FACULTY OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

FARM MECHANIZATION

(RC30103)

SEMESTER 1 SESSION 2022/2023

PRACTICAL: TRACTOR AND BACKHOE LOADER DRIVING

SUBMITED TO:

PROF. DR. IR. MOHD. AMIN MOHD. SOOM

PREPARED BY:

NO. NAME MATRIC NO.

1. NOOR AMYRAH ALINA BINTI MOHD AMERUL ‘ASRI BR20110034

PRACTICAL DATE:

15/12/2022
INTRODUCTION

Kubota M8540

The majority of the physical power required for especially high production agricultural
companies is provided by modern agriculture machines. Tractors are the most popular model of
agricultural equipment, and typically are used to convey mounted and semi-mounted implements,
equipment and materials, to pull tillage equipment and trailers, and as remote power sources for
other equipment. The tractor has a powerful engine and larger wheels in the back than in the
front. This design assists the equipment in achieving maximum torque power at low speeds. The
enclosed cab is standard on most commercial tractors. Tractors are typically employed on
farmland to move equipment and trailers.

Countless individual does have contribution in fatal tractor-related accidents. Poor

judgment, a bad attitude, lack of information or training, exhaustion, impatience, tension, despair,
alcohol, or showing off can all contribute to a fatal tractor accident. When operating a tractor,
each operator must be physically and psychologically fit. An operator who is sleepy, weary, or ill
might be unable to respond within sufficient time to avoid an accident.

Backhoe Loader

A backhoe loader is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor-like unit fitted
with a loader-style shovel or bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. It is also known as
a loader backhoe, loader excavator, digger in layman's terms, or commonly shortened to backhoe
within the industry. Backhoe loaders are highly prevalent in urban engineering and minor
construction projects such as building a tiny house, restoring urban roadways as well as
underdeveloped countries due to their relatively small size and adaptability. This vehicle is
comparable to and descended from the TLB (Tractor-Loader-Backhoe), which is an agricultural
tractor outfitted with a front loader and a rear backhoe attachment.

A backhoe loader is made up of three major components: a tractor in the front; a loader
in the middle, and a backhoe at the back. The phrase "backhoe" can be perplexing because it
can refer to both the attachment behind the machine and, as a form of abbreviation, the machine
as a whole.
OBJECTIVE

1. To be able to experience in learning how to drive a tractor and backhoe loader.

2. To be able to recognize the component of the tractor and backhoe loader.
3. To be able to understand the function and uses of the tractor and backhoe loader.

METHODOLOGY

Kubota M8540

Always wear appropriate attire throughout the practical. Wear no loose apparel, such as
an open shirt, coats, or unsecured shoe laces, and always wear closed shoes. A pre-operational
inspection of the tractor will ensure that it is in safe working order. Examine the tires for adequate
inflation and flaws, the windows for vision, the seat position, the seat belts, the brakes for
adjustment, the steering reaction, the rear view mirrors, the slow-moving vehicle symbol, the
reflectors, and the running lights for day or night operation.

Start the tractor after ensuring that it is in the "park" position and that the clutch is not
engaged. Recognize the various buttons, gear, and pedals that determine which portion is the
brake, clutch, or acceleration. Following that, students must recognize any symbols that appear
in the meter.

Once your tractor is powered on, press the clutch and go into first gear. Then, carefully
release the clutch, and your tractor will begin to move. To increase the RPMs, gently press the
accelerator. To change gears, press the clutch and operate the gear stick at the same time. To
stop the tractor, depress the clutch and move the gear stick to neutral. After that, remove the
clutch and engage the brake with your right foot. This will bring the tractor to a halt.

Check that the Power Takeoff controls are not engaged, that the transmission is in
neutral, and that the clutch is depressed. Once the tractor is moving, students will depress the
brake pedal to see if it has brakes.
Backhoe Loader

Always examine the machine will be operating. There are two main reasons for doing
this: one is to become acquainted with the machine, and the other is to ensure that it is
appropriate for the work. Backhoes are offered as track or wheeled vehicles with 2 or 4 wheel
capability. Examine the positioning of the operator's controls, keeping in mind that the machine
can be operated both forward and backward. Examine both the forward and rear facing
operational controls to ensure the ability of the operator to confident enough to access all of
controls.

A steering wheel, shifter, front loader control lever, brake pedals (left and right
independent brakes), gas pedal, and control switches for accessories such as lights, emergency
flashers, horn, emergency brake actuator, ignition switch, gauges, and other things are visible
when facing forward.

The boom controls should be visible when facing the back (the seat swivels 180
degrees). There are two boom control configurations: three stick, which incorporates foot
controls to swing the bucket, and joystick, which operates all backhoe boom controls with two
joysticks. There will also be two auxiliary controls that raise and lower the stabilizers, either
located paired on one side of the seat or in front of the boom control sticks.

Climb on the machine. Climb into the machine's cab using the safety steps and hand
rails. Then, slowly look around to observe what the clearances are between the various
elements of the machine and where the various controls are placed. Avoid performing dry runs
on the controls since various parts may move when levers or controls are pushed even while
the engine is not running.

Check that all attachments, including the stabilizers, front bucket, and backhoe boom,
are clear of the ground. If you need to lift them to allow the machine to be driven, do so slowly
at first until you get a feel for them. This is especially true for the rear boom, since lifting or
swinging it without the stabilizers down may dramatically shake the tractor.

Release the parking brake and transfer the transmission into forward, then slowly drive
to feel for steering and braking the machine. Running in low or second gear while practicing
operating the machine is a good idea; even experienced operators only use third or high gear
on exceptionally smooth, flat ground because the machine's balance makes high-speed steering
difficult.

Lastly, when the operating period is up, place the front bucket on the ground. When you
get off the machine, make sure the front bucket is securely planted on the ground. Even with
the parking brake engaged, this helps keep the backhoe from rolling away. To prevent hydraulic
fluid bleeding, leave the rear boom in its locked position.

DISCUSSION

Kubota M8540

General Information and Service Manual

Kubota
Model M8540
Company Country Japan
Production Years 2007 – 2013
Tractor Type Utility tractor
Price 29,995 USD @ 131951.77 MYR
 Dimensions, Weight, and Tires Specs
AG front tires 7.50-18
AG rear tires 18.4-2
Lawn rear tires 18.4-26(2WD)
Industrial front tires 12.5/80-18(4WD)
Industrial rear tires 18.5L-24($WD)
Weight 5005 Ibs @ 2270 kg
Length 153 inches (388 cm) (2WD)
Width 78 inches (198 cm)
Height 101 inches (256 cm)
Wheelbase 88.6 inches (225 cm)
Ground clearance 18.3 inches (46 cm)
Turning radius 13.8 feet (4.2 m)
Rear tread size 59.8 to 75.6 inches
Front tread size 56.7 to 80.3 inches

Horsepower and Engine Specs

Engine size 230 ci or 3.8 L
Number of cylinders 4 cylinders 16 valves
Horsepower 85.5 hp or 63.8 kW
Power RPM 2600 (rpm)
Engine torque -
Engine torque RPM -
Fuel type Diesel
Fuel tank capacity 23.8 gal or 90.1 L
Bore stroke 3.94 x 4.72 inches or (100 x 120 mm)
Oil tank capacity 11.3 qts or 10.7 L
Coolant tank capacity 9.5 qts or 9.0 L
 Clutch and Transmission Specs
Transmission system Hydraulic-Shuttle
Transmission Type Power Shuttle
Transmission gears 12 forward and reverse
Clutch system Wet discs

Mechanical and Cab Specs

Wheel drive 4x2 2WD
Steering system Hydrostatic power
Braking system Hydraulic wet disc
Cabin type Two-post foldable ROPS with optional
canopy
Differential lock Rear standard
Battery and Electrical Specs
Number of batteries 1
Battery voltage 12 V
Battery cold cranking Amps 900
Electric charging Amps 45 ROPS amps
Engine starter volts 12 V
Hydraulic specs
Hydraulic system Open center
Number of valves 1 to 3
Pump flow rate 17 gpm or 64.3 Ipm
Hydraulic tank capacity 14.25 gal or 53.9 L
Hydraulic pressure 2844 psi or 196.1 bar
Hydraulic max flow 23.1 gpm or 87.4 Ipm
Power take-off (PTO) specs
PTO claimed power 76 hp or 56.7 kW
PTO engine @ RPM 540@2205 (rpm)
Rear PTO system Independent
Rear PTO RPM 540 (rpm)
 3 Point hitch specs
Hitch control system -
Rear hitch II
Rear hitch lift 5510 Ibs or 2499 kg

Backhoe Loader (JCB)

1. Loader arm
2. Canopy
3. Hydraulic oil tank
4. Battery Compartment
5. Boom
6. Fuel tank
7. Stabilizer
8. Kingpost
9. Dipper
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, students need to have an experience in driving a tractor and a backhoe

loader to be able to recognize the component and their function. Learning to know how to operate
a tractor and a backhoe loader helps to minimize the accident that can cause during handling the
machine. Operating large four-wheel-drive tractors with articulated steering demands knowledge.
Due to the tractor's increased power and size, as well as its increased speed and altered field of
view, the operator must pay careful attention to safety.

Students also are able to understand the uses of the tractor and the backhoe loader
directly on the field. Besides, learning to operate both equipment might help student to gain the
confidence when operating a tractor in challenging situations if they are familiar with its operating
features. Thus, with continuous training using the equipment can help to quickly react in an
emergency if students can recall where the controls are. Lastly, the tractor has various
applications on the farm, but inappropriate use might lead to an accident.
APPENDIX

Fig1 : Driving a tractor and backhoe loader

Fig2: Grouping picture with backhoe loader