i LO [Ae UUs Les -I www. pragationline.com 6 www.facebook.com/niralibooks & Scanned with OKEN ScannerENGINEERING - | FOR SEMESTER - V THIRD YEAR DEGREE COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AS PER NEW REVISED SYLLABUS NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON. (JUNE 2014) Dr. R. K. LAD Dr. M. R. GIDDE BE. (Civil), M.E. Civil (Env. Engg.), Ph.D. M.E. (Env. Engg.JPh.D. REC TOPPER. j Professor Dean. Easy Department of Civil Engineering JSPM Technical Institute Campus Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering Nathe, PUNE Dhankawadi, PUNE - 411037. Dr. S.T. MALI . BE. (Civil), ME. (Civil) (Env. Engg.) Ph.D ‘Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Sinhagad College of Engineering \Vadgaon (BK), PUNE - 411041. Price % : 190.00 8 PRAKASHAN ¥ CENA NTT @ scanned with OKEN Scannerew aren INIT-1 ; Introduction to water supply schemes: data collection for water supply scheme, components and yout, design period, factors affecting design period. water intake structures: General design considerations, id reservoir intake, conveyance of raw water, hydraulic de pumping station, intake structures, such as river intake, canal sign 2 Water demand, rate of water consumption for various purposes, stitutional and commercial. Fire demand. Water system losses. Factors pulation forecasting: arithmetical increase method geometrical in crease method logistic curve methods, T-It Water quality: impurities in water, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, water quality ndards as per IS 10500-1991, USEPA and WHO. Water treatment processes: like domestic, industrial: and affecting the rate of demand. creases method, incremental eat introduction to different water treatment processes, flow sheets, ration- principle, concept, necessity, methods and design of aeration fountains (Stepped aerators), sh mixer, function, design and power requirements. Flocculation and sedimentation: coagulation, flocculation theory, zeta potential and its significance, an velocity gradient G, power consumption, commen coagulants, coagulant aids, principle of iimentation, efficiency of ideal settling basin, types of settling and related theory. Design of settling ks, clariflocculators, tube settlers. Il iltration: theory of filtration, mechanism of filtration, filter materials, types of filters, rapid Sand , Slow Sand Filter, multimedia and dual media filters, components- under drainage system, ing and cleaning of filters. Operational troubles, design of filters-RSF and SSF. Design of under lage system. infection- objectives, theory, types of disinfection, chlorination, free and combined chlorine, effect pH, types of chlorination, pre and post chlorination, break point chlorination, de-chlorination ing powder estimation. UNIT-IV A: water softening- theory, methods, lime soda, zeolite, and ion exchange processes, quantity estimation of lime soda process, re-carbonization. Demineralizationmethods like reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis B: Miscellaneous methods- adsorption: theory, Frendlich isotherms design. effect of fluoride, fluoridation and de-fluoridation. C: Water treatment of swimming pool. UNIT-v A; Water distribution system, types of distribution system, continuous and intermittent system, gravity, Pumping and combined system. Wastage of waterdetection and prevention. Lay out of distribution system. Design of hydraulic network. Residual pressure, Hardy-Cross method, design of ESR capacity. B: Service R/|GSR, balancing reservoir- necessity, location, capacity calculation by arithmetic types of pipes. types of valves, Functions and locations. : tals in water, their effects and remedy. Presence of nonbiodegradableorganics de formations. Their removal methods including osmosis, ultra-filtration, and catalysis technology from removal of non-degradable organics. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerON Pate: College of Engin ge of Engineerin, SHARAD “ . 4 INTRODUCTION Water is called "Jeevan" (i.e. life) in Sanskrit. It is basic need of all living beings. Other beds are air food and shelter. Without water man cannot survive. In early days, water was imarily used for domestic needs like drinking, washing, bathing and cooking etc. But due modemisation, water is also required for industrial, omamental and sewerage purposes jong with domestic needs. It is also required for parks, ote ‘swimming pools etc. Water also required for fire protection. Now-a-days, well designed and organized public water upply schemes are absolutely necessary to cater for various water requirements. Enormous uantity of water required for future industries is required to be taken into account for esigning water supply schemes. i NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER WORKS The main source of water is rainfall. When the rain falls from the clouds, it dissolves arious impurities like gases and minute suspended particles present in the atmosphere. Rain jater collects dust and other impurities Present on the surface of the earth. Some part of fall evaporates and some part percolates in the earth, dissolving various soluble matter in and ultimately joins the underground water raising its level. The balance amount of rainifall fi after evaporation and percolation, flows over the surface of earth and joins nallas, ms and rivers. This flowing water is called as runoff or surface flow. It is impure as it Ollects lot of matter lying on surface of earth during its flow. Also surface water contains fastes discharged by various industries. Sometimes untreated sewages are also discharged in ich flowing water, causing its pollution. gaye Hence, Water, either from surface souifce or from underground source, is not suitable for inking due to various impurities present in it. Also water may contain pathogenic bacteria Fading to water bome diseaSes like cholera, dysentry and typhoid etc. Therefore, it is Ssary to treat such water and make it fit for various purposes. Water is treated in ment units (all called as water works) which require proper design and maintenance. treatment units reduce impurities upto acceptable standards. Civil engineers must have Orough knowledge of planning, designing, estimation and construction of various treatment hits, required to make the water available of acceptable standard. : (1.1) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘emt wae ply ld my be ravily or pumping or combination ofthe centig upon pry often ‘Water supply to public may be intrmitant ; hours in the morning and few hours in the evening) or continuous (twenty four hous), aergines, con0i Te DATA TO BE COLLECTED FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ac mere Water is prime necessity of every individual. For supplying water to the public, water Py projects are prepared and sent to proper authority for sancion of grants required for execution. Inthe design of water supply project, the following datais collected : 1. ‘Source of raw water : Various sources available thee relihlity throughout the sear, choice ofthe source between various altematives available depends mainly and roads cnuitioners, washing machines and dish. ces ke alte processes and Seam generation. ‘pon the impurities presen in them. pigs eo 2. Quantity of water required + It depends upon : ee (2) Population to be served : This is decided by foreCastng the from sens dita wit ofthe fllosing phases © () Water demands : All types of demands lke domestic publi, i ese on bli source + The source may be surface source like river, canal, a + fire et. are sorted out. 4 water source like wells and speing nes Ce cma (©) Design period : Thiny years period is often considered. 0 years vailability inte required quant —r—e— zum impuries and availability in te required Finally ol water demand per day fr decyl wot out. ston and conveyance of raw water : The water from the source is, Bhioncet en works forts purification, Depending o 3. Quality of water + The samples of water from available sources are analysed in on nk works, pump house and ising main ete. the laboratory to find out the varios impurities present. This is essential o decide the lie of treatment to be given o the aw water. This is aso necessary to decide the Best source out of the alternatives, if any. used io make the scheme economica ‘of water + This depends upon the nature of impuri 4, Survey data : Surveys are caried out to prepare the topographical maps for intake eected inthe water testing laboratory. The usual ‘works rising main treatment ste, location of elevated service reservoirs. sion id disinfection. Cesar] $. Plan or Map of city or town : The master plan containing existing roads, d storing water in elevated service reservoirs; The water [buildings and proposed developments along with the contours is procured, if avallbl, If not valle, plan table suvey js cared ou to obian the ety map. 10 supply hours. This needs pumping of treated water, venta “This map enables the design engineer to divide the ety into various zones ~ SAT Tint. Adina uae of war po lel, medium level and high level etc” and-hods= TRE postion for lcating_ “isvibuon resin. wid required capacity and wo decide the layout of water” ‘istibution pipe network, istibuton pipe network. 6. Ravisition of land and compensations 10 be paid to he land owners and legal complications et 7. isting water supply poston ofthe own and possibilty of its expansion @ scanned with OKEN Scannernoducton to Wiser Su /ATER SUPPLY SCHEMES _ aoe mainly classed into two catege Waters obtained from varios 5 e f ch consists open wel we vel avesian vel Ts ca. i son es NO on cos eee leva service res a Foren rene is done 0 supply sfc war. 1s very mach sui rile wat apply schemes. (Fig. 1.2(0] 2. For surface source lik river, caal tc, the components/iayout consists - clarifies ils), elevated service {ey underground source. snface source which consist ‘works, pumps sing mal and dibution system. This is ul edged scheme and is used for ‘own and eis, Following isthe flow diagram of water supply scheme. a Surface of waar c I Take works 1 l 1 Paring / Fisngala Tsai \|_ Elevated service reservoir a Fig 11: Flow dlagram are shown in Fig 1. gram of water supply scheme Pe ESR VS CVA wandats D.N.Patal Col fs lor war ‘an oration TT TTT Rapa = od Se (ater Coagulation © ‘ocauaion (4) Vilage water supply scheme (Treatment - chlorination) (©) Town water supply scheme with slow sand fiter (6) City water supply scheme with pid sand fer i) Fig. 1.2: Layouts of water supply scheme @ scanned with OKEN Scanner16 " Givi uy) nil Engg =. Cv (MU) sini ces 4.7 FINANCING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES Jyeinas tbe of money is required for planning, desi Availity tne teas oak For any water supply schsiné. sa cea compels the components of the scheme, Also aft etion of the designer to adopt smaller desi pov 1 aor ric emne ning, mainfenance and repais and et eee ‘money is required for its proper ra mar Rate of interesy/on ans for completion of water supply projects affects the design samples inthe lborstory resent or Pero. Lars the at of terest onan. smal sth sin prod and vc cal municipalities and city compratonsare required 0 aise ae through The rate of inerease in popaation slower higher design peciod is adopted. State Governments inthe form of loans for execution of water supply schemes, ere Sie ee wie ee a for illus, Sate Goverments generally provide 80 to 90% ofthe fla og “Requited quam of war ay mt halle hed ihr ein id. In projet a asistance, The villages and town panchayats have to collec the remaining a tha csr design pid wl tv ot tows foe aoe eet ‘oF 10%. Each State Government sets tp the Environmental Engineering Department (9| aie Saeed Fetal tence me > design pestod of A377 development and execution of such schemes. Afer completion of the schemes = cater supply schemes are handed over to local municipalities or village panchayats for ru consumers for water supplied to meet (Repairing, Maintenance and ‘expenses. =a 8 DESIGN PERIOD 0 DESIGN PERIODS FOR COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ‘Components Suggested design period in years Dams, weirs, intake structures, [30-35 years reservoirs and penstock pipes «=> AW OF treated water storage tanks and network of pressure pipes for Treatment units like. clarifiers, fil (a) 15 ~20 years when interest rates on | “Wier distbution 0 the public. Many times weirs or dams are also. equ Cia . ‘oans raised are higher “eons in order to make the yaw water available throughout the year. All (©) 20-30 years when interest rates on| onsen inva huge expend, Morovethese nsaaion When once cam teas mised ae amor be replsced ora Distibaion tem Their eiparsions. tis also desirable 19 use ese onsinted works tl ther 5 than 300 mm dim cag ie water sap scheme is eigned fr ie pent jeetaion, wd a ee ee ‘hin coming ew years asthe population Thcreasesconiuouny Tene, the oes ee Oe comeonen of was suply chee are made lager to full te inccasing end Somer it] Population | 35,000 | 37.500 | 43,500 | 52,000" Solution : ni e y Year | Population | Increase in : population i a i tbc \ 1960, 37500 2500 . 1970, 43500 6000 * : ven | 52000 He si i 1999 51500 5500 ae Total 22500 ‘Average increase in decade = 2500 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerexample by geomet sereccie entrrmental Eng, 1= TE. Ct rie inorease method, ‘Example 4.2: Sofve the prev [=T.€ ci ut dis recommended to be used for towns whose population is varying a @ i “jeraseim population | Percentage rate and not at constant ral, ‘will be clear from the following solved example. 1950 35,000 2500 + Solve the previous example by Incremental Increase method. ' (8 Marks, Nov. 2001) 1960 6000. ol $500 Population” | Inereasein | Incremental increase ; population a 5500 35,0 zs = i 37.500 2500 © ; 1990 3750 1970 43,500 000 +3500 © 4 “Total percentage increase =! 1980 52,000 3500@) +2500 O ‘ 990 57,500 5500 > | <= 3000 © percenage increase =} x5326=19315% ee coil Fe passe Bi tn sel ee end Sieg 1a3is if E i _= snso0| San) = sa Ne ee Fes anda ba eres man ae pen sl | Hee. ll beeen tt hs method is meio gies higher esl } 4.23 Ineremental Increase Method Boone = 5750043 5005+ 252) x 1000 ‘The benefits of arithm« : sal ts fii wel gone neti nd in hs Sin tnt nod ngs repr dea od ot, The Pepin hunger ech dade ig Tound cut and from incremental increase i inc increase is worked. Let us call it as f Bpteny eee el be cata Then, population athe end ofa 4nd+(14243 une et Pend Mt D FD », P = Present population 4 t ‘Average increase per decade = Average incremental increase Number of decades = 57500 + 16875 + 6000 we = 00375 te : By comparing the results of the population for the same town by above tree methods, itis seen that arithmetic method gives low population, whereas the geometrical {gives higher population, The incremental increase method gives medium population ample 44: With the help of following data estimate the feture population of a town ‘2001, using incremental inerease method, Year rit | 921 | 1931 jon (in thousands)| 350 | 466 | 994 iat | 19si_| 1961 1560° | 1623" 1839 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerrwronmental Eng. = TE, Chi MMU) Solution = ration | Increase it Year | Population | pulation 1911 ie 1921 ue 4412 Re, 1931 ae 4038 = 4 decadesig 941 503 ie we) 1961 eta * 1489 5 159 Average per decade, d = 5 2978 : ] amt) yy Population in the year 200 =P P+nd+ 5 4 Py = 1839-44 297.8 + 1839 + 1191.2 +250 3280.2 Thousand 3280, q Example 45 : Estimate forecast population by 2011, 2021 with fotlowit census report Year wor_[ i971 | 1981 [1991 Population 25000 | 28000 | 32000 | 40000 ‘Use incremental increase method. 4 Solution: a ji Year [Population | Inerease in | Incremental 4 Population | _ increase ; i961] — 25000 sty | 28000 | 000 000 4000 +1000 8000 = 4 decades 127.0 (may) ar ______Poputation Forecast & Water Demand per eae, Ma , = 6000 = 2000 Population in the year 2011 = P, = P+nd+ acen io _ = Pag = Pym + td SEED = 000 16000 + LED. Stn "= 49000 + 6000 + 2000 = 57000 Population in the year 2011 = $7000 _.. Population inthe year 2021 = 49000 +2 x 6000+ 2+) 2900 = 49000 + 12000 + 6000 = 67000 Population inthe year 2021. = 67000 lining Growth Method or Decrease Rate of Growth Method 10d assumes that the town has some limiting saturation population, From the data, itis seen that early growth of the town is at an increasing rate (faster) and is at a decreasing rate, indicating saturation limit. The method involves of percentage increase for every decade and then working out the decrease in the increase. The average of decrease in percentage increase is deducted from the tage increase foreach successive future decade. is decreasing. thod is suitable for the town whose rate of increase in popula will be clear from the following solved example. Ne 4.6 + The following is the census data for atown, Year toa | 1g9si | i961 | 1971 1981 jon (in thousands) | 90 130 184 253 | 326.68 the future population ofthe town for the year 2011 by declining growth method. @ scanned with OKEN Scannercag T=, ——— Environmental Ef _ Solution 3 7 = (@) Following is a census data for the city. Forecast its population for the Year | Popul! Using incremental increase method and (i) by simple graphical method, wee _Year wat i94i [i951 [i961 [i971 | i981 y od 40x 100 BH | x10 asad lation in thousands | 50_[ 55 | 66 | 78 | 90 | 110 “| 4 : Fax 100 () By incremental increase method : Here n= 3 decades ane . Ah 7 Aste Population Tincrease in | Incremental increase oxi population 7 o 9x10 _ 57.50% 3 im | 3 rea = 3750 55 5 5 Te | 73.68x 100 6 0 oar | 32668 Fee = 29.12% 8 0 Total 90. 12 110 20 Total aver reap decrease in neease = oa average 2 “The population at the end of 1991, 2001 ae5 222 Year [Net parentage increase in Population Pun, = Pend +820 popula W991 |29.12=5.1067 = 24.013% 36,68 + 2568 x24013 tor3xi24 G20 375 168.5 thousands 7 T E1067 = 1906 126 x 18.906 Boor [24013-51067 = 18 405.125 + HB 51067 = 138% Ox 38 ROH] 18906-5.1067 = 1 ‘ai SH ‘ence, the population atthe end ofthe year 2011 will be 5,48,200. 4.2.5 Simple Graphical Method or Graphical Extension Method In this method, a graph is plotted before the population and time in decades from the records of past census. The curve so blained is extended further in the same manner to get the future ‘population. The method gives the Sneviereits as sein of be eave dents Sn the sil evens of Mh pen. The mete my Se | Sedo apy ache or te Population at end of” decade 1971 Fig. 42 901 1001 yost 19512002011 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerrave extension camoare fret No. of people per hectare 10-40 50-90 100-250 300-2500, r 40-80 we ten wero 1880 1090 2000 2010 220 {010 1980 100 970A fi 1048 55 085 8 10 80 1e70 1980 Ye 50-100 100-200 50-100 Fig. 43 200-300, ‘conditions, the population ofa city shall grow according to the shape of cities, ne beginning rate of growth of population is proportional to the population Le be the cty whose popolation at the end of 2020is to be estimated i lone fom the previous census data as shown above upto 1980 with po Lat seleted city A reached the population 62,000 in the year 1940 and its from he same point Simitarly, curves are plotted for other cities B and C reached upto 62,000 in the years 1935 and 1950 respectively. The curve of ‘wendd as shown by dotted line by comparison with cities A, B and C. ‘Inpractce it isnot easy to find identical cities with respect to population gr 427 Zoning Method or Master Plan Method ing HS development of towns and cities isnot allowed in hap tn yet development, master plans are prepared acording to bylaws Sb tol State Goverment. For this, the city is divided into Fae ates 08h 8 commercial, industrial, residential, educational, "lopment is allowed to take place according to this master plan @ scanned with OKEN Scannerput inthe following form. cog sate cw —— yodified and Euonmena A “Te above equation cam Pe Py a on are pe a 14 Fa loge. CRP) saturation value Time () > Fig. 4.4 m(aconstant) and~KP, = n (a constant) ‘The above equation reduces to ee Ph 1+ m loge (nt) 1: and f= 21 ae chosen, the saturation value P, and constants m,and n ge in population of any town is ‘mainly depending upon birth, death and from the following three equations: 4 ow or villages, Generally, nowadays, death rates low and hence the ; due te ‘migration. Following factors considerably 2 Po PyPs= Pi(Po +P) Dt : Py PyP,-Pr i 2 “hucangabed, Kolhapur s : Religious plac andi, Pandharpur, Tuljapur, Nashik i penser od hotels, parks, gardens, and Known Fite Gas P,P and P, from census data, above equation will give values when substituted in the equation (41) of logistic curve will giv Ee ; @ scanned with OKEN Scannerepg Forest Wate Deny, eisriese WAsCONeTY OF ol etopment.of eto nin nomic cen al power projets Presence of nina 5, Ben eablsent of 0 cyte ee B : nills, dairies, cotton ‘ ‘based industries = Sugar mills, % 6. Agricultural | wt Coon re juent draughts etc. Pe ef ei ri edible oils, fon _Endronmentl Engg, 1= Thi (NMU) gue Population Forecast & Wister 2, Population by geometric increase method aoe o[ esi = msm 2424] a ss00c 2087 = st 3, Population by incremental increase method = P+nde (1424.00 34500 + 3 x 4150 + 6x80 Pros fier. following ens dala ' vaple 8 : Aton goth lowing ce a ‘ SS ato per vo50 | 1060] 1970-fii980 | 1999) Yer | 930] 60 Tarim ample 493 (0) Unie wit conttons vould you eomimend the thei Potion | 2600 | 12,70 | 18300 | 22650, 27,000 | "31,000 _| 34.501’ peta of forecasting future population of a town ? “Esme population nthe year 2020, by any tree different methods. (b) The following figures represent the census data of a town. OD area i aah ave ty abt seme an nemesis [year Ta [1950_[ 1960 7 oy 580 ehod. Taney ewan] i000 | 1000 | asso00 [327000 | asseio 687,960 i ease in lage increase in | Incremental Yer | Posie | he aan] Fever Inert | JRE te fre ppaaon of eto the year 2020 by geometrical increase 30 | 600 eget mann ppt fom ale 1 decade and also percentage increase in ion is shown in the table below. iso | 12,700 3100 3100 00 =. rae — 9600 % 100 = 32.29% ‘Year Population Increase in| Percentage increase in ulation oputation 1950 | 18300 300 | 5600 +2500 op population rey * 100 = 44.09% 1940) 1,50,000 9 | 680 890 | 380 me 1950 1950 1.804 | 30,000 | 30,000. iaa0g * 100 = 23.77% ad 7,50,006 * 100 = 20% 1s | 2000 4350 4350 a 1960 2,34,000 54,000 54.000 109 = 30% ligs9 * 100= 19.20% 7,80,000 30% 1980 | 31.0 0 | a000 7 1970 327,600 93,600 93,600 ong % 100=14.81% | 190 | 3450 as} 3500 ea 1980 458,640 131,040 31,009 *100= 11.29% poe Total 24900 1990 687,960, 2,29,320 x 14545 erage per | 25900 decade $4150. r= Sas i Total = 180 1. Population 5» ith 2 mete meted ater 3 decades (a= 3) L ‘Average percentage in =%6 Pan =P +nd=34510 +3 415). @ scanned with OKEN Scannercat Sa i a cps Peet Pl | + ata} Poulton Forecast & Water Demand 4 |ODUCTION. For designing the water supply for any town the design engineer has to work out the total = RAT OR (1+) i Fequired for various purposes of the town. He then finds the cs k ie ae axe this otal demand, fo bg cites. wo oF three sources may be adopted to meet ieee ‘he large demand of the city. — -AM® : Toe population of 2 town forthe past comsus data is given 4.5 RATE OF WATER DEMAND (2) The ity of water requited for a city is affected by the Rate of demand’. I is the rate {ndutial and fre demand ets. The rate of demand forall these purposes 8 Feteapta basis By ding the total Jeruand bythe number of persons eee I ¥ is the Rey Of water required por year In ates and PAs the them per capita demand is given by timated population to be served, ee water a tes per 48 VARIOUS WATER DEMANDS _ Water is wsed forthe following purposes AL Domestic demand Ak Pilic demand YD Commercial, institutional and Soot Pare dermarat AE Lins ant wastage \ATi Dewene demand + 1 inter water needed he dmting, cooking. washing SI town speaking. panienng. anary peponen ad sit sundiooming ac. Thi deemed yen baat, sug tstal derma nm ane Mamdards of be people. This dkemand The Righee demand oe dine 40° se fermen 50 = loiomell WEL pptnares wh w tah, weber ves cashing Ms St washing A pee LS, fr ounces, doomnte demand Bahout ‘Seerwn th indo about 99 ts 80% of Gal deena wah wp of 159 tavapmaly te appranimately am hallows @ scanned with OKEN Scannerntl Egg. =. cv 419 ___Poputton Forecast & Water Demand eo ‘able showing the water requirements for buildings other than residences he Classification of building Water requirement in litres per day ae Hlospitals (including laundry) 4 (@ Having numberof beds < 100 coo [340 per bed “|(6)_ Having number ofbeds > 100 | 455 per bed : B,_| Nurse's and Doctors quarers ee i Be |iiowis 180 per bed ee sali TA [Resurans i 70 per eat, V4. Public demand : i inlues water Tees ie ‘ashing a ymine packs iy) | Schoots: ble parks, fun ible tilts and intermiven a acai eae n demand m eee ito 70 tiveapitaiiy (@)_ Day schools 45 per head ft ee i el 33 Wn epi ofthe total consumption. soe ne “consumption for some ‘nunicipsl 6 [Hostets < 135 per head pores Genin Tabled a Gy Sa deel 7. [tices 45 per head 8. [-Toeares and concert hats 15 per seat 9, | Factories in general (2), Where bathrooms are provided . 45 per head ee (©)_Where bathrooms are not provided «snes {30 perhead : Table 4: Table showing water requirements fo few industries | Type of industry Unit of production | Water requirement in eilolitres/unit 1 Sugar ‘One bag of 100 kg 0.11002 pe 12 Texte —5ws 100 ke 8014 Salons and variou® indusies Ay 3. Paper tonne 200 10 400 ae sven in the Table ae 4 Rela tofine 80 10 200 ae aoe & : s peste . reas ” uses, aetually there ig ater — u te Peete Vanes fom ind -Consimption with popu!” 7. Glass tonne 6 in industries may ae! 8. Anificial silk “4 tonne 2000 9. Woo! = rs toning 150-500 10. Gots tonne of ore 1s A. tron fonne of ore 405 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneri Population Forecast & Water Demans umontal Engg. =T.E.CiviNMU) —_-ABD are {thickly |. Also in th 4, ded: is ws of he as ‘ea in any area at any time causing aor 10 ir ‘property and loss of life, The. “re vaio reasons for besking the ing. det aly wig, Imes _stoig and tanding of ingle, articles, cylinders and chemic,| “Coninnes, intensional lighting of fires by dissatisfied a ‘Or cfiminal, people. For fic ng, most of he ites aye ter own squad with necessary esa equip Large quan waters required or extinguishing fire. cate. Fire demand isthe quantity of water required for pb ae fire The total demand tv Sve, ina year may be small but he rate of consumption of atime is very lage! Tis fic “ eotimate wien the fire will break and what willbe its extent. Hence, the fite demand ‘perl calculated based on some empirical formulae a given below: 7 (i) Kuiehting’s formula : 182-YP 4} A) 0 roms: 0 140+ i) @) oe where, Q= Fire demand in livminute P= Population in thousands, —- i) Government of India recommendation 5,00) = 004 where, Q (for cities having population more tht * fi demand inkoliesay ahP = Ppa in housands () Bustos formala: Q = 5663) inn Ww National Board of fire under writer's formula : 771 Q = 4637 B (1-001 48) jivnin, ae 7 Example 4a: Find ut the Fie Demand for he tovn hang hata sing varios oma 190 Setuon: Pplson thane cagy Bottoms: gs sey 5663-5 = 5663 x29 0 = sing = fam 3182 29 Pie = 113260 tiv 0) Kuicing’s formula eo ta oe = 63640 livin, ‘own having population 4,00.0"" 9-1-8. cay) a2 Population F 9 = n6[E+ 10] Freeman's formula Q = 463748 [1-001] 4637 (706 [1 - 0.01 500] (637 x20 10.01 x20) 4637 x20 x 0.8 = 74192 livin ent of nda recommendation for owns having population more than 50000 @ = 100F ‘itotresiay 100.) = 100% 20 = 2000 tts + Loss of water inthe gistrbution system may be due 19 — pe old plumbing a in the main and submarine due jue to faulty AE SST uthoriSed water connections, is caused bythe residential consumers by throwing store wate for collecting bass. Many times houschoer eave and well maintained distribution is quantity may be as ee ‘S0G_of the supply in badly maintained and water supply system, io the losaites, where The people do not understand of treated water. 1p of total demand of water in litres per BS given below in Table 45. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerfica Egg .£ Ct (uy Poplon Forges WAG Cost of water : Ifthe cost of water is more, the consumption will be-tess and vice consumption will be ‘Demand in lieapita/day Yess. This may not be te in highly polished areas as “5. Commerce and industry : Presence of industry increases per capita demand. I al8o rs varies with the type of industry, eg, industries like dairy and paper mill require: more quantity of water ae Demand in commercial establishments is affected by the number of establishments, pre gress umber of people. working in each concer and whether air conditioning is provided in them: 55 orpot, 3 z Quality of water: IF the quality and taste of sate is god, consumption will be sua cet i {Base The people wil not use other sures like well water, having brackidh ast a mma eeere i pelciga rae by SS FlStnclney ofthe waice sipaly sete sire system is efficient, the pressure in the plato, pe . 9.2 is ‘consumed, it causes bleedin a leeding in the stomach, which comnulave poison. portance of in water supply 1. Ake suse of waters having salt : coe cope 6 85 Gi Dt Importance of pH in ‘coagulation : a PH range between 6.5 10 8, aes For effective coagulation, itis necess#” At DH = 8.20% api Wale teow get Wohavehigherefciency. crn yp: PR consi wat 5) ng rth hen Tessthan aot Pies and valves °° HATE einai when prt > 85 corrosive, At pl 7, ‘teated water pass ter gg = ch gay kG uaity of Water i) Alkalinity + Iti the capacity of water to neutralise acid, It is caused by the presence of earbonates, bicarbonates and hydro 1 Mi Its caused by weak acid and strong base” Distribution forms of alkalinity : [aa we Forms of alkalinity Ry > OH- only 583 1057-1130 _[(OH- COs) predominantly or COF ony. : a 83-1056 7 _+ HCO; ) predominantly or CO; oily i833 45-83 | HCO; predominantly aa. <45 Nil — ity Alkalinity is expressed in mpllas CaCO, for drinking water : { EBIS (i) HDL value = 200 mgll as CaCO, i). Maximum Permissible Level (MPL) = 600 mg/l as CaCO, lorides : Chlorides are present in all natural waters. Fresh water sources contain ging from 100 to 2000 mg/l. Surface waters may derive large amounts of 1m - (a) Sewage effluents (b) Industrial effluents and (e) Sea water infiltration, ‘Acceptable limi Maximum permissible limit in mg/l 200 600 Gor 200 1000 250, 1000 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerppm cs eR 2 uty o paade@lal hy Eneronrmental Engg. 1-74 tects of cores: ‘ ‘When respect nwt se nd cos pated. ‘Excess chlorides present in water indicate possibilty of contaminated and | ox ea 3. Ifsach water ic wed in boilers scale formation and sometimes boiler expe take place i Determination of chlorides in lab : Amount resent in the water sample is foun! aang sive rate of known cocerraton and peas tothe wat Se Shrek epee ae 5S. Diwalved gases Surface wate conan dissolved oxygen whichis ders Season du tbe activites of algae and ther plan life in wate. Also sulphates. Sul oxidation of sulphides. 1 lphur cycle, Industrial wast hut sulphates to receiving bs! & . ee ga (Nia ul dacharges eg oe SE80MPORition vo 0 8 rag 8 inl 1 Yeo toe teleased > Mim pole waicr ol gg, 1= 7. cv ray on Ibuminold nitrogen or organic nitrogen : tis normally derived from the ai life associated with aquatic environment. Rs presence indicates organ pluto poly. lis quantity is found out by adding sulphuric acid alkaline solution of permanganate to water sample and beling the mixtuce. This liberates ammonia Is measured and expresied in mgt fof ammonia nitrogen and ahuminoid nitrogen is called Kjedahl nitrogen tries (NO,) + Nitntes are produced by oxidation of ammonia. They indicate oxidation of organic matter. The amount of ritsits present ima water sample is al by adding sulphonic acid and naphthamine which gives red colour. The colour lis compared with sanaed cole solutions to determine te value nt in potable water Es when present: It causes blue huby sickness, asi sa poisonous substance. Also ace cancer (NO): Is the end product of decomposition of organic mater im the 1 completion of oxidation of organic matter and is no more harm Bmount of nitrates is detsmined by adding phepol-ti-stiphonic acid and potassium ‘hich gives colour. The colour so formed is matched with standard colours to he contents in mt sand other chemical substances : Effect when in excess Dime | tate Wo wach wale | clothes and causes disolouration OOS mpt | OS mpl | Causes organic growth Blocks pace | and valves i Cause “corrosion, hardnews and purging Cauwe “hardness, cooking and washing inconvemmence, Causes dental Howie Ripping of teeth in children. : Tomp? | 13 mp [002 git [Caases tate a cxlour paicularly after shlorinatien. Bacteneidal ig | May “Cause purging and Gawior [itewtinal yreatioa strasce woe Engi & ewe beans wat @ scanned with OKEN Scanner- It is difficult to conduct specific tests for the identification of specific €¢, the coliform group of bacteria ean serve as indicators of the contamination domestic and industrial waste. The ‘coliform group density’ which isa eriteria €¢ of pollution, is used as the basis for standards of bacterial quality of water f, Bacteria are made to grow as colonies, by innoculating @ known volume of Panirient AGAR medium. This is kept in an incubator at 20°C for 48 hours or hours, The colonies of bacteria grow, which are seen and counted. The bacterial Pressed as number of colonies per 100 ml of sample. The total count should not 100 per ce of water. 1d is superior and less cumbersome, In this test, a known volume of water eid through a membrane of glass filter paper or cellulose acetate, with pores irons. The bacteria present in the sample willbe retained on this membrane. ‘membrane is put in contact with nutrient M-Endo's medium which permits Fonly coliform, (The process often alle as eating) nan incubator for 20 [BSIC. The coliform colonies are developed and thse visible colonies are h colony represents one bi le. The bacterial count is number of colonies per 100 ml of sample. 4 that coliform organisms in contact with lactose medium ferment wit ormation of gas. following three stages + test (Medium - MeConky broth) Bile broth) firmatory tes (Medium - Briliant Gre mipleted test (Medium - Eosin ety! bive sear) @ scanned with OKEN Scanneran 2 ouaty ota, JeTE- civ My) “Table 2 ; Physical and chemical standards (MUD, India) “pean Eng. cv “The sample of water placed in tre toes and MeCo ours a 37°C. IF no gas is formed th we! and itis again examined at the end () Presumptive test + “broth is added, The tubes are incubated for 24 atsent, The test conti 8 hous. If po gas is formed, the ests megane LF he gas is formed, the tes is positive indicating presence of bacteria and Water is» Safe for drinking, Now the next stage tes is cated out (Gi) Confirmatory test : The culture from the positive test carried out above incubated nt wo tubes and I} containing B.G.B broth, Tobe 10 48 ours. a8 formed coliform i indicated “ob I is incubated at 44°C for 12 hours, Ifthe gas is formed, E.coli is indicated. (Gi) Completed test: Here the mtrent medium used (EMBA), Here core from the Tand I ate sreaked on two diferen ‘respectively cosaiing EMBA. Both plates are incubated at 37°C One B caer neice, lage, moi and convex colonies with ‘centes ae see, confirms presence of eoiform, 4 On plate C, if observed under microscope, small, dry and. Juste are see. it confirms the presence of E.coli bacteria, is incubated at 37°C for 2 Eosin Methyl Blue A=» the tet is negative the water is safe for drinking. I) Most Probable Number (MP.N, Mest likely 10 be even. This MPN, is teh of mimber tess sd fe ‘are conducted on poricms o ‘standard samples cit off fepative. MPN, sil. 7 axed on the application sedis ie acute han To BGR He os ‘sample using different dilutions, for E-coli identifieation. 5:7 RECOMMENDATIONS OF unustay URBAN uP) Ti anid Wee cg DEVELOPMENT (M! ~ net DEVELOPMENT (MU ™ Frcpared by the Central Public Healt” Environmental Engineering Oro oe ‘of Urban Development (M! India ays down the flog standard (4) Physical and chemical standards acceptable 00 the in excess of these ment he column acceptable are the cit under acceptable render the water not of alternative and beter We column cause for tejection’ above AL in the abso Cause for** idity (units on J.T.U. scale) “ 10 (units of platinum cobalt scale) 25 Unobjectonable 651092 (mgt 1500 (mgt « (mgt 1090 (mgt 400 mgt is (mei) 45 (me) 20 ng) 150 10 «mgt 05 img 1s 150 compounds as Phenol) (mel be detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) i (mest) 05 i oor i fs besavoke (met i mm ashexavalen'c (Me nes mer a img oot (mg oom Patt o2n eh 3 pitt sont ts upto which the @ scanned with OKEN Scanner