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Text for number 1-4

There are many habits I’ve gained while working from home: snacking when
desired, taking the dog for a midmorning walk, talking to myself and settling in for
a daily nap. That last one will be especially painful to give up if or when I return to
an office; my naps have become essential downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-
ups. Why do my naps feel so needed and so revitalising? And will I have to live
without?

There are two biological processes that contribute to daily drowsiness, says
Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive science at the University of California at
Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change Your Life.

The first system is the circadian: It prompts you to stay awake when it’s
light out and asleep when it’s dark. In the middle of the day, it causes the hormone
cortisol to start decreasing from its morning high and your core body temperature
to slightly dip; losing heat helps you fall and stay asleep. The second is the
homeostatic: It makes you sleepier the longer you’ve been awake. As the day
progresses, it continually increases your “sleep pressure,” causing you to have a
growing need for sleep. Together, at midday, these create “kind of a perfect storm
that makes people tired,” Mednick says.

For many people who are sleep-deprived, a short shut-eye session is the
ticket, Mednick says. “Your mood gets better, your creativity, your perceptual
processing, your memory processing.”

Mednick has found that nappers perform as well on a pattern-recognition

task as people who have slept overnight. She has found that naps enhance creative
problem-solving. Naps can boost and restore brain power. Toddlers who nap express
more joy. Adults nappers can tolerate frustration longer and feel less impulsive.
Naps may help protect older people from cognitive decline and dementia. Runners
can use naps to improve endurance. People who nap once or twice a week have a lower
risk of cardiovascular disease. Memory is better after a nap. And on it goes.

Source: washingtonpost.com

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No. 1

What can we conclude from the effects of taking a nap discussed in paragraph 5?

A. The effects of napping include both psychological and physiological advantages.

B. If done correctly, napping can have a huge range of health benefits.
C. Taking a nap does not only help with metabolism, but also with mood regulation.
D. Children are more affected by naps than adults are.
E. The advantages of napping for the human brain are its most significant effects.

No. 2

The author uses the word ‘daily’ in the 2nd paragraph mainly to….

A. demonstrate the intensity of drowsiness

B. put forward an idea about drowsiness
C. emphasize the importance of the word drowsiness
D. show that the drowsiness must occur everyday
E. indicate which specific drowsiness

No. 3

What do the processes in paragraph 3 tell us about our body?

A. The sleep pressure is one of our body’s weaknesses.

B. Sleep is a relaxing mechanism of the brain.
C. The body regulates sleep through biological processes.
D. There are two ways for our body to take a nap.
E. We can control the body’s need for sleep in two ways.

No. 4

Which question is answered by paragraph 5?

A. Why do many people take naps?

B. What are the benefits of naps?
C. What are the drawbacks of taking naps?
D. What makes naps better than sleeping overnight?
E. Why does our body need naps?

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Text for number 5-6

A complete skeleton of a 19- or 20-year-old Homo sapiens was found during

2020 excavations at a site called Liang Tebo, in remote Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat
region of eastern Kalimantan. Early human remains are scarce in the region, and the
researchers involved in this study suggest this may be the oldest known burial of a
modern human that has ever been found in the region’s islands. During the dig, the
find took on a whole new level of intrigue as the team discovered that the skeleton’s
lower leg was entirely missing. The limb had been not broken or smashed, but cleanly
removed, and the archaeologists found unusual bony overgrowth on the remaining
fragments of the tibia and fibula. That overgrowth matched overgrowth seen in
modern clinical cases of amputations.

Further investigations showed that the bone developed atrophy, indicating

the part of the limb that remained was a stump with limited use. Investigations into
this remodeling of bone structure showed some six to nine years of such changes.
“This confirms that the surgery was not fatal, not infected and likely occurred
during late childhood,” says Tim Maloney, who specializes in the archaeology of
Borneo at Griffith University, in Australia, and co-authored the study.

To perform a successful operation, prehistoric surgeons must have had

knowledge of anatomy. They sliced through not only bone but muscles, veins and
nerves in such a way that the patient didn’t bleed to death or go into a fatal state
of shock. Their scalpels were likely the flaked lithic edges common to the era: a
stone called chert, which can produce extremely sharp edges. Afterwards the
surgeons may have employed a tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither would leave
clear evidence on the skeleton and so remain unknown possibilities.

What seems certain, however, is that the patient enjoyed a considerable

level of post-op care. “It is highly unlikely that this individual could have survived
the procedure without intensive nursing care, including blood loss and shock
management, and regular wound cleaning,” Maloney notes. He believes the successful
operation implies that the community also had some understanding of antiseptic and
antimicrobial management to prevent fatal infection. In this, their foraging lifestyle
and forest environment might have proved to be advantages.

Source: smithsonianmag.com (with modifications)

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No. 5

Which information indicates the assertion that the early human survived the
suggested amputation?

A. The skeleton does not include a lower leg part.

B. The bone of the amputated leg shrunk in size.
C. The amputated part was cleanly removed.
D. The remaining part of the leg shows no signs of infection.
E. There could have been a post-op care.

No. 6

What is the significance of the expression “the find took on a whole new level of
intrigue”?

A. To emphasize the importance of the information that follows

B. To provide an example for the findings of the early human remains in
Liang Tebo
C. To elaborate the finding of the oldest modern human burial site
D. To introduce the information about the finding of an advanced surgery
method
E. To introduce the comparison between early and modern methods of
amputation

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Text for number 7-13

The researchers set up a mock prison in the basement of Stanford

University's psychology building and then selected 24 undergraduate students--
with no criminal background, lacked psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-week period in exchange for $15 a day.

The simulated prison included three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and warden. One tiny space was designated as the
solitary confinement room, and yet another small room served as the prison yard.

The 24 volunteers were then randomly assigned to either the prisoner group
or the guard group. Prisoners were to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a day
during the study. Guards were assigned to work in three-man teams for eight-hour
shifts. After each shift, guards were allowed to return to their homes until their
next shift. Researchers were able to observe the behavior of the prisoners and
guards using hidden cameras and microphones.

While the Stanford Prison Experiment was originally slated to last 14 days,
it had to be stopped after just six due to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive, and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the interactions were hostile or even dehumanizing.
Five of the prisoners began to experience severe negative emotions, including crying
and acute anxiety and had to be released from the study early.

According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and depressed.

Source: verywellmind.com (with modifications)

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No. 7

What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Putting people in isolated cells damages their brain.

B. Possession of power and control alters human behavior.
C. People enjoy pleasure from others’ stress and anxiety.
D. The researchers had planned the outcome of the experiment.
E. Money incentives don’t help people to endure torture.

No. 8

What is the main idea of paragraph 4?

A. The experiment was stopped early due to dangerous reactions of the

participants.
B. Prison guards will always be hostile toward prisoners.
C. The researchers had already predicted how the guards and prisoners
would behave.
D. The guards and prisoners showed wholesome behavior towards each
other.
E. The experiment was stopped because it did not produce the desired
results.

No. 9

What can be concluded from the behavior of the participants?

A. Their behavior was influenced by the situation they were put into.
B. Both the guards' and the prisoners' behavior took an unexpected turn.
C. The participants are well-adjusted to their new environment.
D. The prisoners had a hard time developing an assertive behavior.
E. The guards' unpredictable behavior was probably brought on by past
trauma.

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No. 10

The sentence “... the interactions were hostile or even dehumanizing” implies ....

A. the isolated condition of prisoners was dangerous for their mental health
B. the prisoners rebelled and started attacking the guards
C. the guards became aggressive and abusive toward the prisoners
D. both the guards and the prisoners felt depressed and anxious
E. the guards started to sympathize more with the prisoners

No. 11

If we were to add a beginning paragraph preceding the text, what would it most
likely talk about?

A. The researchers’ academic credentials

B. The psychology faculty of Stanford University
C. The selection of the volunteers
D. The background of the experiment
E. The mechanism of the experiment

No. 12

Which of the following is true about the experiment?

A. The participants must be free of criminal records and not have any health
issues.
B. The guards were divided into three teams that worked eight-hour shifts.
C. The experiment was cancelled not even halfway of the initial schedule.
D. The prisoners started to get abusive due to the excessive freedom they
had.
E. The researchers doing the experiment used the volunteer guards to
observe the prisoners.

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No. 13

The experiment involved volunteers who _______ to take part as guards and
prisoners in exchange for money.

Which of the following best fills the blank?

A. consented
B. yielded
C. dissented
D. abided
E. obeyed

Text for number 14-20

More than two billion cups of coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms, it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst, and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the
natural homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica plant. Although they are called
“coffee beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the fruits of the coffee tree look
more like cherries when they are first picked. The seeds inside are extracted and
dried before the process of roasting turns them into the hard, nutty nodules we
feed into our grinders.

The Oromo people from Ethiopia are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these “beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many legends, but the available historic
records suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the first truly devoted drinkers
outside Africa in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped them to continue their
practices late into the night, while the roasting of the bean was apparently taken
as an analogy for the transcendence of the human soul.

Coffee houses soon spread across the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of Western traders, who took the beguiling drink
back to their home countries in the 17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert in 1657
described the drink as “having many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of the
stomach, fortifies the heart within, helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”

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Some studies suggest that coffee can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at Wageningen
University, meanwhile, has found that regular coffee drinkers were at least 20%
less likely to die from heart disease.

source: bbc.com

No. 14

People often mistakenly classify coffee as a type of plant to which peanuts,

chickpeas or lentils belong. Is this statement supported by the passage? Which
information can prove it?

A. Supported, the passage mentions that coffee is grown in Ethiopia, a place

where the other plants are mentioned to not grow in.
B. Supported, the passage states that coffee is not a legume, unlike the
other plants which fit the definition of the word.
C. Not supported, the passage mentions how coffee was spread to the
westerners through the Middle East, same as the other plants.
D. Not supported, coffee was stated to be able to reduce someone’s risk of
dying from heart problems, much like the other plants.
E. Supported, it is mentioned that coffee is beguiling, which is a quality the
other plants are not exactly known for.

No. 15

Which of the following statements is incorrect about coffee based on the text?

A. China is gradually becoming an emerging market for coffee.

B. Coffee became more popular in the western world thanks to the Yemeni sufis
that drank coffee outside Africa.
C. How coffee first got produced and consumed outside Ethiopia is still a
question yet to be answered.
D. Coffee can prevent us from getting some dangerous diseases such as
diabetes.
E. Coffee had come out of Africa even before the westerners found out about
it.

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No. 16

Which sentence below is the best fit for the blank in paragraph three?

A. Many businesses grew out of these specialized coffee houses.

B. The early drinkers were firm believers in its medicinal properties.
C. Not only did the patrons drink coffee and engage in conversation, but
they also listened to music, watched performers, played chess and kept
current on the news.
D. Coffee began to replace the common breakfast drink beverages of the
time — beer and wine.
E. Missionaries and travelers, traders and colonists continued to carry
coffee seeds to new lands, and coffee trees were planted worldwide.

No. 17

“Coffee was first spread and consumed outside of Ethiopia by the sufis in Yemen.”

Is it possible to dispute this statement using information mentioned in the passage?

A. Yes, since it’s mentioned that the Middle East and Ottoman Empire also
contributed to its spread.
B. Yes, as it is stated that the Oromo people were the first to discover the
benefits of coffee.
C. No, as it is especially stressed how the historic records indicated that
they were the first drinkers of coffee.
D. No, because all other peoples mentioned in the passage started consuming
coffee after the Sufis.
E. Yes, since it is hinted that there exist mixed accounts about how coffee
spread outside of Africa.

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No. 18

If coffee houses ______ to the middle east and Ottoman Empire, Western traders
probably wouldn’t have brought coffee back home.

A. didn’t spread
B. hadn’t spread
C. wouldn’t spread
D. wouldn’t have spread
E. were not spread

No. 19

“More than two billion cups of coffee are drunk every day and for many, working
life would feel impossible without it.”

What meaning does the modal ‘would’ carry in this context?

A. it shows a possibility
B. it shows a request
C. it shows a habit in the past
D. it shows a hypothetical situation
E. it shows a wish

No. 20

According to the passage, coffee is proven to have many _____ including

association with lower risk of getting diabetes and death from heart diseases.

Which one is the best fit to fill the blank?

A. perks
B. gratifications
C. comforts
D. welfares
E. conveniences

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