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Discuss the prevalence of infectious diseases in Pakistan and identify risk factors existing

in Pakistani population in comparison to other developing and developed countries

Azeem Dilawar

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

M.SC. PUBLIC NUTRITION PROGRAM

Department of Environmental Design, Health and Nutrition Science

3461: MACRONUTRIENTS

DR. SYEDA MEHVISH ZEHRA & MISS ASMA AFREEN

2ND OCTOBER 2022

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Discuss the prevalence of infectious diseases in Pakistan and identify risk factors existing in

Pakistani population in comparison to other developing and developed countries.

Pakistan is among the most overpopulated nations on the planet. The growing speed of clinical

issues in Pakistan is upsetting. A piece of these clinical issues is provoking new kinds of diseases

while others are most typical that have been obliterated from a large portion of the world yet

exist in Pakistan. According to the World Wellbeing Association (WHO), Pakistan is at 122 out

of 199 countries to the extent those clinical consideration standards. The high people, pessimistic

climatic circumstances, and nonappearance of enlightening and monetary improvement are liable

for setting Pakistani occupants in an unwanted environment. Trained professionals and occupants

are effective money management their joint measures of energy to make Pakistan a sound and

safe country. However, there are a few typical infections that need more thought and effort to get

cleared out. In this article, we will shortly examine the most widely recognized illnesses in

Pakistan that need more consideration. Around 40 % trouble of sickness in Pakistan is

transmittable contaminations including tuberculosis, measles, pneumonitis, intense respiratory

contaminations, the runs, jungle fever, gastrointestinal contaminations, viral hepatitis and

obtained resistant inadequacy condition (HIV-Helps).

MOST COMMON PREVALENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan has a high prevalence of viral infections. The flu, colds, dengue fever, hepatitis C, and

malaria are the most prevalent viral illnesses in Pakistan. These viruses are extremely contagious

and can be transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, saliva, or the air.

Pakistan is ranked 122nd out of 190 countries in terms of the types of medical care principles

that are generally recommended to the populace by the World Wellbeing Association (WHO).

While your immune system battles the illness, medications for the most common infections help
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lessen adverse effects. Antitoxins are ineffective against viral infections. While many viral

illnesses can be prevented by the use of vaccines, some can be treated with antiviral drugs.

STEPS OF VIRAL CONTAMINATION/INFECTIONS

1. Attachment

2. Penetration

3. Un coating

4. Replication

5. Maturation & Release

EYE INFECTIONS IN PAKISTAN

Conjunctivitis in particular is a common irresistible eye disease in Pakistan. Viral

conjunctivitis is the most common cause of irresistible conjunctivitis. Adults are more likely

than children to contract this virus. When an infection is the cause of conjunctivitis, it often

begins in one eye and spreads to the other within three to four days. Additionally, a highly

contagious eye illness can spread via direct or indirect contact with discharge from a sick

person's eyes.

HEPATITIS C

The liver becomes irritated by hepatitis C. Due to common terrible practices like bonding

blood without screening and exchanging highly sharp steels, infusions, dental or clinical

apparatus without cleaning, its transfer rate is quite high in low-standard settings. The

hepatitis C virus can result in severe and persistent hepatitis, including liver cirrhosis and

threat, with side effects ranging from minor to dangerous

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HERPES SIMPLEX

Herpes is an infectious disease that is brought on by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

Sexual interaction or coming into contact with an infected person's bodily fluids are the two

ways it is transmitted. After a person becomes infected, the virus may remain latent in the

body for a considerable amount of time or even a considerable amount of time before coming

to life. It can also be repeatedly revived several times.

There are two types of herpes:

Type 1: It is disseminated by sharing items like toothbrushes or dining utensils and is

transmitted by mouth secretions or skin wounds. It results in oral injuries.

Type 2: This is also known as genital herpes. The vaginal areas are hurt by a physically

transmitted contamination.

SKIN INFECTIONS

The most common viral skin conditions are probably measles, molluscum contagiosum,

chickenpox, and herpes zoster (shingles). These contaminations vary in severity.

THROAT INFECTIONS

In Pakistan, viral diseases are a typical reason for sickness like this season's virus.

Furthermore, it is habitually the main driver of throat torment (pharyngitis). The ordinary

recuperation time for viral pharyngitis is five to seven days.

CHEST INFECTION

The infection of the lungs or airways, sometimes known as a chest infection, is another

typical viral infection in Pakistan. The two most prevalent types of chest infections are

bronchitis and pneumonia. Viruses bring on most bronchitis cases, whereas bacteria bring on

most pneumonia cases.

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The virus is frequently passed on when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While a cough

may last up to three weeks, the majority of chest infection symptoms subside in 7 to 10 days.

CONGO

Pakistan is considered as an endemic country for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever with

various flare-ups and irregular cases detailed during the beyond twenty years. Most of cases

are accounted for from Baluchistan territory, with resulting transmissions to non-endemic

districts fundamentally through contaminated creatures straightforwardly or by means of

plagued ticks. We thusly portray the atomic examinations of CCHF cases revealed during

2008 in Quetta city of Baluchistan area. (Alam et al., 2013)

ANALYSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS AT A RESEARCH FACILITY

The research center's procedures for viral contamination are as follows:

Direct identification of viral nucleic acids, virions, or antigens

Infection seclusion in mature cells, followed by a distinct ID

Identification and quantification of antibodies in the patient's serum (serology).

In contrast to infectious serology, which has been limited to certain applications, direct

recognition techniques have substantially advanced over the course of many years and are

now capable of providing a reasonable result in less than 24 hours.

MAJOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES: DEGREE OF RISK: HIGH (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria animal contact diseases: rabies

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS DUE TO COVID

Widespread, ongoing transmission of a respiratory disease caused by the novel (Coronavirus)

is occurring throughout Pakistan. As of July 19, 2021, Pakistan reported 991,727 cases of the
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virus, or 448.96 combined cases of the virus per 100,000 people and 10.33 total fatalities per

100,000 people. As of July 19, 2021, 4.21% of the population had received some

Coronavirus immunization.

Major Irresistible Illnesses in Pakistan: Coronavirus, one of the types of COVID keeps on

being a wellspring of danger for individuals overall because of its profoundly infectious

nature and scope of signs from normal colds to additional serious sicknesses like the focal

East respiratory disorder and outrageous intense respiratory trouble condition

W.H.O. REPORT ON PAKISTAN

Transferable illnesses actually stay a significant general wellbeing concern and are the great

reason for bleakness and mortality, because of financial, ecological and conduct risk factors,

in Pakistan. Country bears a huge piece of the provincial weight of numerous transferable

sicknesses, including HIV/Helps, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis and the weight of

multidrug-safe tuberculosis, likewise represent a critical territorial danger.

Pakistan is at high gamble of pestilences because of transferable sicknesses on account of

stuffed urban communities, hazardous drinking-water, deficient disinfection, poor financial

circumstances, low wellbeing mindfulness and insufficient immunization inclusion.

Immunization preventable, foodborne, zoonotic, medical services related and transferable

sicknesses present critical dangers to human wellbeing and can compromise worldwide

wellbeing security.
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RECONNAISSANCE OF DENGUE

A total of 3204 Dengue cases from Sindh were reported in 2018. 24,610 cases, including 48

new cases from Baluchistan, were detailed in 2019. In54 cases were reported from Sindh in

week two and Baluchistan.

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THE DENGUE VIRUS

By the bite of an Aedes mosquito carrying the dengue infection, dengue fever, a mosquito-

borne illness, is spread. It cannot be transferred directly from one person to another. Some of

the illness' side effects include a high temperature, skin rash, migraines, pain in the muscles,

and retching. It's possible to mistake dengue fever for the flu or other viral illnesses. There

was a dengue flare-up in Pakistan, and more than 250,000 associated cases with dengue fever

were recorded. Nevertheless, dengue fever is a severe type of infection and may cause

serious illnesses such as liver expansion and disappointment of the circulatory system if not

treated in that frame of mind. Dengue between 2009 and 2011

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TUBERCULOSIS

Coughing and sneezing can spread the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which affects the

lungs. According to the WHO, up to two-thirds of tuberculosis patients who receive

inadequate care die. One of the prevalent diseases in Pakistan that might have permanent

effects is tuberculosis. Coughing, fever, exhaustion, chills, and appetite loss are some of the

signs and symptoms of tuberculosis. Pakistan was placed seventh among the 22 nations with

the highest rates of tuberculosis, according to the WHO. In Pakistan, there are over 420,000

new tuberculosis cases recorded each year. To assist lower, the chance of contracting

tuberculosis, the Pakistani government established the National TB Control Program (NTP).

The NTP official website states that it offers free supply of anti-TB medicines to all

diagnosed cases.

HEPTATIS A&E

Hepatitis A and E are still common illnesses in Pakistan despite the fact that there are

vaccines available to prevent them. Hepatitis A is a viral liver infection that is spread through

contaminated water or unsavory food. In addition to immunization, good nutrition, a steady

supply of clean water, improved sterilizing techniques, and handwashing are effective

measures to fight the illness. Hepatitis E is a liver disease that normally resolves on its own.

However, it could result in severe liver damage. According to the WHO, East and South Asia

have the world's highest rates of hepatitis. The governmental authority is using all available

communication channels to raise public awareness about hepatitis, according to Pakistan's

health division. Additionally, the public authority provides medications Viral Hepatitis stay a

serious danger to general wellbeing; since hepatitis is the main wellspring of intense too
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as persistent liver illnesses including cirrhosis and liver malignant growth. As indicated by

the Pakistan Clinical Exploration Board's Public Study; commonness paces of Hepatitis

B (2.5%) and Hepatitis C (5%) have been distinguished in overall population of Pakistan

RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN KARACHI

In general, 71,815 patients' records were assessed. In the general health group (A), the

majority of illnesses were caused by jungle fever, tuberculosis, respiratory parcel diseases

(upper and lower), and diarrheal illnesses in both males and females in decreasing order.

Males were more likely to suffer from jungle fever, respiratory parcel diseases, and diarrheal

illnesses than females were, while males were more likely to suffer from tuberculosis.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were disproportionately common among the basic ailments

group (B), followed by skin and soft tissue conditions, whereas joint and bone infections and

diabetic foot were equally common. Canine nibbles and drug-sensitive TB had the highest

number of cases in the automatic gathering (C). In general, the six most frequent

contaminations were cases of In general, the six most frequent ailments were hepatitis C,

canine bites, respiratory tract infections, diarrheal illnesses, and jungle fever. TB affected

more women than men, and children were more likely to have respiratory tract infections and

arrhea. The most prevalent fundamental disease among all types of persons was UTIs.
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"Consistently one child bites the dust from EPI (exhausted program on vaccination)

infections, intense respiratory contamination (ARI), and diarrhea," states (PMA) for the

period of 2011.

ABOLITION OF POLIO

One of three surplus countries, Pakistan is unaffected by local wild poliovirus (WPV)

transmission. In 2011, there were 198 confirmed WPV cases, an increase from 2010. Similar

to 2011, Pakistan began carrying out a public outreach program in response to the WHO

announcing a global polio crisis. CDC supports the Government of Pakistan's (GoP) efforts

to eradicate polio by acting as a trustee for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Territorial

Office, which is based in Pakistan. This person is chosen to work with the GoP to carry out

an aggressive public action plan with a focus on strengthening the planning, carrying out, and

monitoring of beneficial vaccination exercises in high-risk areas and populations (e.g.,

versatile populaces). In large urban areas, WPV incidence and course have decreased as a

result of improved exercises.

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STUDY CONDUCTED IN PESHAWAR

Patients and their related gamble factors were concentrated on in Peshawar. The information

of 753 safe chromatographic procedure (ICT) based tainted patients was gathered during the

time of May 2015 to April 2016 from four clinical labs of Peshawar. The recurrence and

level of each irresistible specialist/sicknesses were determined. The review had endorsement

from institutional moral board of trustees. A rundown of the Best 5 restoratively most

significant irresistible specialists/sicknesses was created. The outcomes showed that 354

(47.01%) patients were positive for Hepatitis B infection disease, 162 (21.51%) were positive

for Salmonella typhi (causing Typhoid fever) disease, 108 (14.34%) were positive for

Hepatitis C infection disease, 93 (12.35%) patients were tainted with Helicobacter pylori, and

36 (4.78%) were positive for Plasmodium (causing intestinal sickness) disease. Among the

753 patients evaluated for irresistible sicknesses, 378 (50.1%) were guys and 375 (49.8%)

were females. The pervasiveness was high in the age bunch 21-30 and high in wedded

patients (76%). This study gives assistance in the assessment of the spread of the most widely

recognized sicknesses, the estimation of their related gamble factors and control of the

illnesses in Pakistan.

STUDY ON HEPTATITIS IN CHILDREN IN KARACHI

3533 kids were evaluated for HBsAg and against HCV. 1826 (52 %) were guys. 65 (1.8 %)

were positive for HBsAg, male to female proportion 38:27; mean age 10 ± 4 years. 55 (1.6

%) were positive for hostile to HCV with a mean age 9 ± 4 years. 3 (0.11%) young men were

positive for both HBsAg and against HCV. The general disease rate was 3.3 % in the

concentrated on populace. Hepatitis BsAg was more common in subjects who got helpful

infusions 45 (69.2%) positive [Odd Proportion OR = 2.2; 95% Certainty stretch CI: 1.3-3.6]
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inspite of utilizing new needle and needle 44 (67.7%) positive [OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7]

and immunization in the public authority medical care offices 46 (70.7 %) positive with [OR

= 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4-6.4]. These variables were not critical in enemy of HCV positive cases.

INFECTIONS AFTER FLOOD DURING AND AFTER MOONSOON

The spread of diseases is facilitated by the optimal breeding grounds provided by flood-

affected areas for bacteria. This is further complicated by the poor cleanliness requirements

in the camps established for those displaced by the floods. It is crucial that persons involved

in humanitarian efforts understand the research on disease spread of illnesses that typically

see an unanticipated spike after catastrophic disasters.

The germs that cause the runs and

other waterborne infections thrive in stagnant pools of rising water. Instances of constipation,

cholera, and scabies have all previously been reported, and a cholera outbreak has been

confirmed in Smack.

DIARHEA

After floods, water contamination is regarded to be the main cause of epidemics of diarrheal

sickness that are water-borne. The failure of the sewage disposal and purification systems is

the cause of this. However, flooding is ancillary impacts,

SKIN AND EYE DISEASE

Due to skin and eye contact with polluted water.

MALAYRIA

Both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are generally disseminated across

Pakistan because of broad agrarian practices, huge water system organizations and storm

downpours. In many pieces of the country, the transmission season is post-rainstorm, happening
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from July to November, with an expected 1.5 million instances of jungle fever contamination

occurring yearly

LEISHMANIASIS

Leishmaniosis sent by the sand fly bring about Leishmaniosis. It can prompt profound,

distorting wounds at the site of the nibble, which are almost certain on the uncovered pieces of

the body. Fundamental or instinctive leishmaniosis, which is more uncommon in Pakistan,

influences the inward body organs, especially the spleen and liver.

HEPTATITIS

and animal faces containing bacteria with cycles of feco-oral transmission. These have the ability

to cause viral hepatitis, diarrhea, and dysentery.

HIV/AIDS

Pakistan is among the four nations in Asia where the assessed number of new HIV

contaminations has been expanding annually since 481990.In 2017, 150,000 grown-ups and

youngsters were assessed to be residing with HIV in Pakistan of whom just 3500 (<2·5%) were

kids 49aged under 15 years-a 127%increase in quantities of individuals residing with HIV from

2010.15051Traditionally, the HIV epidemic in Pakistan has been concentrated among key

populaces that incorporate persons who infuse drugs (PWID),52men who have intercourse with

men (MSM) and male, female and transsexual sex workers.2The HIV scourge among PWID is

deep rooted 53with pervasiveness of more than 35% saw among PWID in enormous cities.3,

4HIV commonness is rather lower in the sex laborer population54nationally,ranging between 1%

(female sex workers)to 7%(transgender sex workers),4although HIV incidence is projected to

rise 55among all the characterized key populace groups over the following decade.5, 6Reasons

incorporate low proficiency, low degrees of mindfulness and 56knowledge on the most
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proficient method to forestall HIV disease, absence of sufficient counteraction administrations,

solid social restrictions and discrimination towards 57these frequently minimized groups by both

state and non-state actors.7, 8As a consequence of restricted precise HIV screening, huge

58geographical heterogeneity in examples and patterns of HIV sub-epidemics,5and shifting

levels of social and sexual communication between 59key populaces and the more extensive

community across Pakistan, there is uncertainty of the extent of HIV transmission to the overall

60population.6, 9-11However up to this point, youngsters have seldom been distinguished as a

populace affected and antenatal HIV screening is just 61offered in 8 Avoidance of Parent-to-Kid

HIV Transmission Focuses the nation over. 6263On April 18, 2019, a thalassemia care

administration that gave blood bonding informed the pediatric HIV administration in Karachi

that 4664children with thalassemia who had recently utilized different administrations, enlisting

at their new focus in Larkana, a provincial locale in Sindh 65province, tried positive for HIV.

These kids were additionally evaluated for Hepatitis B and C and 24/46 (52%) and 3/46 (7%)

had Hepatitis 66B and Hepatitis B/Hepatitis C co-disease respectively.67

Between April and July 2019, 31,239 people underwent HIV testing, and 930 of those were

confirmed positive. 34 of these, or 763 (82.0%), were over the age of 16. The estimated

prevalence of HIV was 3.0% overall, 7.4% (283/3803) in children aged 0–2 years, 5.9%

(321/5412) in 35 children aged 3-5 years, and 13% (148/11251) in adults aged 16–49 years.

80.9%36 (478/591) of the 591 children who signed up for HIV care were under the age of 5,

64.1% (379/591) were male, and 53.4% (315/590) had a weight-for-age Z-score below 3. The

energy of the Hepatitis B surface 37 antigen was 84% (48/574), while the energy of the Hepatitis

C neutralizer was 26% (15/574). Only 39/371 (10%) of children whose mothers tested positive

for HIV had HIV-infected mothers. The majority of children (89.2%, 404/453) disclosed
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previous injections, while 40/453, 39 (8.8%), reported blood transfusions. 4041 Interpretation:

This is a remarkable HIV episode among Pakistani children, with a 54% increase in pediatric

HIV analysis over the course of 42 years, beyond the age of 13. Epidemiological and sub-atomic

investigations are anticipated to be used to determine the entire scope of the flare-up and its

causes.

THE WORLDWIDE IRRESISTIBLE ILLNESS DANGER

A quarter to 33% of the estimated 54 million total deaths in 1998 was attributed to incapacitating

illnesses, making them a major cause of death. As much as changes in microbes, the spread of

incurable diseases is caused by changes in human behavior, including changes in lifestyles and

patterns of land use, increased trade and travel, and unscrupulous use of anti-infection

medications. Beginning around 1973, twenty well-known diseases, including tuberculosis (TB),

jungle fever, and cholera, have returned or spread geographically, frequently in more harmful

and drug-safe structures. Since roughly 1973, some 30 previously unknown diseases have been

identified, including the incurable diseases HIV, Ebola, hepatitis C, and Nipah infection. TB,

jungle fever, hepatitis, and are three of the world's top seven killers.

REGIONAL PATTERNS

Creating and previous socialist nations will keep on encountering the best effect from irresistible

illnesses - in light of unhealthiness, unfortunate sterilization, unfortunate water quality, and

lacking medical care - yet created nations additionally will be impacted:

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA- representing almost 50% of irresistible illness passings universally

- will stay the weakest area. The passing rates for some sicknesses, including HIV/Helps and

jungle fever, surpass those in any remaining areas. Sub-Saharan Africa's medical services limit -

the most unfortunate on the planet - will keep on slacking.

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ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, where multidrug safe TB, jungle fever, and cholera are wild, is

probably going to observe a sensational expansion in irresistible illness passing, generally

determined by the spread of HIV/Helps in South and Southeast Asia and it’s probably spread to

EAST ASIA. By 2010, the area could outperform Africa in the quantity of HIV diseases.

THE PREVIOUS SOVIET ASSOCIATION (FSU) AND, LESS SIGNIFICANTLY,

EASTERN EUROPE likewise are probably going to see a significant expansion in irresistible

sickness occurrence and passing. In the FSU particularly, the lofty disintegration in medical care

and different administrations inferable from monetary downfall has prompted a sharp ascent in

diphtheria, diarrhea, cholera, and hepatitis B and C. TB has arrived at scourge extents all through

the FSU, while the HIV-contaminated populace in Russia alone could surpass 1 million toward

the finish of 2000 and twofold once more by 2002.

LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS largely are gaining ground in irresistible infectious

prevention, including the destruction of polio, however lopsided monetary advancement has

added to broad resurgence of cholera, jungle fever, TB, and dengue. These illnesses will keep on

causing significant damage in tropical and less fortunate nations.

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA AREA has significant TB and hepatitis B and

C pervasiveness, yet moderate social mores, climatic variables, and the elevated degree of

wellbeing spending in the oil-delivering states will generally restrict a few universally

predominant sicknesses, like HIV/Helps and jungle fever. The area has the least HIV

contamination rate among all locales, albeit this is likely due to some degree to better than

expected underreporting in light of the shame related with the sickness in Muslim social orders.

WESTERN EUROPE faces dangers from a few irresistible infections, like HIV/Helps, TB, and

hepatitis B and C, as well as from a few financially exorbitant zoonotic sicknesses (that is, those
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sent from creatures to people). The area's huge volume of movement, exchange, and migration

expands the dangers of bringing in illnesses from different locales, yet its profoundly evolved

medical care framework will restrict their effect.(Gannon & Chairman, 2000)

INFECTIONS AREOUND THE WORLD BUT VACCINATION AVAILABLE

 1. Polio 2. Tetanus 3. Flu (Influenza) 4. Hepatitis B 5. Hepatitis A

 6. Rubella 7. Hib 8. Measles 9. Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
 10. Pneumococcal Disease 11. Rotavirus 12. Mumps 13. Chickenpox
 14. Diphtheria

RESPONSE SYSTEM

Improvement of a compelling worldwide reconnaissance and reaction framework most likely

is basically 10 years or all the more away, inferable from deficient coordination and

subsidizing at the global level and absence of limit, assets, and responsibility in many

creating and previous socialist states. Albeit in general worldwide medical care limit has

worked on considerably in late many years, the hole among rich and more unfortunate

nations

ROLE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Environmental Changes, Human demographics and Behavior, International movement

and business, Technology and industry, Microbiological adaptation, Implementation or

reduction of sanitation and prevention Measures(Morse, 2001)

SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES

Seven STIs (HIV, herpes simplex virus type2(HSV-2), human papilloma virus(HPV),

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and tricho-moniasis) and the sexually associated disease,

bacterial vaginosis(BV), by world region

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RISK FACTORS AFFECTING PAKISTANI POPULATION IN COMPARISON TO

DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUTRIES

RAPID URBANIZATION

Rapid urbanization is one of the major cause. More People

moving from villages to Cities for better income and life style that is increasing the cluster of

people at one place so facilitating the infection spread.

ENVIRONMENTAL UNSTABILITY

This is another contributing factor that environment and ecological conditions are

constantly and rapidly changing due to global warming carbon foot print etc.

POOR SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

This is one of the major cause that

Due to unavailability of good medical support from government and poor economic

conditions of the people infection control and prevention is not managed as required.

FOOD STARVATION AND INSUFFICIENCY

Still in this 21 st Century, there is

major population where the food is even not available or mal-nutrition is present that is

leading to lower immunity and ability to fight with infections.

UNHEALTHY LIFE STYLE

Unhealthy life style is a major cause even in both urban

and rural areas now a days unhealthy fast food street food, lack of sleep, sedentary life style ,

excessive use of social media and screen time and depression and anxiety are the major

causes of lower immunity so in result lead to infectious disease.

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ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER

Major population of Pakistan

particularly in rural village areas, safe drinking water is not available. It is a common

problem that water with E. coli and salmonella and fecal bacterial contamination is present in

water. Even in urban areas contamination is present due to unavailability of prescribed dose

of chlorine.

REQUIRED PROPER HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Unavailability of proper health

care system at government level is another factor of spreading infectious disease secondly

private medical treatment and health care system is so expensive that it is out of the reach

HIGH ILLITERACY RATES

In Pakistan Major population lives in rural areas , the

Literacy rate is very lower and even in urban areas and cities people due to poor financial

Conditions are unable to get proper education. This is also a contributing factor that people

Don’t have basic medical knowledge about how to prevent and manage infectious diseases.

INCORPORATES PASSING DISEASE FROM GUARDIANS/PARENTS TO

OFFSPRING Unavailability of medical basic knowledge and poor health care systems lead to

Passing infections to next generation new born babies and may cause death of new born.

INFECTIONS AGENTS

called defenseless host. Paramedical staffs, medical care

experts, intravenous medication clients (IDUs), sex workers, pregnant ladies and new
conceived children are at higher gamble of gaining viral diseases than everybody and because of
absence of information; they put their lives in danger. Factors that impact the helplessness of a
host to secure a transferable contamination are known as chance variables. Transfusion of
unscreened blood products, use of unsterile/ used syringes, sharing razors during shaving or
circumcision by barbers, tattooing or body piercing, sharing personal
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CONCLUSION

Infectious Disease Surveillance (IDS) To stop, stop an outbreak from spreading, and find it,

community involvement is crucial. For low- to middle-income nations like Pakistan, where over

half of reported deaths are caused by illnesses that can be readily averted in the presence of a

surveillance system, a robust surveillance system is urgently needed. Although Pakistan has an

IDS that tracks and gathers data on a number of infectious diseases, the system is unreliable,

insufficient, and of inferior quality. As a result, infectious diseases including dengue, TB,

malaria, hepatitis B and C, and many more are still common and, regrettably, on the rise in

Pakistan. We have attempted to highlight the challenges the nation faces in establishing an

appropriate and self-sustaining monitoring system in this opinion and have offered some

recommendations. Pakistan can make use of the existing systems for syndromic observation and

replicate them elsewhere. WHO and the Service of Wellbeing Pakistan in tremor-affected areas

introduced the Illness Early Admonition Framework in 2005. Then, in 2005 and 2009,

respectively, this paradigm was used to cover flood- and conflict-affected regions in northern

Pakistan 

By working together with international partners, it is possible to overcome the financial

challenges required to build a capable IDSR. For specialized, financial, and preparation help,

Pakistan should collaborate with the Centers for Infectious Prevention and Anticipation and other

anticipated foreign partners. Research facility capacity along with quality assurance initiatives

should also be seriously expanded. Authentic knowledge, expert techniques, and mental

adjustment medical care staff is the need of the time

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080122005982

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971213003068

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https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/forgot-14-diseases.html

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