a rete son, pebeccesaa” AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING Petroleum Refinery Piping ASA B31.3-1966 UDC 621.64.002, 1/.2.665.5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE SUPERSEDED The Amencen Society of Mechanical Engineers Published by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS United Engineering Center 3.45 East 47th Street New York, N.Y. 10017Foreword Foreword HE need for a national code for pressure piping became increasingly evident from 1915 to 1925. To meet this need, the American Standards Association initiaced project 331 in March 1926, at the request of The Ameticun Society of Mechanical Engineers and with thae Society the sole administrative sponsor. Because of the wide field involved, Sectional Committee B31 was composed of representatives of some 40 different engineer- vg societies, industries, government bureaus, instiutes, and trade associations. After eral years work, the first edition was published in 1935 as an American Tentative idacd Code for Pressure Piping. In order to keep the code abreast of current developments in piping design, welding, stcess computations, new dimensional and material standards and specifications and Incteascs in the severiey of eecvice conditions, revisions, supplements and new editions: of the code were published as follows: B31.1 ~ 1942 American Standard Code for Pressure Piping 1942 Procedure established for handling interpretation of code requirements B31.La— 1944 Supplement 1 B3LLLb- 1947 Supplement 2 B31.1 — 1951 American Seandard Code for Pressure Piping B3i1a— 1953 Supplemene 1 to B31-1-1951 B3L.1 ~ 1955 American Seandard Code for, Preasuce Piping In 1952 2 new ceetion of the code was published to cover Gas Transmission and Disteibusion Piping Systems, In 1959 after a review by B31 Executive and Sectional Commitees, a decision was made to develop and publish other industry sections as separate code documents of the American Standard Code for Pressure Piping. ‘The first edition of Pecroleum Refinery Piping was published as ASA 31.3-1959, superseding Section 3 of B31.1-1955. This new Section was revised in 1962 and published as B31.3-1962. Following approval by the Sectional Committee and the sponsor, this revision was approved by the American Standards Association on February 1, 1966 and designated ASA B31.3-1966, Any part of this stendard may be quoted. Credit lines should read: “Extracted from Petroleum Refinery Piping Code (4S4 B31.3-1966}, « Section of the American Standard Code for Pressure Piping, with the permission of the publisher, The American Soviety of Mechanical Engincers, United Engineering Genter, 345 East ¥7th Street, New York, New York 10017.” Copyright © 1966, by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Printed i U.S.A.Sectional Comittee Sectional Committee B31 Code for Pressure Piping* OFFICERS J.-A. Casner, Acting Chairman R. Y, Wattick, Secretary SECTIONAL COMMITTEE RIGERATING INSTITUTE Meee Company, Syracuse, New York ing tnattare, Arlington, ‘AIR CONDITIONING AND Me RS jenes, Caurier Ais Cone Xo lui Ait Aie Conditioning & Relee" ALLOY CASTING INSTITUTE AON erate, Quake Alloy Casting Camenny, MYCN. Pennsylvanis oe rere allay Cevting tasire, New Yer, New York AMERICAN, BOILER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATICH, AF ANGtad Contustion Enginecting, lnc, Windsor, Connecticut iia AMERICAN BUREAU OF SIITPPING AMERICRE, mesa Buse of Shipping, New Yorks NOW YN, Face aeerrcvametican Burcat of Sipping, New Yotky New York [AMERICAN GAS, ASSOCIATION SMERIGAN Gi aoc bereice Corporation, Pittsburgh, Poort JTL cine Sithigan Conucidned Cas Gorpeny at ‘Met fe Geet ise Service Beste & Ga Compa ee A daa J, Hailes [es Easten Transmaion Corpreion, Severe [nat AX Shoup Tontie Gas & Eleetic Company, San Franco, Califia AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS ASERICNY INSTT one Be Nemaxee & Companys Ines Wilingtony Delawass IINERICAN IXSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGICAL AND EETROLEDE ENGINEERS AGRICAN MEST Tohem Steel Company, Bethihem, Pennayvaain HS Biunberg, New York, New York ANERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN npr Aneccan Fore Loyalty Groen, New York New Yosk AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE ASERIGA ga oongatown Sheet & Tube Company, Youressan, Oe J, Ae Gasner, Yovnsstoes Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania anupeucan PETROL EM INSTITUTE stop of Production 1. winged, Service Pipe Line Company, Tale, hianor 4, FeGRERT ANC, Anerican Pevcolenm Insite, Dallas, Texas Division of Refining 4. Biioshey: Humble OH & Refining Cempeny, Devout [e725 Ae oer eeeinecencch & Enginecsing Company, Flodiam Dart Yew Joiner Oe ety Al sceienn Desoleun tacts, Nev Yee Hoy Vos AB Ramey ea cony Mobil Olt Companys New York, New You Division of Science and Techvology, 5 tien at SQ netican Becoltom Insite, New York, New York Division of Transportation Oe Shell Pipe Line Corporation, Hevaton, Texas ©. W. Heyden tice Pipe Line Company, Kansas Ci, Missoodt Be By Morey Pldte., Amesican Beeoicwm instiare, Fashingson, + Cr ANBRICAN SCCLETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. ENERGY SESE Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ovo shew the officers andthe menbership 63 of “The poscoune! Hats with the exception of Uae 3963.Sectional Committee SECTIONAL COMMITTEE (Cont'd) AMERICAN SOCIRTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Colonel Eldon V. Hunt, Alberta Gas Teonk Line Company, Lids, Calgary, Albert GD. Mock, Washington Gas Light Gompany, Washington, D. C. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF JIEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS James E- Well, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Canada AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECUANICAL ENGINEERS, THE J. TF. Planstrom, Consolidated Edison Company, New York, New York 7 J. J.B, Mutberterd, ‘The Babcock & Vileow Company, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvar E, J. Wiseman, Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, Boston, flassuchusetts E.G, Yaw, Ebaseo Services, Ine., New York, New York AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS 7 J.D. Holtzapple, Blaw-Koex Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY H.A. Sosnia, Pipe Enginecting & Design, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania ASA ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER GROUP. R-G. Kern, Union Blectric Company, St. Louis, Missout GE: Lien, American Gas a Electr Service Corporation, New York, New York G: A. Olson, Alt., Edison Electric Institute, New York, New Yeuk FLW. Sore, Alt, Commonwealth Assciates, Jackson, Michie BUREAU OF sis CA. Folesdy, U. §. Depatameat af the Navy, Washington, De Ce : BUREAU OF YARDS & DOCKS Douglas D. Schubert, U.S. Department of the Navy, Washington, D, C. EA. Henrikson, United States Pipe Fouadey Company, Dicniagham, Alabams Wallace T. Milles, The Cast leon Pipe Recoarch Asseciation, Chicago, llinels J: Thompson Vans. American Cast lon Pipe Company, Birmingham, Aisbame CAST IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION e@ ‘COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED F.C, Saacke, Aie Reduction Compaay, New York, New York E.R. Fethersion, Alt, Compressed Gas Association, New York, New York COPPLR DEVELOPVENT ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED G.tt Ellvanger, Copper Development Association, Ine, New York Now York HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE W.C. Osborne, Goulds Panps, Inc., Seneca Falle, Rew York INTERNATIONAL ACETYLENE ASSOCIATION J.J: Crowe, Alt, Air Reduction Company, Union, New Jersey. MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY OF THE VALVE & FITTINGS INDUSTRY |. As Cerow, Crane Company, Chicago, Mingle 4; Kanees, Crane Company Chicage, Ilinets W.B. Kliment, Ctane Company, Chicago, ilinis RV, Warrick; Monviactarers Standardisation Society of che Valve & Fittiogs ladustey, New ¥ MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION Le A Myers, E. 1, DuPont De Nemouts & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware MECHANICAL, CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA P. ‘A, Bourguin, Wolff & Aiuaier, Ine~, New York, New York Howard Tomphias, Recland Tompkins Corporation, Havshorne, New York 23 New York NATIONAL AUTONATIC SPRINKLER AND FIRE CONTROL ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED, JR. Welshinta, Grionel Cosporation, Providence, Rhode Island NATIONAL DISTRICT EATING ASSOCIATION Js A. Sheppuid, Concolidaced Edicon Compeny, New York, New York eSectional Committee SECTIONAL COMMITTEE (Cont) NATIONAL nS ASSOCIATION WF. Reid, The S Deossylvnes Me By Rei Pre ak cheese Compeny Stns New Be Timo Qe eua Therm CO ees Yorn ew York CM. Bich, A national Eetreal Manlesiets York ston, new York, New York NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL NATIONAL Son canide Gopertion NET Sic New Youk BoM eros al ais Satey Coan ‘Ghicago, Mineis Jon Freee, ae, ion Catide Corporation NN "york, New York spew ENGLAND WATER WORES ASSOCHTION ER NGA Reman & Howard Ie, Bowtons S28 schusetts PIPE FABRICATION INSTITUTE IME FABRIC A ianel Campny, Int Provence soctETY OF Om10 SAPETY ENGINEERS SOGIEZY Sram hes, Repobdic Steet Corporsion, Cleveland, obio greRL, FOUNDERS! SOCIETY OF AMENICE, See eT ponte) ee ee eS Greg obio 5. EM Ti, bvee company Pandey Compan E.R Leiew nes the Oni Seeel Founder ComeSty> springfield, Obie 1,5. COAST GUARD, 1S OES. Rice, U-S- Coast Guar wathington, D C> Rhode Island INOIVEDUAL, MEMBERS INONVIDUAL STpene& Landy, Chicago, Ue WB Seat so aplr Forge & Pipe Work Ine chicago, tinoisSectional Comniezee : SECTION COMMITTEE B31.3 PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING * D. W. Motter, Chatemvan B. Callanen, Secretary E. D. Avler Taylor Forge & Pipe Works, P. 0. Box 485, Chicago, Illinois 60690 MG. Balt Tumble Oi! Company, P. 0. Box 3950, Baytonn, Toxas 77520 BM. Becker Universal off Product, 30 Ease Algonquin Road, Des Plaines, llinois 60018 E.H: Boollioun, Jr Cosden Peusleum Corporation, P- 0. Box 1311, Big Springs, Texas 79721 FD. Callenen Pre Oil Company, 200 East Gell Road, Palatine, ilinois 60067 JA. Casnce Youngstown Sheat & Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio 44501 W. E. Coleman Republic Steel Co:poration, 335 Marker Suieet, Youngstown, Ohio. 44501 P. Ls Daley Us. S:Sitel Corporation, 525 William Pena Pl 1.1: Digan Foster Wheeler Corporation, 110 South Orenge Avenue, Livingston, New Jersey 07039 G.H. Fawceee Texaco, P. O. Dox 52352, Houston, Texas 77001 RC. Green Southwees Fabricating & Welding Company, P. 0. Box 9157 Houston, Texas 77011 D. K. Greenwald Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin $3110 MLS Grider Se nae Hodeon Engineering Corpetet BW Holmes 17 Pieardy Lane, Clayton, Miceouri 63124 1M Howarth American Oil Company, P.O. Box 710, Whiting, Iadinns 46394 WP. Klimene Crane Company, 4100 South Kedzie ‘Avenve, Chicrgs H.C Kubo Sinclair Refining Company, 410 Sibley Boulevard, Hatvey, Minos 60426 .¢, Pittsburgh, Pe nasylvanin 15230 Roger Manulacturing Company, 650 Bannock Street, Denver, Colorado 80204 + P.O, Box 36100, Sharpstown Scation, Houston, Texas 77036 Minois 60632 DJ. Lene SineSQt3 Ott of California, 25 Bush Suees, San Francisco, California 94120 J.D, Lewis U, §: Pipe & Foundey Company, Burlington, New Jersey OF016 D. W. Moner Ezso Research & Enginceting Company, P.O, Dox 101, Floshasn Path, New Jersey 07932 BN Skewie 0. Bos 10, fiaton Rouge, Losisiana 70621 J. Es Sockrens C.F. Braun & Conpany, Aliumbea, Califoria 91802 . B: Trower Gulf Oif Corporation, P.O. Box 701, Post Authur, Texax 77641 E, Ju Vandernah Lunmus Company, 385 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10037 "This Hist is a8 of October 1964ecutive Committee EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. A. Casner, Acting Chairman R, V. Warsick, Secretary suener, Youngstons Sheet fe Tube Company, Youngeren, Ole sane, Youn eTgamner Corporation, Yorks Penney leaaia Con Gansolidated Gas Company, Deron eve Caamer, Mgr ygo secel Covporation, Pstabarh, Peapey ar, 1 Boley ens Cason Chemicals Corporation, OF RHC Temacesce B Gal, Gti i abicaing & Welding Company, owntom Texas Geer Shell pipe Live company, {Tousrons Tex ¥. Hever Sane Company, Chicas, Hiinol Katee Ca Geane Company, Clean, lige! s HB Klimone, USS & Hor, Ince, New York, New Yor, FS: SMentes Buses Carbide Coiporation, Onk Ridwe, Tenmensss ee tonite Olt a Refining Company, Bayon, TO J.P owners Ham Renench Engineering Compants PO. 208 A om Senet, EP Deprnt de Nemours & Cov te, IRIREIIE, DATONG, A eran Gus & chectrie Company, Cini rie C. Randel ro ce electric Company, San Prancisee, Calls De See eageat & Lendy, Chieago, ts G ¥ 8 san Path, New Jersey 07932 Seen, SorESTOCO Chemical Corporation, Chicenay HAT, + Sicwen AMOGO fore Suanamaination Society of the Vane rage Industey, New York, New York = Maric Nom jor Faupe & Pipe Wotko, nc., Chicago, Wines PERSONNEL OF B31 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES COMMITTEE ON INSPECTION AND TESTING wc. wiles, Chairmen, Oat Ridge Nasonal Laborsiny, ON Ts 5 & Willen, Cher gan rpetinn company of Ames, CoP None Ne 1. G Baihow, Reet Glens ip ailang ny Dock Compnnys Newer: Newsy vo, GS Bator vpabiie Sieel Commeration, Cleselaed, OW We A mech Heeerlpken Roller Beating Company, Canter Ce ©. ke Chath The estoy Labratrien Resende Beach, Caioit AF iors he Dabeack Wieox Compenn, Lynchba Cmte Jobe Fican, TM eneral Dynamics Corporation, Groton, Cone A Seco ens Services, Incorporated, New Yorks New Voeh Ee eee rc engieting CORO, een ey V. Hower Este Resets Division af Chemeton Copy Lovvenlt, Reichy P. Niemeyer senwealih Edison Company, Chiceeoy {lines F pott ota ne Babee & teas Company Beare Ea Penneyleania kJ Be Rattner: Gis x ziceuie Compan, San Frenciage, Coo EA. Sale Pa ahlie seme Fleestie & Gat Companys Neves nese? Bene Seldimcectinghouse Electtic Corporation, Soe eee, a W Kellogg Company, New Yat C1 Necthee safer Appliances Camany, Cellar, Pemnsyivenin KG Geetacy, Bs Os Moe 1175, Bobble Beach, Calforey ES Mneney, Geel Comoration, Pitsburg Pe mnsyivania. COMMITTEE ON FABRICATION, ASSENDLY AND ERECTION pean peen, Chairman Sosenvess Fabscating & Welding Gonpants Howson Verse RG Sinem Fee Dewoie Edleon Company, Devoit, Mighen, DH Cover es Grinnell Company, Providence, Rhode Helene fortes Epeate Pipe Line Company, Independence, Kantot FA Georger Tube Turns, Louisville, Rentscks, WW. Coote Ai, Kelloge Company, Cilbansburg, Pere ae reer eid upper Lave Road St. Louis, Miron Rover Hels OA Me pepe toot Noss. Allentown, Ponnyivenis Me Jackin Minolta Pipe Line Company, Dallas, Tess AT Reset Mert de Nemours & Coy, Ineareaateds Fymineton Delewae WD. Febbam, Poe Lams Company, New Yorks Ney Yok yivania. ‘Technical Commitee PERSONNEL OF B31 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES (Cont'd) COMMITTEE ON SFANDANDS AND SPECIMIGATIONS P. L. Daley, Chuan Us & Steel Corporation, Pitisbussh, Pennsylvania 1.W. Hotines, 44 Upper Ladue Road, Se Lostay Missouri W. P. Kliment, Cae Company, Chicexe) Iinols JE. Lautan, Taylor Forge & Bipe Work®, Incorporated, Chicngo, Ulinois fioward Teonphins, Rowland Teespkins Corporation, Hawahoracy New York J.T. Vann, Amesican Cast ron Pipe Company, Bilmingham, Alabama CONMIV'YEE ON MECHANICAL PESIGN P. G. Stevene, Chaimman AMOCO Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Mlinois D. J. Bergman, Universal Oil Products Company, Des Plaines, Iifinais Norman Blair, 500 Basument Road, Pacifies, Califerain rock, Dr U. §, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Californie lan, Bechtel Corporation, Sas Francisco, Callfomin net, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Conpany, Younrarown, Ohio J. Helter, Phillips Petroleam Company, Daritesvilie, Ohlahone ALK. Sacks, Tube Toms, Division of Chenetron Cexporationy Louisville, Kentucky. A: J. Palmer, Esso Research & Engineering Conver, Nasineny New jersey T.W, Piekle, Jr, Oak iidge National Laboratory, Oat Ridge, Tennceses A.W. Stanzal, Michigan Consolidated Gas Company, Detiois, Michigan COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS AND STRESSES J. J- Kanter, Chaionam, Crane Company, Chicigo, Minets E.L. Clark, Timken Roller Hearing Company, Canten, Ohio Cif Ellwanger, Copper Development Association, ine, New York, New York FE. Foster, Riley Stoker Company, Worcester, Massachusetee D. K. Leper, ‘Standard Oil Companyy San Franciacey Caliters A. MeCutchin, Tube Tures, Division of Chemeticn Corporation, Louisville, Kentucky J. H. Rickermaa, The Ni. Kelloga Company, New Varky New York H.W. Tomb, U. 5. Steal Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania J: Te Vann, Anetican Cast toa Pipe Company, Bicningham, Alabama E. 1, Wanderer, Aluminum Company of American, New Kensington, Penney! aniaPETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING Introduction Introduction The Code for Pressure Piping (ASA B31) consists of a pumber of Sections, which collec Uvely constitute the Code, Hereinafter int Introduction and in the text of this Code Section 31.3, when the word “Code” is used wichout identitication co snother specific Code Section, it means this Code Section. "The Code for Pressure Piping sexs forth engi- neering requicemencs deemed necessary for saf design and constasction of piping systems. While ‘safety is the basic consideration of this Code, this factor alone will aot neceusarily govern the Final specifications for any pressure piping sys- tem. The designer is czutioned thav the Code is not a design handbook, The Code docs not do Away with the need {or the engineer or competent engineering judgment. "The Code containe basic reference data and formulas aecessary for design. It is intended to sinte these reqaitements in terms of basic design principles to the fullest possible extent, supple- Inented with specific cequirenents where neces ‘Snry to obtain uniform interprecation of principle, It containg prohibitions in areas where practices or designs are known to be unsafe, In other areas the Code contains warnings or "flags'* where Ccnution is known to be necessary, but where it fs fele thar a direct prohibition wauld be uowise. The Code includes: (i) material specifications and component standards ‘which have been accepted for Code sage. ‘ythe designation of proper dimensional standards for the elements comprising piping systems: (G) equitements for the design of component pars and assembled units, indluding neccesary pipe supporting elemenss. (4) cequitements for the eveluation sod limitation of stresses, reactions, and movements associated with pressure, temperature, and exe ternal forces. (5) requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping systems. (6) seauirements for testing and inspecting of elements belore assembly ot erection and of the Completed systems after erection. ‘The components of piping systems should, as for as practicable, comply with the Specificacions and Standards listed in the Code. Compliance with this Code requires chat fundamental prin ples be followed and that materials or practices bot specifically approved under this Code, but Which are nat prohibited by the Code, be quali fied for use as set forth in the applicable chap- ters of the Code. ‘The apecitie design requicements of the Code usually revolve around a simplified engineering approach to a subject. It is intended that 9 de- Signer capable of applying more complete and rigotous analysis ¢o special or unusual problems Shall have latitude in the development of such designs and the evaluation of complex o¢ com bined stresses, In such cases the designer is responsible for demonstrating the validity of his approach, ‘This Code shall not be retcoactive, or con strued ae applying co piping systems erected be- fore, of under constivetion at the time of its ap- proval by the American Standards Association, ‘Actention of wsets of the Code is directed to the fact that the numbering of the Divisions and the material thereunder may not be consecutive. Such discontinuity is recognized. It is not the result of editorial o¢ printing errors. An attempt hhas been made, insofar as possible, to follow ‘ uniferm outline in the various Sections. Due to the (net that the complete outline may cover Phases not applicable tos particular Section, the Code has been prepared with gaps in the numbering. Ue 12 believed that in this way, cross referencing becween Sections is made easier and use of the Code is facilitated since the same subject, in general, appears under che same ‘number and subenumber in all Sections. "The Code is ander the ditection of Sectional Committee B31 of the American Standards As- sociation and is under the administrative epon- sorship of The American Society of Mechanical Engineecs. ‘The Committee is @ contiouing one and is organized to keep the Code up to dace in con- text and iat step With she developments in mate jale, consteuctions and usage. Revisions are issued periodically. New editions are published ae eee" four year intervals depending oo ‘Sectional Committee ASA B31 has established an orderly procedure to consider requests for inInvieduetion teipretations and revisions of Code requirements, In onter to receive consideration, inquitien shall be in writing and must give full particulars, When an approved reply co an inguity involves fa change ia Code requirements, the ruling is ‘made public through the issuance of a “Case.” ‘This is published in Wechanical Enginocring. A "Case Tncesprecation and Revision” service is maintained for the benefit of all who use the AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING Coile. Saggestions for revisions may oxiginate within the Committee itself from sajone oot Hide the committee, All seqoests for inteypretations or sugges: tions for fevisions should be addressed tothe Secretary, ASA. Sectional Commitee B31, in fate of ‘The American Society of Mecha Engineers, United Engineering Center, 343 East 47th Steet, New Yorke Nc. 10017.Revision Notes 1966 REVISION NOTES ‘These revision notes ovtine only the wee important changes included in chis edition, Also, changes which aze strictly editorial (jc. iuvlving no change in the requirement) ace not included. For complete details of all changes listed, including those listed below, a compatison with the 1962 edition of this Code is required Code Rejerence Revision 300.2 deletes definition of Mechanical Joint 300.2 adds definition of Process (nit 301.7 ow considero thermal fiuctiutions and variations 302.23 &.4 now considers both streas nnd rating variations 302.3.142 corrects percentage of yielt strength to 66 2/3 302.3.24 clutifies requirements concerning longitudinal stcesses 304.1.2 changes limits of Do/t fer use of vatiovs equations 304.21 now refers to 329.1 for berul flattening limits 308.4 revises limitations for nourmctallic gaskets 308.5.2 Geletes 300 psi pressure limit for carbon steel bolts 310.3.1A (Table) comects values for aluminum for +300 F thew ~175 F and 300 F thru 375 F 320 general xevision 321 general revision 322.3.24 Geletes required connection to collecting system 322.6.1a ‘clarifies stop valves required capable of locking in both positions 323.1b adds genesal requirements: for non-metallic marerisl= 323.21 igenetal revision of cemperatuce limitations for materials 323.2,2a1 now refets to stress cablen for Cemperature tequicing impact test 323,2.203 deletes cequited impact test for free-machining Cr = Ni stainless steel 323.24 general revision for cast anil malleable iron limitations 323.25 deletes 1000 psi pressure Jimit for nodular iron 326.1 adds new standards 327.23 adds consumable inserss 379.1 now covers cevised bend fhuttening limits 3313.20 adopts 3/4" thickness linit for postheat ueatment of fersitic steels 331.3.2b& e revises postheat creaument sus hardness requirements for small welds 337.2 now allows vest fluid other than water or oi! 357.4.1 now requizes adjustment of hydeostatic cest pressure only for a design temperature above 650 F Appendix A makes extensive revisions, mainly in less commonly weed materials such as ‘east and malleable iron, nuaferrous, and high alloy steels ‘Appendix C _cosrects table heading to “esign Stress”, other changes concem high alloy tee] bolting Appendix Eads reference Standards ASTM A6, A20, A493, API 603 end 604, and Indes Subject Index Added (Page 101)Contents: 300 300.1 300.2 301 301.1 301.2 301.22 301.23 301.3 301.3.2 301.4 301.41 301.42 301.5, TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 = SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS GENERAL STATEMENTS... ecard ot Scope Definitions CHAPTER I~ DESIGN PART J: CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA DESIGN CONDITIONS. General. Pressure Internal Design Pressure Excernal Design Pressure Temperature Design Temperature Ambient Influences i Cooling Effeces on Pressure 12.0...) Fluid Expansion Effects .., Dynamic Effects Impact Wind Earthquake Vibration . i Weight Effects... i a Live Loads. Dead Loads ‘Test Loads Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads : Differential Settlement of Connected Equipment DESIGN CRITERIA General 7 fessure-Temperature Design Criteria for Piping Components Components Having Specific Ratings Components Net Having Specific Ratings Normal Operating Condicions 7 Allowance for Variations {rom Normal Operations Considerations for Local Condicions and Transitions Allowable Stresses and Other Setess Limite Allowable Scress Values ‘ Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and ‘Thermal Expansion .... Limits of Calculated Suiesses Due to Occasional Loads Allowances oy Corrosion and Erosion Threading and Grooving Weld Joint Factors. Mechanical Scrength CHAPTER Il ~ DESIGN PART 2: PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING. COMPONENTS, : CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS. PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS Straight Pipe General Straight Pipe Under Intemal Pressures vesevesevrvrve woven Straight Pipe Under External Pressure Stiffener Rings for Pipe Under External Pressure PogeTADLE OF CONTENTS (CONTD) Contents Page soi PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS (CONT'D) oid Curved Segments of Pipe : “4 243 9 OBlpe Bends te M whe) Btbows an eee 5 youd Intersections Piette paraiette ES 3064 a1” Branch Connections ~ General : inpistrtyaaeonet MT) strength of Branch Connections 5 ost 3 Reinforcement of Branch Connections 16 BT] Openings in Closures - 18 Maas Miters oes. 19 Role Attachments 19 x04 Closures « 19 2hiedd General cae : 19 BET 2 Welded Flat Closures «0.0 0--0++ eee 20 MMyi3— Ellipsoidal Closures inaapepretinscteccitatt 20 301 14 Sphericelly Dished Closures... ee ievisestopeenigat AUG. Memispherical Closures Bee ees emueetgaa SUT Conjenl Closures (withouetansition knuckles) 0+ --+ 2 BEES ortconieal Closites o-oo once 2 304.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Bla 2 45s. Flanges « General a cee areas soe? Blind Flanges ate Huet B 304.6 Redvers sess ae eee 25 See) General ac wn 3 Bosfe2 Concent 25 BGs Becentie Reducers ..cce ons Baia 25 3047 Pressure Design of Other Pressure-Coneaining Components «++ « 23 CHAPTER li ~ DESIGN. PART 3: SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING COMPONENTS ...-- ae) 05 PIPE . aes ae ae pees 305.1 General eos s ia eee 503.) Metallic Pipe. ert Mirza Retrous Pipe cera 4og22 Nonferrous Pipe 25 jo¢_-FETTINGS, BENDS AND INTERSECTIONS 2 306.1 linge ste ttt eyes tee ye CUNENED 3 Sed General oe a itty Sokal.2 Ball and Spigot Fict 6 306.2 Bends and Intersections ate 6 ae Couplings .. = cee 26 26 26 ee i 126 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS AND BOLTING 2% Flanges .e-ce-seseses von 26 General Dada at eae TL 36 Screwed Flanges ..sesessces rae 26 Blanks... : ae 26 Flange Facings re 26 Gaskets i 26 Bolting Pe ceefiete iaate cena 26 ‘General Petia : pee as Machine Boles. eee sareceoeateair id Maen oeiesae Temperatures. sevcevsvecsereseeereenetansents BD Boleing for Cast Iron Flanges 7Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) Pope CIUAPTER H = DESIGN PART 4: SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS em OF PIPING JOINTS rarest eee eared 27 310 PIPING JOINTS ” General : 2 WELDED JOINTS... 2 General + a Dacking Rings for Butt Welds . : 27 Socket Welds». : 2 Fillet Welds ies eae : n Seal Welds... ; Pern oe n B12 FLANGED JOINTS 27 313. EXPANDED JOINTS ertipeteer 314 ‘THREADED JOINTS eeeee 2B 315. FLARED, FLARELESS AND COMPRESSION JOINTS .....0..... . B 316 CAULKED JOINTS 28 317 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS 2B 318 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS 28 CHAPTER Il — DESIGN PART 5: EXPANSION, FLEXIBILITY, STRUCTURAS. ATTAGAMENTS, SUPPORTS AND RESTRAINTS. . » 319 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY » 319.1 General seeeee 2» 3i9.1.1 “Objectives | i % 319.1.2 Expansion Si : 2 319.2" Concepts » 319.21 Suess Range ‘ 2 Cold Spring» : 2 Local Oversteain SUI 2 Physical Constants : Genera I ‘Thermal Expansion eee fee 30 Modulus of Elnsticity 30 Poisson's Ratio aeons 30 Allowable Stress Raage 30 Dimensions 30 Flexibility and Stress tntensification Factors 30 Analysis. oo 50 Method of Analysis 30 Basic Assumptions and Requirements 3 Flexibility Stresses i rT Reactions. : a cf LOADS ON PIPE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS Saree eee General .... i ‘ ad ppanseespesvonniaar” Weight Calculations’. oe Tee eee aL DESIGN OF PIPE’ SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 7 General 37 Objectives 37 Aisirais 37 reste for Pipe Sppatng 37 Materia} : ” Threads |. : 37 Fintwees 7 ‘Anchors & Guides - 37 inextensibte Supporis Oth 37 Resilient Supports 38 . Councerweight Supports. |...» ote: eee ee 321.25 Hydeaulic Supports ; fee 3B321.3 321.31 3213.2 321d 322 322.3 322.6 322.6. 322.6.2 326 326.1 326.2 326.3 327 327.2 320.21 327.2.2 327.23 320.3 3273. 327.3.2 32nd 320.4. 3274.2 TADLE OF CONTE Structural Atcachments . Nonintopral Ateechments Integral Auachnents . ‘Steacrural Connections CHAPTER ~ DESIGN PART 6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS P} Instrument Piping Pressure Disposal Piping. Stop Valves io P NTS (CONT'D) Discharge Piping for Pressare-Relieving Safery Devices CHAPTER J - MATERIALS MATERIALS ~ GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. ‘Acceptable Materials and Specifications, Limitations on Macerials General 7 Impact Tests. Steel. Cast and Halieable iron Nodular Iron ‘ Nonfertous Materials... Clad end Lined tiaterials Deveriorsting of Materials in Service MATERIALS ~ MISCEI. Gaskets : Boltiog v2.0 ccccscees NEOUS PARTS CHAPTER IV ~ DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS. DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STANDARD 4ND NON-STANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS ....... Standard Piping Componencs Nonstandard Piping Components: Threads oes es es CHAPTER V ~ FAURICATION, ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION . WELDING Materials Filler Macesial Backing Rings Consumable Inserts Preparation Biuee Welds Fillee Welds Procedure General 7 Gieth Bact Welds ‘| Longicadinal Bute Welds Filler Welds . ‘Seal Welds Velded Branch Connection: Heat Treatment i Qualification Genezal P-Numbers Welding Responsibility Qualification by Others Vest Joint Performance Requalification Qualification Records Defect Repairs ping for Pressute-Relieving Safety Devices TAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS. no 38 Contents Page . 8 38 38 38TABLE OF CONTENTS (conT’D) Preparation and Procedure. Surface Preparation Joint Clearance Bond Radius snd Flactening <1... Heat Treatment Heat Treaumene HEAT TREATMENT Heating and Coolin Postheat Treatment Local Postheat Treatment ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION Cast Iron Bell and Spigor Threaded Piping ~ INSPECTION AND TEST... Inspection, General 12.2) : the Code Examiner Rights of Inspectors Examination of Methods .. Supplementary Types of Exanination ‘Type and Extent of Examination Required Supplementary Types of Exanii PRESSURE TESTS . Tests, General. Test Preparation cinal Pressure Piping 1g of External Pressure Piping Tiydiooeaie Testing of Hosta Tessin Pheunotie Testing Allowable Sess Tables ‘Table 302.3.14 Allowable S Table 302:3.1B Allowable Stresses for Welded Pi Sample Calculations for Branch Reinforcement... Bolt Design Svess Tables : ees ‘Table 304.5.14 Design Suesses for Ferrous Bolting Materials Table 304,5.18 Design Stresses for Noa-Ferrous Bolting Materials P-Number Tables Reference Standards esses for Materials ipe and Fiteings 101e PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING 300 Chapter | SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS 300 GENERAL STATEMENTS and to all pes of services including oi) 60 i oN Renny Piping Code 16 8 eee ae rarer chemicals, and sofipeants wee Fife american Standard B31 Code, (or erence excluded Ia 00.1.5 and | Seon ag, This Section is published as 5 Pressergee document for simplicity nnd convent ackape cefigeration wait pia | eae erence seer edict may 5 with ASA.B3LS exerts ‘hae impact test cequite bleh reese ty ais Coe ‘ wey Af 325 2c) snd 323.2.2 shall spely- | ete vot a completed piping installation os. ‘This Code exces the Folowng wacnttclcealttesanatity fe empl gnaans Cote exces the a soce, wih ie Eh veof a wide erglner piping within the jurisdiction of Section wore CPaecices within pleads en eT teal eo eye ASME. Boilec and Pres: iety of Seojeed chat the engineering Sesign spi anp special eequtenencs pertinent fo specily lee tervice involved, Fer example, dhe ae Pore aeeiga, shall noe for, any service @ me ns esian, SNwer than chat stpalated Seely oO god 327.4.3(0) for the code-requiced in 327-420) etrion qolity and for ehe oypes of sie elves ere ewes omens: welds ivadied quality and more extensive neeareilGjve, examination, these are to be sure Vessel Code ey heacer cubes, tube. fittings and head including connection for piping (plessure vessels, heac exchangess, punpet and ocbet such equipment, including i> Pama piping and connections for piping: ay piving designed for internal pressures: Pip teog above 0 psig but leas than 5 psig regardless of temperature, IG) ac or aeove 3 psig but lees thon 15 ig ifthe design eemperarute is in che range of renderers Cepesriog evign gnany © ade wo G0 inl casey saad nen sagen be Cose (ey ging ened tefignry propery whlch equtes that thes be accomolignst 1a eee te sgside for cross-country, PiPIDR esac the Be 2epPa Sag eich estaby naming ll ga tows £2, oF OR ik ie te cope of required inspection, 294° refine 3 8 Bh fo. Hees hich establishes the extent, and . by ve fetes he eal ceed wniesvadost soo. ive coting ae aap forms of nondestructive examinstion potting, gaskets, valves, fittings, the Presstse bolting Barve. of other components such 2s 300.1 Scope concen Qjacs, swivel joint, and strainers expaevices which serve such purposes 25 ix” ree, separating, smubbing, distributing, metering ing, setolling flow. Te aise includes pipe Sup porting elements. Piging does wot include support stcweree hie Cade presctibes minimon, 2 cone Fae desigo tabctin autem ee ection of reve fe Feats td mien pina ar cept a6 exch ody this Code covers sucl frames of buildings, stanchions, of Sefioraine Semnts pe ore Riana 2 ot een such a dined a ig i eee enol ee feeb) we tea HCD hla compro rrceasing pak Psy ah oe ongeed eee ak edi of pvleam 24 300.2, Definitions fn the Rproducts, Te also covers incereoanecting Some of the mote common, or, controversial [Uae between separate sections of a refinery: terme relating to piping are defined below. Terms eimai to welding which agree wich AWS Stand: e 4300,1.2 This Code spplics to piping,systens ard M0 ae Tnacked with an asterisk (*) and ore nae eat inids, including fiuigized solids, ghows here “ior convenience, Other welding tems300.2 AMERICAN given are either not included in AWS A3.0 oF are required to be here defined with specific refer ence to pipiog. For welding terms used in this Code, but not shown here, definitions per AWS 83.0 apply. Anneal Heat Treatment ~See Weat Treatments, ‘Are Welding — A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs, with or without the ap- plication of pressure and with or without the bse of filler etal. Assembly ~ The joining together of two ot more piping components by bolting, welding, caulking of threading into theit installed loca. tioa as specified by the engineeting design. It is not concerned with the method by which thi is done. ‘Automatic Welding ~ Welding with equipment wthich performs the entire welding operation with= four constant observation and adjustment of the controls by an opecacor. The equipment may ot may not perform the loading and unloading of the work, ‘*Backing Ring ~ Backing in the form of « ring genersily used in the welding of piping. *Base total — The metal to be welded or cut. Brose Welding ~ A welding process whereby a weld is made using a nonfertous filler metal baving @ melting point below that of the base metals, but above 800F. The filler mecal is not distribuced in the joint by capillary attcaction, (Bronze welding, formerly used, is a menomet for this tern.) Brazing — A metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by use of a nonferrous fillet mecal having a melting point above 800F, bat lower than thar of the base metals being joined. The fillec metal is distributed becwees the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by copil= Inty attraction, “Butt Join = A joint berween two members lying approximately in the same plane: Engineering Design — The detailed devign developed ftom process requirements and ‘cere fering to Code equirements, ineludingall neces= sary deawings and. specifications, poverniag. a piping insealoxion, Bquitment Connection ~ An integcal part of such equipment. as. prevaure wenveley heat ese Changers, pumps, designed. for atenchment to pipe or piping components. allation of field assembly, Erection ~ The complete it ing system, including any "ANDARD, CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING fabrication, testing, and inspection of the sys tem. Ie also involves the tools and methods used to prepare for and carry out the complete stallacion. Fabrication ~ Primarily she welding rogetier of piping components into integral picees ready for assembly. It includes bending, forming, threading or ether operations upon these com- ponents, if not part of assembly. Tt may be done in a shop of ia the field, Face of Weld ~ The exposed surtace of a weld on the side from which the welding was done. Piller Metal ~ Metal to be added in welding, soldering, brazing or braze welding. ‘Filles Weld — A weld of approximately ei angular cross-section joining two surfaces ap- proximately at right angles to cach other in « Jap joint, t2e joint ot commer joint. *Full Pillet Weld — A fillet, weld whose size is equal te the thickness of the thinner member joined. *Fusion ~ The melting together of filler metal and base metal, or of base mecal only, which results in coalescence, 5 Welding — A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is-produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with ot without the ap- plication of pressure, and with of without ihe use of filler metal, Groove Weld ~ A weld made i berscen two members to be joined. tueas Affected Zones ~ That postion of the base metal which has noc been melted, but whose mechanical propesties of microstructures have been altered by the heat of welding or cutting. the grove Heat Treatment Annealing, Full — Heating a metal ot alloy to a temperature above the critical temperature range and holding above the range for a proper period of time, followed by cooling co below chat range. (A softening treatment is often carried out just below the critical range which is re fewed to as a subcritical anneal.) Normalize — A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to & suitable temperatare above the wansformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room kemperatuce, Surass-Relief — Uniform heating of « structure ‘ot portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion ofthe residual steesees, followed by utiforn cooling.PETROLEUM Ri sinert-Gas Metal-Are Welding ~ An are weld> ing process wherein coalescence is produced by heating ‘with an elacttie are between a metal Cleetsode and the Wolk. Shielding is obtained from an inert gas such a6 helium oF argon. Pres sure may or may fot be used and filler mecal may of may not be used. «joint Design ~ The joie geomeuy together wie ‘the required dimensions of the welded oe “Joint Penetration — The minimiin depth a groove weld extends from its face into a joint, Exclusive of reinforcement, ‘alana! Welding — Welding wherein the ene tire welding operation is petformed and con trolled by band. Miter — Two of more straight sections of pipe matched and joined on a line bisecting the tangle of junction so as to produce # change in direction. Normalize Heat Treatment ~ See Heat Treat oxygen Cutting — A group of cutting proce esses wherein the severing of metals is affected by means of the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures. In the Case ef oridation-resistant metale, the reaction facilitated by ase of « flux. “Oxygen Gouging ~ An application of oxygen ‘custing wherein a chamfer of groove is formed, Package Refrigeration Unit — A cefrigeration unit, designed and constructed in accordance with manufacturer's standard design, consisting. of the principal refrigeration equipment and the Incerconnecting pipiag, including teltigerant piping and other eteendant piping. Petroleum Refinery» An industcial plane for the handling or processing of petroleum. Such fa plant may be an individual gasoline recovery plang, 2 tenting plant, or an integrated refinery faving yrous proccss nite tnd atendane Pipe ~ A tubo, usually cylindrical, used for conveying a fluid of tronsmitting fluid pressure, fnomally designated “pipe” in the applicable specification, fe also includes aay similar com- ponent designated as "tubing" used for the Same purpose. Types of pipe, according to the inethod af manufacture, are defined as follows: 300.2 a. Electric-Resistance-Welded Pipe: Pipe produced in individual lengths or in continuous [enpths rom coiled. skelp and subsequendy cut inc individoa! lengths, having # longitudinal bre joine whetein coalescence ts proguced by the ene obtained from resistance of the pipe co the tho gf electcie asin na clout of which the spe isa pare,and by the application of pressure. Po barlece Lepetetded Pipes Pipe havien longitedinal fap joine nade by the forge welding proeas whercig coalescence is produced by Beating she preformed tube to welding tempetse ture and paasing It over a mandcel located box tween two welding tolls which compress and weld the overlapping edges, © Furgace Butielded Pipe () Famoce Bunatelded Pipe, Bell-tPelded: Pipe, produced in individval lengths from cot Tengsi’skelpy having ies longituainal bute joiot forge welded by the mechanical pressure devel= oped in drawing the furnace-heated akelp throagh sTeonershaped die (conmonly known as a "welds Jog bell”) which serves ns 8 combined foraing and welding die. {@) Furnace Butelelded Pipe, Continuous: Welded: Pipe produced in. contiguoce. length ftom coiled skelp and subsequently. cat intone dividual lengths, having. its longitudieal boc folae forge welded by the mechanical pressure Aeteleped in rolling the borformed skel() though ‘tet of round pase welding rolls, Ue BlectriceFusion-Felted Pipe: Pipe hav- ing s iengitocinal bute joine wherein coulescenee ishproduces in the peeformed tabe by mannal oF Automatic electeicate welding. The weld may be Single oF double und may be made with or ithe cutithe use of filler metal Spitalswelded pipe is also made by the elec- ticeusionewelded process with either a. burt joints a lap joint oc # loskeseam j ‘e Blectic Flash-belded Pipe? Pipe have ing « longicedsnel butt joie wherein coalescence int produced, simuleanctusty over the entire eee ot mbuting sucfaces, by the heac obtained from fesistance to the flow of eleetsie evtrent between the to suaces and by the aplication of pee nce after eating, is substantially completes Flashing and upretting are nccompacted by © pasion sf et irom the ae re Double Submerged-dre-Welded Pipe: Pit having a longitudinal bate joint produced by at Teast avo passes, one of which is on the inside of the pipes Conlencence Is prodoced hy heating Sith an electric arc or ares between the bare mnetal electrode ot elestrodes and the werk, The Welding ie shisided by 2 blanket of pranslar Tostble material on the work, Pressure ie not deed and filjer metal forthe inside and outsige elds is obtained from the electode of elec trode.300.2 AMERICA: & Seantess Pine: Pipe produced by piere= ing # billet followed by rolling or drawing, oF bath, HipesSupporting Plements ~ Pipessuppotin clement consist of fntites and structtal ae tachments, as follows: Fictures ~ Pistures include elements which teansfet the load fro the pipe of strdctoral at tachment to the supporting stractare ot equipe ment. They include hanging type fixes such fae hanger rode, spting hanget, sway braces, Councerweighes," tumbickles, struts, chains gules and. anchors, and beacing type fixees Such ne saddles, bases, rollers, brackets, and sliding supports. Sinuctiral rctackments ~ Suctual ateach- meats Include clements Which ate welded, bolted, Gr clamped to. the pipe, sich az lips, lugs, Hinge, clanps, eleviees, stops and skits Postheating ~ The application of heat wo 2 cial section subsequent to welding or Cutting ‘Prebeating ~ The application of heat to the base metal prior to a weldingor cutting operation, Process Unit - A process unit is an aten whose boundaries are designated by the engineer ing design, devoted to the processing of petral- eum suid related produces. Examples of installa tions which are not requited to be classilied as process unite are loading terminals, bulk plants, compounding plants, aad tank farms. Refinery ~ See Pewoleum Refinery. “Reinforcement of Weld ~ Weld metal on the face of a groove weld in excess of che metal necessary for the specified weld size, *Root Opening — Tae separation between the members to be joined, at the toot of the joint, *Root Penetration ~ The depth a groove weld extends into the toot openiog of a joint measured fon the ceater line of the root eross-section. *Seal Weld ~ Any weld used primarily to ob- tain tightness “Semi-Automatic Are Welding ~ Arc welding with ‘equipment which controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is mane ually controlled. “Shielded Metal-Are Welding ~ Ao ate-weldiog process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc between a covered metal electrode and the Work. Shielding is ob- tained from decomposition of che electrode cov ering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode. STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING Size of Weld — Grouve Weld — The joint penetration (depth of chatnfering plus the roat penetration when specified), Fillet Weld — For equal log fillet welds, Jeg length of the largest isosceles right-tiangle which can be inscribed within the filletweld crossesection, For uncquil leg fillet welds, the leg Tengths of the largest right-itiangle: whieh can be inseribed within the filler-weld cross *Slag Inclusion ~ Nonmetallic solid material enteapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal. Soldering ~ A metal joining process wincrein coalescence is prowiced by heating to suitable temperatuces and by wsing a wontersous. alley fusible ae tenperatires below S00? and hoving melting point below chat of the base metals being joined. ‘The filer metal Is disteibuted bewween closely fitted susfaces of the joint by capillary avtsttion. In general, suldere are Teadstin alloys and may centsin natimony, bis: tnuth, silver, and other elements, Stress-Relief ~ See Hest Treatment, *Snbmerged Are Welding — Aa are welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heat Ing. with on electric are or arce between a bare nieve! electrode or elecicedes and the works ‘The Welding is shielded by a. blanker of grenulan fusible material on the work, Pressure is poe used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and Sometimes trom # supplementary welding rod. "Tack Weld ~ A weld made to hold pants of a wweldment in proper alignment until the nal welds are made, ‘Throat of @ Fillet Weld — Theoretical. ~ The stance from the beginoing of the root of the erpeadicular to the byporenase of the large est right-triangle that can be inscribed within the filletsweld cross-section, Actual — The shortest distance from che roor of a fillet weld vo ies face, *Toe of Weld ~ The junction between the face of the weld and the base metal. ‘Tungsten Electrade ~ A noa-filler metal electrode, used in are welding, consisting of a tungsten wire, Underent ~ A groove melted into the base eral adjacent to the toe of a weld and aot filled with weld meal, Weld ~ A localized coalescence of metal whereic coalescence is produced by heating toPETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING swithoue the appli Without the use of wwe a melting ible cemperatures, with oF Ehrinn of pressure, and with or filler metal, The filler metal shalt fuint npprovinacely the same as the base mec sWelder ~ One who is cepable of performing inanyol of eemiautomatic welding operation. 300.2 Welding Opérator ~ One who operates machine ‘or automatic welding equipment. sWelding Procedures ~ The detailed methods and practices including joint welding procedures favolved in the production of a weidment, tWelément — An assembly whose component parts ace joined by welding.301 ICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE’ PIPING Chapter 2 DESIGN PART 1: CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 301 DESIGN CONDITIONS 301.1 General 301 defines the temperatures, pressures, and various forces applicable to the design of piping systems. Ie slso takes into account considera tions that shall be given to ambient end mechan ical influences and various loadings. 01.2 Pressure 301.2.2 Infernal Design Pressmre, ‘The piping component shall be desigaed for internal pressure representing the most severe condition of coincident pressure and cemperseure expected in normal operation (including fluid head). The most severe condition of coincident pressure and temperature undet normal opetation ‘shall be that condition which recules in the great est required pipe thickness and the highest flange eating, 301.2.3 External Design Pressure. ‘The piping component shall be designed for the maximum differential pressuce (including fluid head) ac the coincidental temperature, that ccan act externally on the componeatia the piping. system, taking into consideration the failure of external or iateraal pressure, 3OL.3 Temperature 301.3.2 Design Temperature. The design temperature is the metal temper ature representing the moat severe condition of coincident pressure and cemperature as explained 301.2.2 and shall be decermined as follows: (a) For fluid temperatures below 32 F, the metal cemperature shall be taken ax the ‘fluid temperanares Go) For fluid cemperatices 32 F, and abore, the metal tenperatsre for uninsdlated componcots Shall be a0 tena than the following values: {@) threaded and welding end valves, pipe, elting ising sad cer components hing Tall thickness comparable eo tia of the pipe: 93H ofthe flail cemperature ne Q) flanged valves, flanged fittings and Hanges (except tap joined: 90% of the Maid (3) lap joint flanges: 85% of the fluid temperature (4) bolting: 80% of the fluid comperaure (c) Excernally insulaced piping: The fluid temperature shall be used unless calculations, brevioue tents, or service expecience bused on measurements support the use of other tempera- tares. Where piping is heated by waciag oF ja eting, the effect of such heating shall be incor porated in the establishment of the design tem peratare, (@) Internally insulated piping: The design petal tenpertire shal be based on heat teane 301.4 Ambient Influences 301.4. Cooling & The cooling of a gas or vapor in a piping componeat may reduce the preseure aufficiently to create aa internal vacuum. In such # case, the ping component shall be capable of withstand Ing the excernal pressure at the lower tempera- ture, ot provision shall be made to break che 301.4,2 Plaid Expavsion Effects. Provision shall be made in the design cither co withstand or co relieve inctcased pressure caused by the heating of static fluid in a piping component. 301.5 Dynamic Effects 3015.1 Impact, Impact forces (including hydraulic caused by either external of internal con: shall be considered in the design of piping components. 301.5.2 Wind, The effect of wind londing shall be taken into accoune in the design of exposed piping. 3015.3 Earthquake. Piping systems located in regions where earthquakes ate a factor, shall be designed for s horizontal force in conformity with good eng; neering practice using governmental data asa guide in decesmining the earchquake force. How= ever, this force is not to be considered as acting concarcently with Interal wind force.PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING : 301.5.4 301.54 Vibration. Piping shall be arranged and supported with consideration to vibration. 301.6 Weight Effects The following weight effects combined with loads and forces from other causes shall be taken into account in the design of piping. 301.6.) Live Loads. The live load consists of the weight of the fluid transported and snow and ice loads shell be considered jn localities where such condi- 301.6.2 Pead Loads. Dead loads consist ef the weight of the pip- ing components and insulation, and other supet= imposed permanent loads. 301.6.3 Test Loads. The test lood consists of the weight of the test Mid 401.7 Therniel Expansion and Contraction Loads. Ifa piping system is prevented from free thermal expansion and contraction as a result of Gachors and rectraints, forces and momencs are tee up which most be saleeo into account ao re faised by 202 sad 319. Alse, consideration sholl fetgiven to stresses in piping resuleiog from Targe rapid temperatwie changes, oF from unequal cenperatute distribution, 3018 Differential Settlement of Conacetod Equipment. “The possible effect of differential sextlement of connected equipment shall be taken into ace Sov in he design of ping nd ppessrpsing 302 DESIGN CRITERIA 302.1 General 302 pertaine to ratings, stzess values, stress ineriat design allowances, aed minimom design Selves, and formulates the permissible varia- Tons to these factors used in the design of pipieg. wore Desige Criteria 302.2. Pressure-Temper for Piping Componeats, 02.2.1 Gomponents Having Specific Ratings. Pressurecenperacure ratings for ceriain, pip- ing componcnts have been eotablished and ate Contained in some of the standards listed in Fable 326.1. Whicte piping components have established preceaure-teaperatire ratings, which do not ex Rend to the upper material’ temperature Limits permiteed by thir God, the pressure-temperatace Paings between those established and the, tee perature limit may be determined in accordance Wich rales of this Code. 302.2.2 Components Not Having Specific Rating! Piping components not having established pressutertemperature tings (sacl as pipe and Pucewelding fittings) shall comply with 303 and 504 and ocher applicable requirements of this Code for suitability {or design conditions iow volved. 302.2.3 Normal Operating Conditions. For oormal operation, the desiga pressure ‘and temperature shall not be greater chan the prossure-emperature rating of the component. In Phe absence of such rating, the design pressure Shell not result in stress exceeding the allow Able stress for the material st the temperatire, 302.2.4 Allowances for Variations from Nor ai Operating Gondtions. Sore rene otke tcmperacace oF pressure, OF oth tom nocne! pperatiog conditions are char Be TeRleqoent and of nhort duration, the pros se etteeatwe “ratings (oF the allowable Seay er the piping components may be ad- fesed ae flow Mo HP jestcreaaed operating condition will not trece 10 hore st any one tims or 100 hoses oF Sani [s penmisaible to inecease she pres oer Peaiag (oe ine llowable stress) ac the tem sare ae Ging during the inerensed operating Eenaltin, by aarimam of 33%. GT ihe increased operating condition, will not pasted 50 pours at any one tine or 300 hours aoe eee fs permissible wo inctease the pres Pe yeatng (or fhe allowable stress) at the Ten Seiscure existing Goring the ineteased operating onuiton by 2 maxinum of 205 302.2.5. Considerations for Local Conditions and Transitions. ‘hen evo Lines that operste at diferent pres surmicnperatute conditions. are connected, the Suivececgeegating the evo lines shall be raced for the more severe service condition. hen = ihe Ts connected co a piece of equipment which etcates at's bigher pressure-temperacote condi operAivon that of the line, he valve segregating Te ee om the equipment shall be rated for at IeGst the operating condition of che eguipment. Ppt he ae is uci lage Hom the pipe er pice of equipment operacn fro, ieee advere service condition, with The tesuie thot the tenperatace of this” valve Woatd be lower than the more severe service weRution, this valve may be raced for the most302.3 severe covexintent tenperernrespressire cond tion to hich it will be serually subjected total operation. However, the piping, between the more sevete vondition® and the velve shell bbe designed to withstand the operating condi tions of te equips or piping to which 302.3 Allowable Suesses and Other Stress Livits. 302,3.1 Allowable Stresses (2) Allowable Stress Values: The allowable stress values to be used for design calculations shall conform to Yables 302,3.1A and 302.3.1B, (See Appendix A) unless otherwise modified by Fequirements of this Code, The tables show basic allowable stresses for materials other than welded pipe, welded fittings and castings, For welded pipe’ and welded fittings che tables show the Product of the basic allowable stresses and the applicable joine factor (SE), (Equations in this Code provide for the combination of stresses and joint faccors where necessary.) For static caste lings the tables show the product of the basic allowable stresses and the basic casting quality factor (0.805), For cencrifugal castings the tables show the product of the basic allowable secesves and casting quality factors of 1.0 and 0.99. For structural grade material a quality factor of 0.92 has beon applied. The stress values in the Code are grouped according to temperature, and the temperature is the metal cemperature. db) Casting Quality Factors: The quality factors tequiced herein apply to castings which ate designed using the stresses contsined jp this Code, They do aot apply to valves, Hlanges and fitiags conforming to the Standaads listed ia Table 326.1, () Statié Castings: The miniwum inspec tion and test cequirements for static castings re those required by the applicable ASTM or ‘other material specification aud a visual examina tion in accordance with MSS SP¥55, Static cast. ings satislying these minimus requirements shall be designed with a quality factor aot exceeding When the following operations or exaninae ions ate performed, the ‘couesponding. ineses reuse aiay be added’ to the Basie’ quality factor of 0.80. When higher quality factole ase te be see cach casting shall feceive. the supple: smengy “examination prescribed: Regadieee of the eitent of supplimentary ‘examination, dhe quality factor shal ton exceed 1.00, Wall euslaces of» static easting ace ae shined, ‘this increasing the “elfectivensse al visual examination, the quality factor aay be ine creased by 0.05, : ul ’ AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING Hall aurfaces of a static casting are cx mined by the mognedie pattiese method, the qual ty frcsor may be increased by 0.05. Magnecie particle exanioation shall be pedoreed and judged fn see Eondance with MSS $P-53, Static castings whieh receive a fall endioe raphe examination and. ate found to have the Soundness required by ASIN E71 Clase ? or MSS SP-54 may have theie quality factor increase by 0.15, @) Conwitugal Castings: The minimun jn spection and teat tequizements for centifagal castings are those required by the applicable ASTM or other macetial specification, and the To loving! machining of both the inner cad eutee sac faces to a fish aot coatser than 250 mictovinches alter heat weatmenc in accordance with ASA BIG, xanination of the inside and oucside surfaces by the magnetic particle method in accordance with ASTM Ad26 of by the quid peneerun meteod accordance with ASTM A031; hydrostatic testing in accordance. with ASTM A426; and. tateeniag tests in accordance, with ASTM A436 with the following valves of cto be used in the Htc: ing test formula where appliccb A2IG. oe. + 0.07 A351 (eusteaitic) Tt oop. A351 (lescitic). « 2) 0.07 Constifagal castings Satistying the above tninimam requirements shall be deeloacd with a Quality factor not exceeding 0.99. ven each ceniilogt essing is exanioed ulteatonically or radiographically thioughow its length after machining, nd is proved seunt, the casting qualits factor may be increased co 1/0. The test methods and seandards of acceptability for ultrasonic and tadiopraphic inspection ‘shall be se described in ASTM Specification A426 (or A451, in the case of radiographic inspection), () Stress Baste for Festus. Materials: The basis for establishing basic allowable stress Yalues for ferrous materials in this Code is a2 follows: The mechanical properties for materiale as developed by the ASME Boiler and Presaue Vert sel Committee were used for establishing allows able stress values, The allowable suess valves selected by that committer for the elevated tose perature range were used. AC 1001" and below, an allowable stress vulie is established as the lower of either 3311/38 of the specified mininum tensile secengih. a toon temperature, ot 62-1/2% of the specified miainun yield strength for 0.2% offset at room temperature, AC any temperature between 100F ‘andthe ccoep range, the allowable stress value ie Tnited 10 @ value’ obtained fiom 2. smooth. curve (or Staipht line) joining the value at 100% with the wvalues selected for higher temperatures on the following basis:PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING . Gy at any tenperavore in this range, the allowable suiess value Joes not exceed 62°1/2% sree average expected yield strength for 0.2% Gftaee at tha temperature. Gy ac any temporatuce between O50F and the creep tanger the allowable stress value doce toe crested” 25% of the average expected tensile Strength at that remperatares ine igheccempecatores, he allowable stress value Js baued on 100% of the stress to produce TekSep sate of 0.01% per 1000 hours, The allows sie eeeeae value is abso Limited to 100% of che aoe ate produce rupture at che end of 100,000 surces fe im for a few eases, the excep strength fe lower than the cuptuee strength. CijSeress ‘Basis. for Nonferrous Materials: ‘fhe hueis for establishing basic allowable ste seca for nonferrous materials in this Code is as follows: ‘The basic allowable stress value for # term erating over 100F is determined ee, the lowest Pete following using tensile and yield strengths Shutined from standaed shortetime cests made at fhe temperature under consideration: {hy Das of the tensile ccrength 3s adjusted 0) 66-2/3% of the yield eteength as ad jusced to minimum. Gp ihe. stress preducing @ creep rate of 0.01% in 1000 hours. dayihe steese producing rupture in 100,000 hours, The tensile stcength and yicld strength ate adjusted to mininum by multiplying the test re safest che acio of the minimus specified oF Sipected tensile ot yield strength co the acts) Pee ISmperacure tensile ot yield strength for the fot of material under fest he creep and stresseropture strengths are decermined by. plotting the results of the creep deccumiggserupture teata_in the manner described wr Sincerpeetation of Creep and Stress-Repiase Bace,"' by Francis B. Foley, Metal Progress, 1947, pp. 951-958. AL TOUk and below, che allowable stress value is established as the lower of either 25% weshe: specified minimun consile stcength, at Ot a cemperature, oF O6-2/3% of she specified vettaum yield strength at room teraperamres Teh allowable -stecssee for materials not Listed in the tables shall be established from drei and extensive cest daca, using the basis eee fon fecrove materials and (A) for nonferrous materials. @ Allowable stress values in sheat shall be Ogpet the valves contained in Tables 302.3.1 8 pe P902.3.1B (See Appendix A), and allowable an ee falues in beating shall be 1.60 of the val- Sek contained in these tables. (p)Stect materials of unknow tions Syay be used at 2 temperature 0) oor Tar etrvctural supports and restraints, wilh Sor Nowable sttess value not exceeding 12,008 wr iSrcae, yalues for shew and beating shal Pe sesined by applying the factors in (1) above to 32,000 pais 1302.3.2 Limits of Caleulated Stresses Due to Sicstained Loads end Thermal Expansion Co iutomel, Proseare Stresses. The calcu tated cereaues dye to inteinal pressure shall not late Phe allowable stress values given in SEUSS Soz.s. 1A and 302.315 (Appendix) Ereept as pesmiteed by other sabparagraphe of 302.3. ‘iy External Presoure Stresses. Suesses due to caeeinal pressure shall be considered safe SSca'the wall thickness of the piping component wee cng of stiffening meet the fequirements of 303 and 304. ‘e) Allowable Stross Range for Expansion Siresenes The allowable stress cange Sy fore pension stress Sp (see 319.4.3) shall BE: Sq © £025 $+ 0.25 §4)- -0) In the sbove equation: basic allowable sess for the material Besicjeimum (cold) mecal temperature Formally expected during operation 9° Rtundowa, pai (eam Table 302.314 of 302.3.18 See Appendix A) basic allowable stress for the material 2eeKaxinaa Chat) mecal temperature Memally expected during opetation oF BRurdowa, pei (irom Table 3023.14 of 302.2.1B ~ See Appendix A) satresserange seduction factor for cystic SOnditions for total umber of full cer fesacare eycles over expected life (from Belble 3023.2» By expected life is incane total number of yeacs during which System ie expected to be in active ‘operation. Toble 302.3.2 Sirest-Ronge Reduction Factors (A) Ke “70 wad Tose. 77900 te 14,000, 14,000 re 22,000 100 co 45,000 «302.3.3 AMERICAN STANDARD) CODE FOr PIESSURE PIPING (d) Additive Suasses (2) The eum of the longitudinal stresses Gin. the comoded condition) due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loadings shall nor exceed S,- (2) If the stm of these etrecces is less than §,. the difference beeween S, and the sum may be added to the tern 0.25 §,in Equation 1, in which cage, Equation 1 becomes: 5,= 1.29.45) ~ §) udinal stresses described in (1) = sum of on, “ 302.3.3 Limits of Caleulated Stresses Due 10 Occasional Loads, (8) Operation. The sum of the longitudinal stresses produced by pressure, live and dead loads, and those produced by cecasions! loads such as wind of eathquake may be ne much as 1.33 times the allowable stese values given in Tables 302.3.14 and 302.3.1B (See Appendix A). Wis not nceessary t0 consider wind aad earthy ‘quake as occuring cancurtently. () Test. Suesses due to test conditions are not subject to the limitations of 302.3 of this Code. Ie is not necessary to consider other o¢= casional loads, stich as wind and eathouake, fas occurring. concurteatly with the live, dead, and test leads existing a¢ the time of test, 302.4 Allowances. 302.41 Corosion and Erosion, When covesion or erosion is expected, an increase in wall thickness of the components over that dictated by other design requirements shall be provided, consistene with the expected life of the particular piping involved, 3024.2. Threading and Grooving. Calculations for the thickness of piping come ponents which are threaded of grooved shall ine Elude in the “e" factor of the equation a dimen. sional allowance in inches equal to the depth of the cut, For threaded components the nominal thrend depth (dimension “h'" of ASA. Standard B2.1, or equivalent) shall apply. For machined surfaces or grooves, whete the tolerance. is not specified, the tolerance shall be assumed to be 1/64 inch in addition to the specified depth of the cat 3024.3 Weld Joint Factors, Where this Cede requires the use of longi- tudinal weld joint factors, those established in Table 392.4.3 shall be used, Teble 3024.3 judinal Weld Joint Foctor "E” ‘Type of Joint 1D Are ur Gas Weld Duuble Welded Bose 0s, by Doble Welded Bute with juints in accordance vit » Bundle Welded Dutt, wi 00% radiography in accordance with 336.4.2(€) and conforming Noe Le 0.90 with reguicements of 327.4.3 1.00 4, Sinyle Welded Bure 0.80 fe Single Velded Bott, with joins in neeordance with Note 1. 090 Sinjle Welded Buct, with 100% tndiogeephy in accordance with 336.4.2(c) and conforming with tequltements of 327.4.3, 1.00 sb Spiral Welded, ASTM A 211 0.75 2,) Electric Resistance Wel & Electric Flash Weld 0.85, 3.) Fermace Weld ay Tenp Weld 0.75 Hate Weld 0.60 Note 1, Welle with 0.90 joine fcter shall be finished, ean: dom aodnpsaphed ty the cechnigue, sad evelumted ince ‘Condance with UV.52 of Seexien Vill af he ASME Bailey Gnd Prescure Vessel Codes Radingaphiog (ade) ‘consi ef not Tose than 13 jockey of tdlopiphy. pep 16D oval weld ‘ith tecexainacion and sepuie in secerdasce sist U-52 of Section VII of the ASHE Beller and Pacewvee Vessel Coe 50244 Mechanica? Strength, hen’ necessary to prevent damage, col- lapse, or buckling due co. superimposed loads from supports, backfill, of othet causes, the pipe wall thickness shall be increased or, if thie is impractical or would cause excessive local stresses, the factors that would concribute to Gamage of the piping shall be corrected by other design methods. PART 2; PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS: 303 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS The design of piping components, considering the effects of pressure, and providing for mechan= esl, corrosion, and erosion allowances, shall be ia accordance with 304. {o addition, the de- signs shall be checked for adequacy of mechan- cal vtrength under other applicable loadings as 301. ‘give 10 SePRTROL| 306 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS: 304.1. Straight Pipe 304,11 General, fa) The requiced thickness of straight sec tions of pipe, considering pressure and mechaniv ‘and efosion allowances, shall be Astermined in accordance with Equation 2. --(2) “The minimum thickness for the pipe selected, considering manvfactarer's minus tolerence, shall thot be Jess than lige rations described below are used (b) The in the equetions for the pressuce design of stiaight pipe. tn minimum required thickness, satisfying requitements for pressvre, and mechanical, Corrosion and erosion allowances, inches. = pressure design thickness ao calculated In accordance with 304.1.2 for intesal pressure, of in accordance with the pro- Cedure listed in 3041.3 for extemal pressure, inches. = for internal pressure, the sum of the me, chanical allowances (thread depth and groove depth), corrosion and erosion al- Bowances, inches. (See 302.4). a for extemal pressure, the corrosion and erosion allowances, inches. (See 302.4). internal design pressure, (see 301.2.2), psig, oF Extetmal design pressure, (see 301.2.3), psi. u oatside disimeter of pipe, inches. inside diameter of pipe, inches (exclud+ ig metal requires for corrosion of erosion allowance, manufacturer's minus toler ance, and any allowance ceguiced fer the depth of internal threads or grooves). = applicable allowable stieeses in ac. Eotdanee with 302.3.1 and Tables 302.5.14 snd 302.3.1B Gee Appendix A), pai = longitudinal weld joint factor (see Table 3024.3). = coefficient having values as given in Fable 304.1.4 for doccile ferrous mater ale, a value of 0.4 for ductile noafetrous masetials, and « valve of zero for brittle fnacerials such a cast ison. n Fon Degice F UN REFINERY PIPING : 304 Toble 304.1,1 Valves of ¥ for Ferrous Materials ne 00 50 & Relow 950 1000 1050 1100 Above ‘oreeaie Steels oA ARB» factors for external pressure desi 0A 04 04 0.5 O17 from Fig. 3041,3A of 304.1,3B corres sponding to the design temperature of the pipes (These figures apply only if the pipe material is of carbon steel with = fninimoa spec jeld strength of 34,000 to 38,000 psi. To find Factors A ‘and B for other materials use the charts fn Appendix V, Section VIII of the ASME. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.) Ag = cross-sectional area of the asiffening ring) #9 inches. = required moment of inertia of the trans wretse cross-sectional area of a citcune Ferential stiffening sing about its neutral axis parallel ¢o the axis of the pipe, inches*. = design length of pipe section, caken a the largest of the following: (1) distance between flanges ot stiffening tings; (2) Gistance between the point of cangen: fon an elbow or cap and a flange oF st feoing tings or G) the distance between the points of tangeacy of two elbows or Caps where there ace no incermediate Flanges o¢ stiffening tings, inches. 304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure fa) For metallic pipe, che internal pressure design thickness (0) shall be not less than cal culated by the following Equation 3, if t is less than D/4: eb, Pd 8) RSE PY) % '" HSE PY-PY NOTE: The following equations are more con ye than Equation 3, but may be used Pa of © 3GE-P) 2) Lamé Equation: 2s (1/5 ans i SESLy/t0or FoR cLosuREs Lio, fon pize AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE’ PIPING a Detar Tae 14 7 | PtP 0 aoe 500" Too F 10 - t | too 90 sor F 40 30 2s 20 te te to 080. oro 260 080 03s ozs 20 ous ous on oie 10 eoe ‘000! FACTOR A, FIG, 304.138 ~ CHART FOR DETERMINING THICKNESSES OF PIPE & CLOSURES UNDER EXTERNAL RESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF CARSON STEEL {NINIMUM SPECIFIED YIETG EESSURE WHEN f 200 tao 100 90 20 60 %0 Poo!) FoR PIPE P(Ls/) FOR cLosuRes Factors «|PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING OR PIPE i ie # % ‘90001 ‘e001 FACTOR A, 38 ~ CHART FOR DETERMINING THICKNESSES OF PIPE & CLOSURES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF CARBON STEEL (NINIMUM SPECIFIED YIELD STRENGTH 30,000 TO 38,000 PSI) B FOR CLOSURES3041.3 (b) Metallic pipe With 4 equal to or greater than D/A requires special consideration, taking fnco acount design and material factors, such as theory of failure, fatigue, and thermal stresses. 304,1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pres- “The pressure Sesign thickness tox staighe pe under extetnal pressure shall be detesmine {SEs Footnce) in accordance with che following proceduce: Step 1: Assume a value for 1. Determine L/D, and D,/t Seep 2: Fer castor. stesl_muteals emer che lefichand side of Fig, 304.1.3A (Speci> tied mlaioan yea treaph 24000 to 50,000 po) ol ig. 30438. Gpctted taint yisltstenges of 30,00" to Sa pl) aoe wal of L/D, exe ained if Sep I Por other matehleve che fn Seton ll fe ASE Hele and Peessace evsel Cede, Step 3: Move horizontally to the Hine represent- ing D,/t as determined in Step 1. Step 4: From this intersection move vertically to the line for design cemperatuce. Step 5: From this intersection move horizontally to the eight and read che value of Face or B. Step 6: Compute the allowable extemal working pressute, Py using Equation 4 fre a Seep 7: Compare P, with P. €P,, is smaller than By aipreatét valve for t ust be selected (Gr the design length, Ly may be shore ened by addition of stifeneray see 304.164 forthe design of stiffener rings) and che design procedure repeated until a valve af Pe fa obiained that is equal to or reacds than P. FOOTNOTE: Chore applicable, the method ip VGest of Section Willa! the ASME. Boar Weigel GSB Wh Stet fr dele cos ltom Subsection C of chat Coser 304.144 Stffener Rings for Pipe Under Ex- terval Pressure, (a) Where the use of stiffeners ix indicated ig 30615, the reguited moment of inetia of a Circumferential etlfening. sing. (all. stiffeni finga shall exceod conplciely around che circame ference of che pipe) shall not be Less’ than that decermined by Equation 5. @ “4 AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING As, AD3L (t+ —) L 1 see eeeeee eG) : 14 ‘The moment of incetia for a stiffening riog shall be determined by the following, procedu Step 1: Assuming that the pipe has been de jgned and D,, L, and\t are known, se- ect 2 member to be used as a stiffening, ing and determine its area, A,, and moment of inertia, 1. Thea calevlate B using Equation 6, Pp, pte 4, veneer 6) t Step 2: For carbon steel materials enter the right-hand side of Fig. 304.1.3A (speci fied minimam yield serength of 24,000 co 30,000 psi) or Fig. 304.138 (specified minimum yield strength of 30,000. w 438,000 psi) at the value of B determined by using Equation 6, (For other materials use the chats in Section VIM of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.) Step 3: Follow horizontally m the design tem perature line, Step 4: Move vertically to the bottom of the chact and read the value of Factor A. we the value of the requied I, jon 5. Scop 6: If the requited 1, is greater than | for the member selected in Step 1, a new member with a larger 1 must be ‘selected and # ew I, determined. Uf the required 1, is smaller then | for the member se- Tected in Seep 1, that member will be satisfactory. (©) Stiffening tings may be placed on the in- side of outside ofthe pipe and should be in cone tact with the pipe. The ting sbsll he ateached Co the pipe by intermittent of contionous welding. The votal length of intermittent weld on each side of a stiffener shall be not less than 1/2 the outside ‘circumference of the pipe for external ge aod ot ese than 2/3 othe insie ci Cumference’of the pipe for fotemal tings, The spacing eewecu intermistent welds shallot ex- ceed Bf. 304.2. Curved Segments of Pipe 304.2.1 Pipe Bends, + The minimum required thickness of a pipe bend, after bending, shall be determined as lotPETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING cht pipe ia accordance with 304.1, Bends Shall cet the ‘leceningtimtations of 329.1; Stherwise,. the design requirements of 3047 Shall apply. 3082.2. Elbows. owt manifactaced in accordance with the evdarce listed in Table 326.1 shall be cone $Hiied eutale fr wee a be preaeetonne ture tatings epesified by such tuandaeds, and in the case Tar Seandards ander which elbow aca fmade toa aominel pipe ickness, the elbows Shall be considered surable for ase vich pipe of the some noninal thickness: Commercially nan fRerered elbou's net mete in sceotlance with the Stenderds listed. in Table 326.1 shall meet the fequivemente of 304.7. 308.3, Intersections 304,3.1 Branch Connections ~ General. (a) This parageapb gives rales governing che ign of branch connections to sustain internal fand external pressure in cases where the angle Between the axes of the branch and of the cun is beeween 45 and 90 degrees. Branch connections in which che smaller angle between the axes of the branch and the run fa les than 45 degrees impose special design fand fabrication problems; the mules given for lngles preater chan 43 degrees may be used as a Buide, bie sufficient additional strength must be provided to assure safe and satisfactory secvice nd these branch connections shall be designed to mect the requirement of 304.7. (b) Branch connections io piping may be made by the use of: (1) fittings (tees, laterals, ‘crosses, and multiple opening heaters); (2) weld: fing outlet fittings, such as cast or forged noz- zles, couplings (maximum size 3 inches) ot adaptors or similar icems baviog butt-velding, socket-welding, threaded, or flanged ends for attachment of the branch pipe, such welding outlet fittings being attached co the main pipe by ‘welding: of, (3) by attaching the branch pipe directly to the run pipe by svelding or by thread ng. Acceprable methods of making welded pipe terpipe branch connections ate contained in 327-4,6 and 304.3.1(6) « (e) Right angle branch connections may be made by attaching the branch pipe directly to the fun pipe by socket welding, provided: (1) she nominal size of the branch does not exceed 2 Foches ot one-fourth the nominal size of the run whichever is lesser, (2) the depth of che socket Jo the ran is at least 3/8 iach deep with a mini= mum shoulder of 1/16 inch berween the bottom fof the socket and the inside diameter of the tun pipe. Weld metal may be dopocited on the rua Pipe to provide the requiced socket depth and co as 304,2.2 rovide any seinforcement requited by 304.33, {Sythe siee of the fillee weld i noe less than 1.25 times. the ‘nominal branch wall. chickoes>, thd (A) the branch connection is to be used only in ronflanmable, ontorie service below 150 peig and 400 F. 1) Righveangle branch connections maybe arade by thvending, che bronch pipe ditectly to the ron pipe, provided (1) the nominal size of the branch does ‘noc exceed 2 inches of one-fourth the nominal sine of the run, whichever lesser, an) minimum thread enpagemene. is 6 foll thveads for 1/2 inch and 3/4 inch branches, 7 for 1 inch and I-I/? inch branches, snd 8 for 2 inch branches, Weld metal may be deposited on the son to provide sufficient thickness. for the fequired these engagement. and to provide any feinforcement required by 3043.3, and (3) the ranch connection is to be esed only in nonflan table and nontosic sefvices below 150 peig and YOO. Un, interpreting 304.3.3 fe connections tiveaded directly ia tee run pipe, no part of the tranch pipe say be counted in calculating the feinforcement nica and the value of dy shall be Token t= the ominal outside diameter of che branch pipe.) 304.3.2. Strength of Branch Connections. A pipe having'a branch conneccion is weake ned by the opening that aust be made i it snd unless the wall thicksess of the pipe is Sulficeasly in excess of that reqpired to sustain the pressute, i 18 arcensaty to provide reinforce trent. The inoue of reinforcement reguired to Sustain the pressure shall be determined in ac cordance with 3043.3. ‘There are, however, certain branch congeetions for which no sUppo ing calculations are cequired, Ie may be assumed Wwhhout calcalacion thot # branch connection Thas adequote sirength to sustain che internal fand external pressure which will be applied ¢o (a) The beanch connection is made by the ose of a fiting (tee, lateral, o¢ cross) manafac= tured in accordance with # standard listed in Table 526.1y and used. within its specitied pressure-ciperatare ratings and within the mod Hications pemmisted in 302.2 (a butewelding fie ng nade in accordance with ASA BIG9 shall bevof a nominal thickness not less than’ the nominal thickness required for the adjoining pipe). (The Brauch connection ip made by welds ing a theeaded or cocker-welding coupling of hall coupling. (the minimim wall thickness of the Sovpling anywhece inthe ceinforcement” zone Stall be noc less than that of the branch pipe and inno case shall the coupling be less than extia heavy or 2000 Ib) directly to the main pipe sing fe appropriate type of minimum size weld (see Chapter) andthe nominal diameter of the