CSS GRADE 7 _MODULE 4

Lesson
Performing Mensuration and
4 Calculations
Mensuration is a process of measuring and determining the value, length, width,
thickness, weight, and area of a surface or an object.

Calculation is also a deliberating process that transforms and calculate

one or more inputs into results and to determine mathematical in terms of
numbers and amount.

Bit - The most basic unit of information that can be stored in a computer

1. Byte - A basic unit for storing computer information, used for measuring the
size of a document. A byte is usually made up of eight bits. The written
abbreviation is B.

3. Capacity - The amount of information that can be stored on a computer or on a

CD or floppy disk.

4. Clock speed - The speed at which a computer works.

5. Dpi - Dots per inch: a measurement of the ability of a computer screen or

printer to produce a clear image

7. Gigabyte - A unit for measuring computer information, equal to 1,024

megabytes. The written abbreviation is GB.

8. Gigahertz - A unit for measuring sound waves, radio waves, and computer speed

9. Mbps - Means megabits per second. Mb is used in reference to download and

upload speeds.

10. MBps - Stands for megabytes per second. MB is used in reference to file size, or
the amount of data transferred.

Types of components and objects to be measured

1. Memory - is internal storage areas in the computer system. The term

memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and the
word storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. It could be
internal or external.

2. Data storage capacity - refers to how much disk space one or more storage
devices provides. It measures how much data a computer system may
contain. For an example, a computer with a 500GB hard drive has a
storage capacity of 500 gigabytes. A network server with four 1TB drives, has

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 a storage capacity of 4 terabytes.
3. Processor - is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the
calculations that run a computer. A processor performs arithmetical,
logical, input/output (I/O) and other basic instructions that are passed
from an operating system (OS).

4. Video card - is used to process images so they can be displayed on your

monitor. A good video card can make a big difference in the quality of
your graphics, so this is particularly important if you play games or work
with photography and video.

Measurements can be Categorized into Two:

A. Common Units of Measurement

The common unit of measurement is used to measure the length, width,
and thickness of an object. In the computer context, these are used in
determining the size of a monitor, laptop, or tablet screen, the thickness, and
dimensions of devices.

English to English 1 foot 12 inches

Metric to Metric 1 meter 10 decimeter

1 dm 10 centimeter
1 cm 10 millimeter

English to Metric 1 inch 2.54 cm

1 inch 25.4 mm
1 foot 30.48 cm

Metric to English 1 meter 3.28 feet

1 meter 39.37 inches
B. Digital Storage Units of Measurement
Digital storage units are the ways computer data is expressed. They are
typically articulated using bytes and usually abbreviated in expression. The
table below shows the basic digital storage units, its symbol, and its equivalent.

Unit of Measurement Symbol Equivalent

1 bit b O or 1
1 Byte B 8 bits
1 Kilobyte KB 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte MB 1024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte GB 1024 Megabytes

1 Terabyte TB 1024 Gigabytes

1 Petabyte PB 1024 Terabytes
1 Exabyte EB 1024 Petabytes
1 Zettabyte ZB 1024 Exabytes

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 1 Yottabyte YB 1024 Zettabytes

Measuring Instruments

Name of Instrument and Description Picture

1. Calculator - A portable electronic

device used to perform mathematical
calculations.

2. Ammeter - Is an instrument that

measure current.

3. Multimeter - an instrument that

contain Ohmmeters, Voltmeters,
Ammeters and a variety of capabilities
to measure other quantities.

4. Ohmmeter - an instrument that

measure resistance basically ammeters
that are connected to an internal battery,
with a suitable resistance in series.

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

Within a computer, information is represented and stored in a digital binary format.

The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of
data. It’s also the most common unit of digital data storage. Humans interpret words
and pictures; computers interpret only patterns of bits.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit (0). A bit can
be used to represent the state of something that has two states. For example, a light

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switch can be either On or Off; in binary representation, these states would
correspond to 1 and 0, respectively. To increase the size of information stored, bits
are grouped into a pack of eight, which equals a byte. This measurement process
continues exponentially (1 bit = 8 bytes, 1 kilobyte = 1,024 bytes, etc.). Codes can be
used to represent almost any type of information digitally: computer data, graphics,
photos, voice, video, and music.

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers and special
characters with bits. A commonly used code is the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII). With ASCII, each character is represented by a
string of bits. For example:

Capital letter: A = 01000001

Number: 9 = 00001001
Special character: # = 00100011

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/610730399440493465/

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 DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the number by 2. Get the
quotient and the remainder. Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2, and get the quotient and
remainder again. Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from
bottom to top, and that is the binary equivalent.

Example: 19

QUOTIENT Remainder

19/2 9 1

9/2 4 1
4/2 2 0

2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1

19 = 10011

Given: (equivalents)
64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Checking: 1 0 0 1 1 multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 equivalents
16 0 0 2 1 results

16 + 2 + 1 = 19

CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital storage is the
byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data
storage capacity.

One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte represents
more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is
1,099,511,627,776. The exact number is gained by taking 2^n power. When referring to storage
space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and
terabytes (TB).

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Conversion and Calculations

Unit of Conversion Unit of Conversion

Measurement Measurement
1 bit 0.125 Byte 1 Megabyte 0.0001 Gigabytes
1 bit 0.000122 Kilobyte 1 Megabyte 1024 Kilobytes
1 Byte 8 bits 1 Gigabyte 1024 Megabytes
1 Byte 0.0001 Kilobyte 1 Gigabyte 0.0001 Terabytes
1 Kilobyte 1024 Bytes 1 Terabytes 1024 Gigabytes
1 Kilobyte 0.0001 Megabytes 1 Terabytes 0.0001 Petabyte

In general, when something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the greater the
number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution picture from a digital camera will
use around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture could use 2 MB or more.

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes are typically used to measure the size or
storage capacity of a device. Examples of components and devices that use byte storage
include: random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3 players.

CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs have a data storage
capacity of approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately
8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc. BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-layer disc,
and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc.

Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being
used. For example:

A file is 20 KB in size 1 KB = 1,024 Bytes

20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file

If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes of space); then approximately

a total of 51 files can be stored in that folder (1,048,576 / 20,480 = 51.2).

Let’s do some exercises

1. If a flash drive has 8 Gigabytes capacity, how does it represent in Megabytes?

Remember: 1 Gigabyte = 1000 Megabyte

Solution:
8 GB x 1024 𝑀𝐵 = 8192 MB
1 𝐺𝐵

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 2. In a hard drive has 3 terabytes capacity, what is the equivalent value in
gigabytes?

Solution:
1024 𝐺𝐵
3 TB x = 3072 GB
1 𝑇𝐵

3. There is 1 DVD item has a value of 25 Megabytes, how many kilobytes in 1 DVD?
Solution:
25 MB x 1024 𝐾𝐵 = 25600 KB
1 𝑀𝐵

Some practices on how to maintain measuring instruments

1. Keep it clean always.

2. Use appropriate measuring instruments for a right job.
3. Store in a dry and cool place.
4. Maintain functionality for accurate measurements.
5. Fix all parts or other components after used.