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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to
➢ apply geometric concepts in describing and
creating designs; and
➢ contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino
culture and arts using the concepts in
geometry.
Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes
✓ Polygon
✓ Simple and Complex
✓ Convex and Concave
✓ Regular and Irregular
Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes
✓ Polygon
✓ Simple and Complex
✓ Convex and Concave
✓ Regular and Irregular
✓ Interior angles of a polygon:
In general, for a polygon with n sides,
sum of the internal angles is equal to
(n – 2) x 180°
Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes
✓ Solids
✓ Volume
✓ Surface area
✓ Polyhedron (Prism and Pyramid)
✓ Non-polyhedron (Sphere, Cone, Torus and
Cylinder)
✓ Platonic solids
✓ Euler’s formula
F+V–E=2
Geometric Transformations
Reduction Enlargement
Patterns are one aspect in geometry which are usually found and
utilized. There are patterns around us; in our home, we see patterns
on wallpapers, on floor mats, on bed sheets, window pane and on
pieces of furniture. Patterns are also profusion in nature: on flowers,
in leaves, on animals and on other places.
Patterns and Designs
✓ Symmetry
If a figure can be reflected over a line in such a way that the
resulting image coincides with the original, then the figure has
reflection symmetry. Reflection symmetry is also called bilateral
symmetry. The reflection line is called the line of symmetry.
You can test a figure for reflection symmetry by tracing and
folding it.
How many lines of symmetry do the leaves and chess board
have?
Patterns and Designs
✓ Symmetry
If a figure can be rotated about a point in such a way that its
rotated image coincides with the original figure, then the figure has
rotational symmetry.
You can trace a figure and test it for rotational symmetry. Place
the copy over the original and rotate the copy about the suspected
symmetry point. Count the number of times the copy and the
original coincide with the copy until it is back in the position it
started in.
A figure has order n rotational symmetry
if 1/n of a complete revolution leaves the
figure unchanged.
Patterns and Designs
✓ Rosette Pattern
tessellation of hexagon
Patterns and Designs
✓ Tessellations
The vertex point is the point where the shapes come together.
The sum of all the angles of each shape that come together at vertex
point is 360º. The shapes will overlap if the sum is greater than
360º; otherwise, there will be gaps if the sum is less than 360º.
Naming tessellation can be done by looking at one vertex
point. Looking around a vertex point, start with a shape with the
least number of sides, count the number of sides of each shape at
each vertex point. The name of tessellation then becomes these
numbers. Example in tessellation of triangles, the number of sides is
3 and there are 6 shapes, therefore it can be named as 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3.
For the squares, it can be labeled as 4, 4, 4, 4 and for the hexagon,
we can call it 6, 6, 6.
Patterns and Designs
✓ Tessellations
Semi-regular tessellations can be formed using a variety of
regular polygons and the arrangement of these polygons at every
vertex is identical. Some examples of semi-regular tessellations are
follows.
3, 3, 3, 4, 4 3, 3, 3, 4, 4
3, 4, 4, 6
Patterns and Designs
✓ Tessellations
Tessellations can be used to create art, puzzles, patterns and
designs. Some famous mathematicians and artists based their works
on the concept of tessellation. One of them was Maurits Cornelis
Escher who was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically
inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints.