (1999) and Bhavani et al. (2018).
solar radiation written as
The box type solar cooker is engross in bar plate to the inside form of
temperature estimated to cooking pots. The solar radiation (Is) distribu- ITS ¼ ΣTegg  output þ ð1  ΣÞTegg  input þ ð1  TÞTegg  stuff (5)
tion of energy emitted by a cooker is based on Planck’s distribution law
follow as a given wavelength (λ) and temperature (T).

 4.2. Image analysis of egg cooking pots
8π hc  hc=kλT 1
Is ¼ 5
e 1 (1)
λ In the form of internal heat manufacturing Hough transforms of
The total solar radiation (Is) engrossed by a box type solar cooker is cooking pots is emerging in thermal image view of egg temperature
the spectral emittance (Iλ) integrated over all wavelength, i.e evolution in bar plate area temperature due to the heat an instantaneous,
Z if egg can be described as Hung et al. (2009)
∞
Is ¼ Is dx (2) Qheat
0 Tim  egg ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (6)
KPCπ t
The box type solar cooker every 30 minutes have been engrossed by
solar radiation export of effect in cooking pots to developing in equation
(2) express as 4.3. Thermal model of a solar box type cooker and its energy balance
Z ∞

8π hc  hc=kλT 1
The box type solar cooker is working condition by applications of
Is ¼ 5
e  1 dx (3)
0 λ thermal image opinion and fuzzy rule in assumption as follows in the
Total energy flux emitted in cooker area of Integration of equation (3) system as shown in Fig. 1A & B.
gives the Stefan-Boltzmann law
1. Heat conducted through absorbs plate and inside bar plate in between
to the vessel cover, side is negligible.
2. Solar radiation incident only absorbs plate transfer to vessel.

5
G. Palanikumar et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

Fig. 4. A & B in various Solar radiation and ambient temperature &, PCM and nanoparticle (bar plate) Temperature absorb by solar cooker.

3. It is no radiation transfer in both conditions for cooker side wall and dθ

mwegg :Cp ¼ ðη0 :Is  U:θÞ:A (10)
vessel cover. dt
4. The heat loss due to air condition in between cooker and ambient is
where
negligible.
Q_ in → ηo :Is
The analysis of solar cooker has been industrialized in more solar
radiation absorbed in the cooker direction of sun rays to the earth
coldness is solar constant (ISC) and its value is 1367 W/m2. The intensity Q_ loss → U:θ
of extraterrestrial radiation (Iext) unhurried on a strategy normal to the
radiation Nth day of the year (2017) is given by, mw  egg : Cp θðtstart Þ
Thermal loss coefficient ðUÞ ¼ In

 tend  tstart θðtend Þ
360n
Iext ¼ Isc 1 þ 0:033 cos (7) The cooker temperature rising time is
365
The info of the transmission co-efficient latitude, longitude declina- k1  
θðtÞ ¼ 1  e1 k2 :t (11)
tion, and hour angle the total heat solar energy established on horizontal k2
surface at a box type solar cooker is designed from the relation. The total amount of cooking in stuff (egg) need to time with in a given
temperature difference ϴheat is then,
Itotal ¼ Iext ðτb þ τd Þ  ðcosΦ  cosδ  cosω þ sinΦ  sinδÞ (8)


First Law of thermodynamics (energy) can be destroyed to forms of 1 k2
theat ¼  In 1  θheat (12)
energy interaction of the system in total energy process as exposed in k2 k1
Fig. 3C.
where
Energy engrossed by solar cooker
Is :ηo :A
d E_ k1 ¼
¼ ðQ_ in  Q_ loss Þ (9) mw egg :Cp
dt

6
G. Palanikumar et al.
Fig. 5. A,B & C in various temperature analysis of solar cooker & thermal cooking Input image segmentation.
U:A
k2 ¼
mw  egg :Cp
The solar cooker is no access electricity (or) any other fuel and human
life is day by day refining the technology (various foods).
1. The cooker has manufactured no pollution to the environment and is
totally free of cost.
2. Solar energy has affected in global warming and castoff in decreasing.
The solar radiation input to the cooker is the amount of energy
transmitted through the top of bottom glass cover to absorb by a bar plate
into Nanoparticle mixed made black paint and through a phase change
materials (PCM). The solar radiation transmitted through a cooker is
intercepted by a bar plate (Nano þ PCM) can be obtained by as S.
Shanmugan et al. (2018).
Ei ¼ Is : AðbpþNanoþPCMÞ
The solar energy output from a solar cooker (egg, water) quality of
cooking fluid absorber bar plate into Nanoparticles, PCM. In energy
calculated by using as,
 
mwegg Cwegg Tegg –output  Tegg –input
Eo ¼
t imental work had been portrayed in visible Fig. 4A. They are gradual
The average heating-power of solar cooker efficiency is calculated as,
Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002
mwegg :Cw  egg : ΔT∞  95
Qheat ¼ (15)
Δt
Which that using in a kit of evaporation power (Q_ ev ) is determined
during the evaporation of water, egg boiling the temperature point as
Q_ ev ¼ m ev : hL (16)
Overall in the system harvest of thermal efficiency for incoming
power – output is divided by as
Q__ev
ηð%Þ ¼ (17)
Is : A
5. Result and discussion
In this work of box type solar cooker have been accepted out with
(13) cooking materials in the bar plat absorb temperature to integrated for
number of days on during April 2017 to June 2018 at place of weather
condition in Research Center for Physics, Dhanalakshmi College of En-
gineering, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The thermal perfor-
mance of a solar cooker is engrossed by the energy to one of the four
typical days to predict in the month of April to June. The hourly variation
of solar radiation, ambient temperature for four days analysis of exper-
(14)
increases up to peak time and gradually decrease up to during time. The
finally high absorbed solar radiation, the ambient temperature in the
system is 1189 w/m2and 40
C. It is used by PCM and Nanoparticles
7
G. Palanikumar et al.
Fig. 6. A,B & C in various cooking egg view of haugh transforms Otsu thresholding, median filter, Edge Detection Using Fuzzy Logic & Thermal image analysis of
different cooker function.
inside achieved the cooker, heavy energy absorb in the bar plate total
temperature (PCM) is 99
C and Nanoparticle mixed black paint coating
in bar plate temperature is 92
C form of the system as shown in Fig. 4B.
The solar cooker has been established to total absorbed heat energy to
boiling in egg through a vessel performance of top and bottom high
temperature is 89
C and 85
C in shown Fig. 5A. The hourly variation of
theoretical and experimental temperature glass cover, bar plate, cooker
top, bottom, PCM and ambient temperature for solar radiation box type
solar cooker view of thermal image for a typical day in the month of April
2017 to June 2018 is presented in fuzzy techniques (Low, Medium, High)
formed cooking materials (egg) in Fig. 5B.
The different temperature has been evaluated at an optimum cooking
pot flow of the system. It is absorbed from Fig. 5B that egg boiling is
maximum time at 90 minutes and the ambient temperature is maximum
at 110 O clock and solar intensity is maximum at 12:30 p.m. It grosses
some time to rise in temperature after receiving heat reflection to
cooking pot for half hours input and output of boiling egg efficiency. It
has been found that the average egg efficiency in during is 16.75%. The
disparity of instantaneous egg efficiency of the proposed box type solar
cooker during in months of 2017 has been existing in Table 1 in form of
energy into work by the planned cooker throughout the working hours of
the day.
5.1. Thermal input image segmentation
This work is a new methodology for a specific of solar radiation
absorb for solar cooking pots to an enhanced evaluation of thermal im-
ages processing and analysis of boiling the egg to store energy form of
8
Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002
infrared, detection use of segmentation. The segmentation is one of the
significant processes in thermal image analysis. It is measured to be a
grave experiment in computer vision and design appreciation because of
the multiplicity of imaging applications different imaging techniques,
noise-intensive datasets, etc. One segmentation method may not be
suitable for all classification purposes; the aim of input is to detection
operators the solar cooking pots area of concentration as shown Fig. 5C.
The solar cooking in egg sweltering found that to be a haugh trans-
forms, Otsu thresholding and median filter the image edge detection
operators in point of foodstuff transform to connect the disjointed edge
points, Otsu method uses the goodness criteria for threshold assortment
and fashioned by the boiling egg stuff to reflect a form of non-linear filter.
They have concluded in values replaced into median value should be
image view of the middle of the cooking egg as a planes curve following
Fig. 6A.
5.2. Fuzzy logic techniques
The solar cooking a new application to grow of fuzzy image pro-
cessing is the assembly of all approaches that to represent their seg-
mentation follow as fuzzy logic and this process has three main stages as
shown in Fig. 2A. The coding of image data (fuzzification), decoding of
the results (defuzzification) steps have been made to the possible process
of images to implementation by fuzzy techniques. The input, output
image obtained after the values of in three memberships function have
been designed to separate the values of the blacks, whites and edges
detection of the image as shown in Fig. 6B.
G. Palanikumar et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

5.3. Thermal image analysis of different cooker function and benefits of
cooking image (%)
Solar cooking is an eco-friendly alternative to the conventional
method of concocting food. A conventional cooking method for used up
valuable natural possessions and deplete foods of their nutritional value
while cooking with the sun’s energy is a more ecological way to eat. The
solar cooker can also be castoff in basically any situation you find
yourself. Reflect these benefits of solar cooking and learn more about this
simple technology. The efficiency mentioned above is based on the pan
kept on top of benefits with solar cooker thermal image analysis of
comparison to other cookers by Mahavar et al. (2013), Jaffery et al.
(2017) and Shanmugan et al. (2015) function is Energy Loss, Economics,
Environmental Health as exposed in Fig. 6C.
1. It is a free energy source and is many benefits to solar cooking.
2. It can result in healthier cooking. Solar cooking doesn’t use smoke
that can contain carcinogens or microwaves that expose your food to
potentially dangerous through the radio waves.
3. The solar cooker is convenient during times of ruin or power out-
ages. A solar cooker can be castoff at any time of the year-2017, any place
in the world. Not only is it an environmentally friendly way to prepare
food, solar cooking appliances can certainly come in handy during times
of disaster as well.
6. Conclusion
The research are presents a thermal imaging-based on solar cooker
organization structure for the day and nighttime cooking point of stuff
food. The statistical portion thermal features of cooker heat, top and
bottom, and glass cover PCM and nanoparticles others are utilized to
categorize the box solar cooker type. With the planned method, three
views such as of low, middle, high are categorized. The percentages of
correct identification are satisfactorily high. The solar cooker established
in a range of temperature follow the fuzzy logic this organization for
long-term foodstuff (egg) a good prediction. Thermal imaging usage of
solar cooker is one of the egg quality and protection in the food industry.
A research application of solar box type cooking food quality augmented
adoption of this technology by the improved efficiency is likely. It is
obtained an overall efficiency of the system to improve as 15.41% in the
power supply during certain months of day. The solar cooker inside has
been castoff in PCM & nanoparticles (bar plate) performance of an egg
boiling efficiency is 52.17% and 75.47%.

Nomenclature

A Area of a cooker (m2)

A(bpþ Nano þ PCM) Area of a bar plate, nanoparticle and phase change materials (m)
C w-egg Specific heat capacity at constant pressure in water and egg (4.168kJ/Kg.K)
C The speed of light (3  108 ms1)
Ei Energy input by solar cooker (oC)
Eo Energy output by solar cooker (oC)
Ef Energy flux emitted per unit area cooker (w/m2)
H Planck’s constant (6.63  1034JS)
hL latent heat of water & egg by cooker (oC)
Is Solar radiation W/m2
ITS Total solar radiation absorb by cooker in view of thermal camera (W/m2)
K The thermal conductivity of a cooker (oC)
k Boltzmann’s constant (1.38  1023JK1)
mw-egg Mass (water and egg) in the cooker (kg)
m_ ev Mass of water and egg by cooker (kg/s)
NP Nano Particles (oC)
P The density of an egg (kg)
PCM Phase change material (oC)
Qheat Egg absorb in total heat energy of a cooker (oC)
_
Qev The total evaporation power of cooker (oC)
U Thermal loss coefficient W/m2
SBC Solar box cooker (oC)
SHS Sensible heat storage (oC)
Ttray Stagnation Temperature (oC)
Tabm Ambient Temperature (oC)
Tm Melting Temperature (oC)
Tstorage Temperature of PCM filled in box cooker (oC)
TES Thermal Energy Storage (oC)
LHS Latent heat storage of fusion (oC)
T3, TA-stag Absorber tray temperature of cooker A (oC)
T2, TB-stag Absorber tray temperature of cooker B (oC)
T Temperature in cooker (oC)
Tegg – ouput Egg output temperature emitted energy by cooker condition (oC)
t An egg boiling time (s)
Tegg - stuff Egg stuff of good boiling in emitted to save cooker temperature egg (oC)
Tegg –output Egg boiling of output (stuff) by cooker (oC)
Tegg –input Egg boiling of input by cooker (oC)
T∞ to T95 First to end of Temperature (ambient) (oC)
T Absolute temperature of solar cooker (ºC)

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G. Palanikumar et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 1-2 (2019) 100002

Tegg - input Egg input temperature absorb energy by cooker condition (oC)
Tim – egg Image analysis of solar cooking pots temperature in egg range (oC)

Greek symbols
τ Transmission co-efficient of solar cooker
ɸ Latitude angle of solar cooker
δ Declination in cooker
ω Hour angle of solar cooker
σ Stefan Boltzmann constant (5.67*108 wm2k4)
Ʃ Emissivity of radiation in cooker
ƞo Overall efficiency of the system (%)
Δt Over a time interval (s)
ϴ Temperature difference between the pot content and the ambient oC

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