Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Central Limit Theorem and the
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
Reading and Writing – Senior High School
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Central Limit Theorem and the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Central Limit Theorem and the
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded
of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
We have learned that there is an appropriate and practical way to
describe a large population. It is by the method called sampling. By this, we
were able to find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean.

However, we are not certain if our estimation of the population is good

with respect to the samples that we have gathered. We also do not know yet
about the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an estimate of the
population mean. To ensure an accurate sampling, you need to go through
this module.

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

1. illustrate the central limit theorem;

2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the
Central Limit Theorem; and
3. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample
mean.

Let Us Try
Let us test your knowledge about the past lesson in connection to this
topic. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer and write it
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample

means is also called _______________.
a. Central limit theorem
b. Standard error of the mean
c. Estimate of the population mean
d. Finite population correction factor

2. When random samples of size n become bigger, the sampling

distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution. What
do we call this event?
a. Central limit theorem
b. Standard error of the mean
c. Estimate of the population mean
d. Finite population correction factor

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3. Which of the following measures the degree of accuracy of the
sample mean as an estimate of the population mean?
a. Central limit theorem
b. Standard error of the mean
c. Estimate of the population mean
d. Finite population correction factor

4. If we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we must

make our _____________ sufficiently large.
a. Sample size
b. Sample mean
c. Sample variance
d. Standard deviation

5. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if

random samples of size n become larger?
a. normal
b. Left skewed
c. Right skewed
d. None of the above

x−µ
6. What is the use of this formula, z=
σ
?
a.Standardize a mean
b.Standardize a value from a population
c.Standardize a sample mean from a population
d.None of these
x̄−µ
z=
7. When do we use this formula, σ ?
√n
a. When standardizing the population mean
b. When standardizing a value from a population
c. When standardizing a sample mean from a population
d. None of these

8. What does this µ symbol mean?

a. sample size c. population mean
b. sample mean d. population standard deviation

9. The area under a normal curve is approximately equal to _________

a. 1.00 c. 2.00
b. 1.50 d. 3.00

10. What is the area of half the normal curve?

a. 0.4500 c. 0.7600
b. 0.5000 d. 0.9000

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 Let Us Study

What is The Central Limit Theorem?

Let us recall that the variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is given by:
2
σ
∗N−n
 2
σ x̄ =
n → for finite population
N−1
2
σ
 2
σ x̄ =
n
→ for infinite population

This gives us the standard deviation of the sampling distribution as

the result of solving for the square root of the variance. Which is given by:


σ
x̄=¿
σ
√n
2
∗
√ N −n
N−1
¿ → For finite population where
√
N −n
N −1
is the
finite population factor
σ
 x̄=¿
σ2
√n
¿ → For infinite population

The measurement of the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an

estimate of the population is known as the standard error of the mean which
is equivalent to the standard deviation ( σ x̄ ) of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.

To get a good estimate of the mean, the standard error of the mean (σ x̄ )
must be small or close to zero. If it is large, we can say that it is not a good
estimate.

Observe that in the formula for solving the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution (σ x̄ ) or the standard error of the mean depends on the
sample size (n). Thus, to achieve a good estimate of the population mean, we
have to make the sample size (n) sufficiently large.

Thus, we can say that when the sample size n that is randomly drawn
from a population gets bigger, the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches the normal distribution. Assuming that the samples gathered
are identical in size. It is also unrelated to the shape of the distribution of
the population

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What is the use of Central Limit Theorem?

For individual data obtained from a population, we use this formula to

standardize and transform a raw value into a z-value to fit our normal curve:

x̄−µ
z=
σ

Where x̄ = sample mean

µ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation

Whereas Central limit theorem justifies the use of normal curve for a
wide range of statistical problems. This theorem applies directly to samples
coming from infinite population. Since it is unrelated to the shape of the
population distribution, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
closely normal when sample size (n) is large.

Therefore, we can apply the concept of the normal curve in estimating

the population mean using the sampling distribution of the sample means
given that our sample size (n) is sufficiently large.

It justifies the use of the formula:

x̄−µ
z=
σ
√n

Where, x̄ = sample mean

µ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size

Time to Complete a Test

A group of college students can take up an average time of 50 minutes

in answering a test with 9 minutes as standard deviation. Assume that the
variables are normally distributed.

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected college student will

complete the test in less than 46 minutes?

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Here are the steps in solving this situation.
1. Identify the given x̄ = 46
information µ = 50
σ =9
2. Identify what is asked P(X<46)
3. Identify the formula to be To standardize 46, we will use
used
x̄−µ
z=
σ

since we are dealing with an individual

data obtained from the population.
4. Solve the problem x̄−µ
z=
σ
46−50
z=
9
z=−0.4444

We shall find P( x̄ <46) by getting the

area under the normal curve

P( x̄ <46)= P(z<-0.4444)
= 0.5000 - 0.67
= 0.33
5. State the final answer
We can now say that the
probability of the randomly selected
student to complete the test in less
than 46 mins is 0.33 or 33%.

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 B. Thirty college students who took the test were randomly selected.
What is the probability that the mean time it takes the group to
complete the test will be less than 46 mins?

Here are the steps in solving this situation.

1. Identify the given information x̄ = 46
µ = 50
σ =9
n = 30
2. Identify what is asked P( x̄ <46)
3. Identify the formula to be To standardize 46, we will use
used
x̄−µ
z=
σ
√n
since we are dealing with data about
sample means
4. Solve the problem x̄−µ
z=
σ
√n
46−50
z=
9
√ 30
−4
z=
1.6431
z=¿ -2.43
We shall find P( x̄ <46) by getting the
area under the normal curve

P( x̄ <46)= P(z<-2.43)
= 0.5000 - 0.4925
= 0.0075
5. State the final answer
We can now say that the
probability of the thirty randomly
selected students to complete the test
in less than 46 mins is 0.0075 or
0.75%

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 What have you observed with the difference between the probabilities
of the individual data and the sample means?

Let us have another example.

Ice Cream Fat Content

The fat content in milligrams (mg) of an ice cream is 600 mg and the
standard deviation is 40 mg.
A. If an ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the fat content
is more than 620 mg?
Here are the steps in solving this situation.
1. Identify the given information x̄ = 620
µ = 600
σ = 40
2. Identify what is asked P(X>620)
3. Identify the formula to be To standardize 46, we will use
used
x̄−µ
z=
σ
since we are dealing with an individual
data obtained from the population.
4. Solve the problem x̄−µ
z=
σ
620−600
z=
40
z=0.5

We shall find P( x̄ > 620) by getting the

area under the normal curve

P( x̄ > 620)= P(z>0.5)

= 0.5000 - 0.1915
= 0.3085
5. State the final answer We can now say that the

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 probability that the fat content of the
randomly selected ice cream is greater
than 620 milligrams is 30.85%

B. Thirty ice cream was selected. What is the probability that the mean
fat content of the group of selected ice cream is greater than 620 mg?
Here are the steps in solving this situation.
1. Identify the given information x̄ = 620
µ = 600
σ = 40
n = 30
2. Identify what is asked P( x̄ > 620)
3. Identify the formula to be To standardize 620, we will use
used
x̄−µ
z=
σ
√n
since we are dealing with data
about sample means
4. Solve the problem x̄−µ
z=
σ
√n
620−600
z=
40
√ 30
20
z=
7.3029
z=¿ 2.73
We shall find P( x̄ > 620) by getting
the area under the normal curve

P( x̄ > 620)= P(z>2.73)

= 0.5000 - 0.4968
= 0.0032
5. State the final answer

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 We can now say that the
probability that the fat content of
the randomly selected ice cream is
greater than 620 milligrams is
0.32%

Here, we can see the difference between picking a single data from the
population and dealing with data about sample means. We can conclude
that sample means is less variable than individual values. Thus, telling us
that the sampling distribution of the sample mean with respect to the
central limit theorem is more reliable.

Let Us Practice
Direction: Enhance your understanding of the topic by answering the
following questions. Write the correct answers on another sheet of paper.

1. What is the probability that the 30 randomly selected students will

complete the test in 53 minutes?
a. 89.8% b. 91.3% c. 96.6% d. 97.9%

2. What is the probability that the 30 randomly selected students will

complete the exam between 49 and 51 minutes?
a. 43.22% b. 45.74% c. 48.20% d. 49.05%

3. How many of the 30 selected students can complete the exam in less
than 53 minutes?
a. 20 students
b. 25 students
c. c. 28 students
d. d. All of them

4. What is the probability that the 30 selected ice cream will have a fat
content of less than 595 milligrams?
a. 23.02% b. 24.83% c. 25.20% d. 26.90%

5. How many ice creams will have a fat content of 595 milligrams?
a. 7 ice creams
b. 8 ice creams
c. 9 ice creams
d. 10 ice creams

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 Let Us Practice More
Direction: Try to apply what you have learned from the discussion. Solve
this problem and find what is asked.

“Students Enrolled”

All the Public High Schools in a city have an average enrollees of 680
students with a standard deviation of 180. Answer the following questions

1. If a random sample of 50 public high schools was picked, what is the

probability that the enrolled students are greater than 630?

2. If 45 public high schools were randomly picked, what is the

probability that the number of students enrolled will be between 650
to 740?

_____________________________________________________________________

Let Us Remember
 A good estimate of the mean is when the standard error of the
mean (σ x̄ ) is small or close to zero. If it is large, we can say that it is
not a good estimate.

 In solving the standard deviation of the sampling distribution (σ x̄ )

or the standard error of the mean. We can see that it is dependent
on the sample size (n). Thus, to achieve a good estimate of the
population mean or make it closer to zero, we must make the
sample size (n) sufficiently large.

 The Central Limit Theorem is the normality of the sampling

distributions of the sample means which can be achieved only by
significantly increasing the sample size (n). it can be shown in a
bell-curve. This is also not relevant to whatever the shape of the
population distribution.

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  Since the Central Limit Theorem applies in solving sampling
distribution of the sample means, we can standardize raw values
by using this formula in solving z:

x̄−µ Where x̄ = sample mean

z= µ = population means
σ
√n σ = population standard
deviation
n = sample size
 After
standardizing the raw data and transforming it into a z value, find
the area that is indicated in the probability notation.

 You can now convert the solved area under the normal curve into
percentages to represent a probability.

 If needed, you can multiply the percentage of the probability to the

number of the sample size to solve for the actual size that
represents the probability.

 The sampling distribution of the sample means with respect to the

central limit theorem is more reliable.

Let Us Assess

A. Direction: To assess your progress and knowledge for this lesson, you
need to answer the following questions. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. When random samples of size n become bigger, the sampling

distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution. What do
we call this event? _________________________.

2. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random

samples of size n become larger? ______________

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample

means is also called _______________.

4. If we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we must

make our _____________ sufficiently large.

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 5. It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an estimate
of the population mean? ________________

B. Direction: Solve this problem.

The barangay garbage collector claims that the average weight of trash
collected per household equates to 2.78 kilograms. The standard
deviation is 1.20 kilograms. 50 households were randomly picked to
measure the weight of their trash.

1. What is the population mean?

2. What is the population standard deviation?

3. What is the sample size?

4. What is the probability that the mean weight of the trash of

these 50 households is greater than 2.50 kilograms? (5) How
about the probability greater than 2.90 kilograms?

Let Us Enhance
Direction: Find what is asked in this situation. Show the normal curve that
represents the situation.

A store that sells a certain brand of hot dog claims that the average weight
per package is equal to 1kg. With a standard deviation of 0.20 kilograms.
50 packs were randomly selected to check this claim. What is the probability
that the mean weight of the 50 packs is less than 0.95 kg?

Let Us Reflect

Congratulations! You have learned the importance of central limit

theorem in estimating a population mean using the sampling distribution of
sample means. Understanding this concept allows us to learn that sample
means can be treated and solved using standardized values which are very
helpful with the preceding lessons.

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Answer Key

Pre-Test

1. B

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. A Let Us Practice Let Us Practice

More
6. B 1. c
1. 97.5%
7. C 2. B 2. 85.36%

8. C 3. C

9. A 4. B

10. b 5. A

Let Us Assess

1. Central limit theorem

2. Normal curve
3. Standard error of the mean
4. Sample size
5. Standard error of the mean
6. 2.78 kilograms
7. 1.2 kilograms
8. 50 households
9. 95%
10. 23.98%

Let Us Enhance

3. the probability that the mean weight of the

50 packs of hotdog to be less than 0.95 kg is
3.84%

4.

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 References

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability

Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016, 119
Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability
Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016, 127
Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability
Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016, 134

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