MATH 118 - Plane Trigonometry - Week 1-3 - Quevedo

College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education - Mathematics

2nd Floor, DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: MTH 118 (Plane Trigonometry)
Name of Teacher: Cymber Orvie G. Quevedo
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL. NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
COMMERCIAL USE.
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Table of Contents
Week 1 - 3
Page
ULO-a 1
1 – Definition of Trigonometry 2
2 – Angles 2
3 – Kinds of Angles 3
4 – Triangles and Its Classification 4
5 – Sexagesimal System 6
6 – Radian System 8
7 – Basic Facts From Geometry 10
8 – Application Worded Problems 14
Involving Triangles
Let’s Check Activity 1 18
Let’s Analyze Activity 1 22
In the Nutshell Activity 1 24
ULO-b 26
1 – Right Triangle 32
2 – The Six Trigonometric Functions of a 27
Right Triangle
3 – Fundamental Relation among 30
Trigonometric Functions
4 – Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles 33
5 – Solving Trigonometric Functions
Using Calculator 37
6 – Application Worded Problems 39
Involving Right Triangles
Let’s Analyze Activity 1 53
In the Nutshell Activity 1 55
Course Schedules 57
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Course Outline: MTH 118 – Plane Trigonometry
Course Coordinator: Cymber Orvie G. Quevedo

Email: cymberorvie_quevedo@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: LMS Blackboard Chat
Mobile 0936-906-1679
Phone: (082)300-5456 / 305-0647 Local 149
Effectivity Date: June 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face-to-face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directing Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3 units
Attendance Requirement: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face to face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 54, including the face
to face or virtual sessions. The face to face sessions
shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams)
if warranted.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd,
5th, 7th, and 9th weeks of the term. The assessment
paper shall be attached with a cover page indicating
the title of the assessment task (if the task is a
performance), the name of the course coordinator,
date of submission, and the name of the student. The
document should be emailed to the course coordinator.
It is also expected that you already paid your tuition
and other fees before the submission of the
assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real-time through the
features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student

may be called for disciplinary action following with the
University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or people
to complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late Assignments/ The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part-day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of the assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should
be submitted and approved by the course coordinator.
If necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
pieces of evidence.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via the Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator
will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate
the originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.,
illness, accident, or financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can
elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 40%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 30%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Use the 7th Edition of the APA Publication Manual
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email
account, which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator shall
enroll the students to have access to the materials and
resources of the course. All communication formats:
chat, submission of assessment tasks, requests, etc.
shall be through the portal and other university
recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion
Email: artsciences@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Contact Details of the Program Ronnie O. Alejan
Head Email: BSMathematics@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 149
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator, with the approval of the
program coordinator, may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline for
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
Instructional Help Desk Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion - Dean
Contact Details Email: artsciences@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Rosyl S. Matin-ao – College LMS Facilitator
Email: rosyl_matinao@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 149
Library Contact Details Brigida E. Bacani
Email: brigida_bacani@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 300-5456 loc 143
Well-being Welfare Support Held Zerdszen P. Rañises - GSTC Facilitator
Desk Contact Details Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0950-466-5431
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Course Information: see/download course syllabus in the Blackboard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello Environmental Science student! Welcome to this course MTH
118: Plane Trigonometry.
You are about to learn and explore another mathematics called

the plane trigonometry. Your study of algebra has taught you how to
work with functions, equations and graphs. I believe you are now
ready to learn the fundamental principle of mathematics in the area of
plane trigonometry that will equip you with appropriate knowledge
and innovation related to your field of work.
CO This course was designed to provide you with a fundamental

understanding of the concepts of plane trigonometry necessary for
you to effectively employ mathematical techniques in Environmental
Science work-related situation; thus, enabling you to explain the
basic concepts of geometry, course and bearing, functions of acute
angles, solutions of any right triangle, trigonometric functions of any
angle, oblique triangles, finding areas of triangles, proving
trigonometric identities and solving trigonometric equations. That is to
say, for you to determine well-defined solutions, you will be asked to
solve graphically, support numerically, confirm analytically, and solve
algebraically, all while applying trigonometric techniques to real world
problem situations. Thus, you are expected to recall your basic
knowledge of algebra topics to succeed in this course.
Let us begin!
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO):

At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Explain the nature of plane trigonometry including types of angles,
classification of triangles (according to sides and angles), and
angular measurements, and various properties and theorems for
angles and triangles.
b. Discuss the trigonometry of a right triangle including the definition
of the six trigonometric functions, description of reciprocal and
cofunction identities, and the determination of the values of the
trigonometric functions of special angles.
Big Picture in Focus

Explain the nature of plane trigonometry including types of
angles, classification of triangles (according to sides and
ULO-a.
angles) and angular measurements, and various properties and
theorems for angles and triangles.
Metalanguage
In this section, the essential terms relevant to the study of the nature of
trigonometry and to demonstrate ULO-a will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference as to how the texts work. You will encounter these terms
as we go through the study of trigonometry. Please refer to these definitions in case
you will encounter difficulty in understanding some concepts.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first
lesson is also definition and discussion of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to refer to these resources exclusively. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles, and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com, etc.
The study of trigonometry is important in both theoretical and practical.

Various fields in mathematics, physics, and chemistry were developed as well as in
the fields of surveying, navigation, engineering, machine design, and carpentry.
1
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
1. Trigonometry. It is one of the oldest branch of mathematics, which deals with the
study of measurement of angles and sides of a triangle.
Trigonometry was derived from the Greek words “tri” (three), “gon” (side) and
“metron” (measure). It is a branch of mathematics that studies the measurements and
the relationships of the different parts of a triangle. Historically, trigonometry was
developed for astronomy and geography, but scientists have been using it for
centuries for other purposes, too.
Today, trigonometry is used in many situations and jobs in life, including
architects, surveyors, astronauts, physicists, engineers, computer scientists and even
crime scene investigators. It is commonly used in surveying to find the height of
towers and mountains; it is used in navigation to find the distance of the shore from a
point in the sea; in oceanography to calculate the height of tides in oceans; and in
astronomy to find the distance between celestial bodies.
Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof slopes, ground
surfaces and many other aspects, including sun shading and light angles. In
criminology, it is used to calculate the projectile’s trajectory while computer digital
imaging is made detailed and accurate by a technique being referred to as
triangulation.
2. Angle. It is a figure formed when two lines are drawn from the same point. The
point is called the vertex of an angle while the two lines are the initial side and the
terminal side of an angle. An angle can be considered the amount of rotation of a line
about a fixed point. The angles are formed when the line turns from one position to
another. As the side rotates, its end point describes an arc of a circle.
An angle is a figure formed by two half-lines which are called rays that came from a
common point or origin which is called the vertex.
Read ‘angle theta (𝜃)’
The angle at the center corresponding to the arc is called the central angle. The
vertex is at the center of the circle and the sides are the radii (plural form of radius).
Angle measured in a counterclockwise are considered positive, while those

measured in a clockwise direction are considered negative.
The symbol ∠ is used to represent the word ‘angle.’ Greek letters such as alpha (𝛼),
beta (𝛽), and theta (𝜃) are among the letters commonly used to name an angle. The
capital letters of the English alphabets are also used to denote an angle such as
angle A, angle B, or angle C. Oftentimes, an angle can be named by three capital
letters in order, the middle letter indicating the vertex.
2
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
read “angle B”, “angle ABC” or “angle CBA”

Kinds of Angles
When a line turns from one position to another about a fixed point, it makes one
complete rotation or one revolution that is equal to 360° or 2𝜋 radians.
3. A zero angle is used to denote that the initial side and the terminal side of the
angle are both in the positive x-axis.
4. An acute angle measures greater than 0° but less than 90°.
5. A right angle is one fourth of a revolution and measures exactly 90°.
6. An obtuse angle measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
7. A straight angle is equal to one half of one revolution or equal to 180°.
8. A reflex angle measures more than 180° but less than 360°.
3
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
9. A perigon or a full rotation which measures exactly 360°.
10. Triangle. A triangle is a plane figure with three sides and three angles It is
considered as a three-sided polygon. It can be named according to its vertices.
11. Interior Angle Triangle Theorem. This theorem states that the sum of all three
interior angles in a triangle is 180°. That is, 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180°.
12. Classification of Triangles according to sides
(a) Equilateral Triangle – a triangle that has all 3 congruent sides.

(b) Isosceles Triangle – a triangle that has at least 2 of its sides congruent.
(c) Scalene Triangle – a triangle that has no two of its sides congruent.
4
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
13. Classification of Triangles according to measure or angle
(a) Right triangle – it has one (1) right angle with two (2) acute angles; the sides
are complementary angles.
(b) Oblique Triangles – these are all triangles that are not right angled. These
are classified as acute or obtuse angles.
(c) Acute triangle – it has all three (3) angles that are acute which measures
greater than 0° but less than 90°. That is, 0° < 𝑚∠ < 90°.
(d) Obtuse triangle – it has one (1) obtuse angle which measures more than 90°
but less than 180°.
(e) Equiangular triangle – all of its angles are congruent (equal).
5
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Note: A regular triangle (polygon) is both equilateral and equiangular. That is, all
sides and all angles are congruent.
There are two commonly used unit of the measurement of an angle: the degree
and the radian.
If we fix a line of length r at one end, and rotate it about this point, we sweep out
a curve. This curve will have a length, called the (circular) arc length, s. The central
angle is a measure of how much we have rotated the line, or you can think of it as the
angle between the original straight line and the final straight line.
14. In Sexagesimal System, an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and

seconds. A complete rotation describes 360º. In this system, a right angle is divided
into 90 equal parts and each such part is called a Degree (1º); a degree is divided
into 60 equal parts and each such part is called a Sexagesimal Minute (1’) and a
minute is further sub-divided into 60 equal parts, each of which is called a
Sexagesimal Second (1’’).
In short,
1 right angle = 90 degrees (or 90º)
1 degree (or 1º) = 60 minutes (or 60’)
1 minute (or 1’) = 60 seconds (or 60’’).
1 revolution = 360 degrees (or 360º)
A protractor can be used for drawing and measuring angles in degrees.
The protractor shown below has two scales:
The outer scale starts from 0˚ to180˚ going clockwise.
The inner scale starts from 0˚ to 180˚ going anti-clockwise.
6
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
15. The degree, denoted by a small superscript circle (°), an angular measure
1 1
equivalent to 360 parts of a circle or a 360 of a turn, so that one turn is 360°. One
advantage of this old sexagesimal sub-unit is that many angles common in simple
geometry are measured as a whole number of degrees.
Fractions of a degree may be written in normal decimal notation, but the "minute" and
"second" sexagesimal subunits of the "degree-minute-second" system are also in
use, especially for geographical coordinates and in astronomy and ballistics.
The size of an angle measured in dms (degree-minutes-seconds) units is dº+m’+ s”.
Remarks: In many applications of trigonometry, decimal parts of a degree are used

instead of minutes and seconds.
(a) 73.5º is used instead of 73 º30’.

(b) 171.7525º is used instead of 171º45’9”.
Example 1. Express 42°20’30’’ in Degree Form.
Solution: Write the given angle as the sum of three angles by expressing al the units
in degrees, hence,
Example 2. Express 120.425˚ in dms notation form.
7
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution:
Radian System/Circular (Natural) System
16. Radian System. In this system, an angle is measured in radians. In higher

mathematics angles are usually measured in circular system.
17. Radians. These are dimensionless measure of angle. It is the angle subtended
by an arc of a circle that has the same length as the circle's radius. In short, it is the
ratio of the length of the arc and the radius. The central angle of a circle with radius
𝑠
(r) intercepts an arc of length (s), and the measure of the central angle is radians. If
𝑟
the length of the arc (s) is equal to the radius (r), then the measure of the central
angle is equal to 1 radian.
Recall from geometry that the circumference of a circle is 2𝜋𝑟 and if the radius of the
unit circle is 1, then
𝐶 = 2𝜋(1) since r = 1
𝐶 = 2𝜋
In other words, the measurement of one complete revolution is 2𝜋 radians.
That is, 1 revolution = 2π radians.
Conversion values: 360º = 2𝜋 radians

180º = 𝜋 radians
For conversion, multiply the given angle by the conversion factor
8
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
180°
1 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (to convert from radian to degree) or
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1= (to convert from degree to radian)
180°
Example:
Convert each degree measure to radian measure.
a.) 220º b.) -150.6º
Solution:
Example:
9
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Degree vs. Radian
Basic Facts from Geometry
Since trigonometry is concerned with the measurements and relationships of the

parts of a triangle, it makes use of the geometric principles governing the
measurements and properties of a triangle.
18. Vertical Angle. “When one straight line intersects with another straight line, the
opposite angles are equal.”
19. Transversal Angle. “When two parallel lines are cut by another straight line, the
alternate interior angles are equal and the alternate exterior angles are equal.”
20. Interior Angles of a Triangle Theorem (IATT). “In any triangle, the sum of the
angles is equal to 180.”
10
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
21. Complementary Angles. If the sum of the measures of two positive angles is
90, the angles are complementary. That is, 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90.
22. Supplementary Angles. If the sum of the measures of two positive angles is
180, the angles are supplementary. That is, 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 180.
23. Tangent line. A straight line that touches a circle at one point called the point of
tangency.
24. Congruent. “Two or more geometric figures are said to be congruent when all
their corresponding elements (angles, sides, area, perimeter, etc.) are equal.”
11
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
25. Similar Triangles. “Two triangles are similar when their corresponding angles
are equal and their corresponding sides are proportional.”
Example: Solve for x in the given figure below,
12
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution:
26. Pythagorean Theorem. It states that “In any right triangle, the sum of the
squares of the two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.”
Example: If a right triangle has sides which measures 6 centimeters and 8

centimeters, find the length of the hypotenuse.
Solution:
Example: Solve for the missing sides of the given triangle below.
13
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution:
Example: Find the distance from A to B in the given figure below.
Solution:
 AB    AD    BD 
2 2 2
  7   4
2 2
 49  16
AB  65 units
Word Problems Involving Triangles
1.) A person 5 feet 3 inches tall casts a 6-foot shadow. At the same time of day, a
lamp post casts an 18-foot shadow. What is the height of the lamp post?
14
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution: This is an application of similar triangles where the height of the lamp post
is proportional to the height of the man. The height 5’33” is equivalent to 5.25 ft.Thus,
2.) The foot of a ladder is placed 6 feet from a wall. If the top of the ladder rests 8 feet
up on the wall, how long is the ladder?
Solution: The length of the ladder is the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by ladder,
the wall and the distance of the foot from the wall. Using the Pythagorean Theorem,
we have
3.) A joint of a bridge is in equilibrium due to three forces acting on it. The force in
one girder is 5 MN. The force from the bridge support is 12 MN. What is the force F
exerted by the second girder?
15
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution: The three forces acting at the joint of a bridge formed a force triangle
where the required force serves as the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
4.) A builder wants to use corrugated iron sheets 3m long to build a gable roof. The
height of the gable above D is 1.5m. What length do the girder needs to be?
Solution:
5.) A rectangular piece of lot is to be divided between two sons, the division being
made along the diagonal. If the perimeter of the lot is 1,300 meters and the width is
100 meters less than the length, find the length of the fence needed to separate the
lot.
16
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution: The diagonal of the rectangular lot, AB, is the hypotenuse of the right
triangles formed. If the dimensions of the lot are known, the Pythagorean theorem
can be applied to solve for the diagonal. The perimeter of the lot is given, then it
follows that
And the width is
Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have
You can also refer to the sources below to help you

further understand the lesson:
1) Catan, C. (2016). Workbook in plane & spherical trigonometry. Quezon City: Mindfeed
Inc.
2) Larson, R. (2016). Algebra and trigonometry (9th ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.
3) Stewart, J. et al (2016). Algebra and trigonometry. Australia: Cengage Learning.
4) BarCharts, I. (2002). Trigonometry. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com.
5) Barry, P. D. (2015). Geometry with trigonometry. Retrieved from

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com.
17
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Now that you know the most essential concepts in the study of angles and
triangles. Let us try to check your understanding of these concepts. Kindly
answer the following.
18
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 2. Now that you know the most essential concepts in the study of radian and
degree measures. Let us try to check your understanding of these concepts.
Kindly answer the following.
19
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 3. Now that you know the most essential concepts in the study of similar
triangles and Pythagorean theorem. Let us try to check your understanding
of these concepts. Kindly answer the following.
20
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
21
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential terms and concepts of angles,
triangles and basic concepts of geometry, what also matters is you
should also be able to apply these concepts. Now, I will require you to
show your complete and clear solution to given mathematical
problems to deepen your knowledge.
22
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
23
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Based from the definition of the most essential terms and concepts of
angles, triangles and basic concepts in geometry and the learning exercises
that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons
learned below.
1.
2.
3.
24
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Do you have any question for clarification?
Questions / Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Angles Triangles Plane Trigonometry
Sexagesimal Degree Radian

Pythagorean Theorem Congruency Similarity
25
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Big Picture in Focus

Discuss the trigonometry of a right triangle including the
definition of the six trigonometric functions, description of
ULO-b.
reciprocal and cofunction identities, and the determination of
the values of the trigonometric functions of special angles.
Metalanguage
In this section, the essential terms relevant to the study of the trigonometry of
right triangles and its applications and to demonstrate ULO-b will be operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work. You will
encounter these terms as we go through this topic. Please refer to these definitions
in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding some concepts.
1. Trigonometric Functions. These are the six possible ratios which can be
formed in any right triangles. These are also called trigonometric ratios.
2. Course or Heading. The course of the ship or a plane refers to the direction
at which the ship or plane is moving.
3. Bearing. The bearing of a point from an observer’s position is the angle
between the observer’s line of sight and the reference line.
4. Angle of Elevation. It is measured from the horizontal line to the line of sight
of the observer when the object is above the observer.
5. Angle of Depression. It is measured from the horizontal line to the line of
sight of the observer when the object is below the observer.
6. Navigation. It is the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's
position and planning and following a route.
7. Terrestrial Navigation is the method of navigation in which the position is
determined through terrestrial objects/landmarks such as headlands, buoys,
lighthouses, or any objects on the surface of the earth.
8. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art and science of
determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the
distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called
a land surveyor.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to refer to these resources exclusively. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles, and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com, etc.
26
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
In the study of trigonometry, the six trigonometric functions are considered the
foundation in solving application problems involving a right triangle.
The Right Triangle
A right triangle is a triangle with one angle that measures 90°. The side
opposite the 90° angle is called the hypotenuse. The other sides are simply called
the legs. The hypotenuse is always longer than the two sides of the right triangle.
The right triangle is conveniently labeled in the figure below. The angles are
labeled with upper case letters A, B, and C being the right angle. The sides are
labeled with lower case letters a, b, and c such that side a is opposite angle A, side
b is opposite angle B, and side c, being the hypotenuse, is opposite the right angle
C, and is the longest side of the right triangle..
B
A C
FIGURE 1
The angles A and B of the right triangle are complementary such that the sum
of A and B is equal to 90°. Therefore, the sum of the interior angles of a right triangle
is 180°. That is, 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180°.
The sides of the right triangle are related to each other in Pythagorean
Theorem. This theorem was formulated and named by a Greek philosopher and
mathematician, Pythagoras. He proved that “the sum of the squares of the sides of a
right triangle is equal to the square of its hypotenuse.” In symbols, we write
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 .
In a right triangle shown in Figure 1, the three (3) sides of a right triangle can
be related using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Solving for side a: Solving for side b: Solving for side c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑐 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑎 =𝑐 −𝑏 𝑏 =𝑐 −𝑎 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
The Six Trigonometric Functions of a Right Triangle
In any right triangle, there are six possible ratios of side that can be formed.
These ratios are referred to as trigonometric ratios or trigonometric functions since
they depend on 𝜃 (theta), and each is given a name. The six trigonometric functions
are the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. The first three are
primary functions and the last three are secondary functions because they are
simply the reciprocal of the first three.
27
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
If a, b, and c are the sides of the right triangle, then the six trigonometric functions of
𝜃 are:
The secondary functions are simply the reciprocal of the primary functions. The
reciprocal of the primary functions. The reciprocal of sine theta (sin 𝜃) is cosecant
theta (csc 𝜃); the reciprocal of cosine theta (cos 𝜃) is secant theta (sec 𝜃); and the
reciprocal of tangent theta (tan 𝜃) is cotangent theta (cot 𝜃).
It would be useful to memorize the primary functions as ‘SOH-CAH-TOA’ which

stands for Sine is a ratio of opposite side over hypotenuse, Cosine is a ratio of
adjacent side over hypotenuse, and Tangent is a ratio of opposite side over adjacent
side.
These functions can easily be remembered using the abbreviations below:
28
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Example: Find the value of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃 in the given right
triangle.
Solution: The values of the six trigonometric functions are as follows:
3
Example. Given sin 𝐴 = 7, find the values of the other trigonometric functions of ∠𝐴.
3 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Solution: The given function is sin 𝐴 = 7 but since 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = , then it follows
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 3
that = . Thus, the triangle is
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 7
First, solve for the unknown side using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Therefore, the values of the other functions are
29
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Example: Given tan B = 4, find the values of the other trigonometric functions of ∠𝐵.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 4
Solution: Here tan B = 4 but 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, then tan B = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 1.
Hence, the unknown side of the triangle is the hypotenuse.
First, solve for the unknown side using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Therefore, the values of the other functions are
Fundamental Relation among Trigonometric Functions
There are other relations or formulas that were derived from the six trigonometric
functions of a right triangle.
The first set of derived formulas is known as the reciprocal identities. The formula
and their simplified form are as follows:
Basic/Primary Functions Secondary/Reciprocal Functions

opposite 1 hypotenuse 1
sin A   csc A   ; sin A csc A  1
hypotenuse csc A opposite sin A
30
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
adjacentside 1 hypotenuse 1
cos A   sec A   ; cos A sec A  1
hypotenuse sec A adjacent cos A
opposite 1 adjacent 1
tan A   cot A   ; tan A cot A  1
adjacent cot A opposite tan A
sin A
tan A  sin A  cos A tan A
cos A
cos A
cot A  cos A  sin A cot A
sin A
Consider the right triangle below.
Dividing both the numerator and denominator by a.
Similarly, the other two functions are
Note: The reciprocal identities only hold for values of 𝜃 that do not make the
denominator equal to zero (0).
The next set of trigonometric identities is derived using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Consider a right triangle ABC with sides a, b, and c such that the hypotenuse c is
equal to 1.
31
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
c=1
From Pythagorean Theorem, we have 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.

a b
Such that: sin A  or sin A  a & cos A  or cos A  b
1 1
Substituting, we have  sin A    cos A   1  sin 2 A  cos2 A  1
2 2
Dividing both sides by sin 2 A , we have
sin 2 A cos2 A 1
2
 2  2  1  cot 2 A  csc2 A
sin A sin A sin A
Dividing the former by
sin 2 A cos2 A 1
   tan 2 A  1  sec2 A
cos A cos A cos2 A
2 2
The third set of trigonometric identities is called co-function identities.
In a right triangle ABC, angle A and angle B are complementary, such that
A+B=90° or B = 90° - A. Notice that co- in cosine, cosecant, and cotangent
functions. These are the complementary function of sine, secant, and tangent,
respectively. These functions are based on the relationship of complementary
angles. Look at the right triangle below.
In a right triangle, one angle is 90°, it follows that two acute angles are
complementary, that is, 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90°. In other words, the sine of an angle is
the same as the cosine of the complement of the angle. This is true for all
trigonometric cofunctions.
Functions of Complementary Angles

From the definitions of the functions and the fact that the opposite of A = adjacent
to B and adjacent to A = opposite to B, then:
32
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
opp A adj B
sin A    cos B ;
h h
adj A opp B
cos A    sin B
h h
opp A adj B
tan A    cot B
adj A opp B
Similarly,
csc A  sec B sec A  csc B cot A  tan B
Because of the relationships above, the functions have been paired off in names.
Co-sine means complements’ sine and is the co-function of sine. Thus,
sin A  cos(90  A) .
Cofunction Theorem
A trigonometric function of an angle is always equal to the cofunction of the

complement of the angle. If 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90°, then
sin A  cos B csc A  sec B

cos A  sin B tan A  cot B
sec A  csc B cot A  tan B
Cofunction Identities
sin A  cos(90  A) cos A  sin(90  A)

sec A  csc(90  A) csc A  sec(90  A)
tan A  cot(90  A) cot A  tan(90  A)
Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles
The values of the six trigonometric ratios cannot be calculated exactly for most
angles. Nor can the exact value of an angle generally be found given the value of
one of the ratios. There are, however, three special angles that lend themselves
nicely to ratio calculation. They are 30°, 45° and 60°. Notice that 30° and 60° are
complementary and that a 45° angle is its own complement.
There are three special right triangles, namely: the 30°-60°-90° right triangle;
the 45°-45°-90° right triangle; and the 3-4-5 right triangle. These triangles are
considered special because the measure of their sides or angles has been proven to
be true and does not require any further computation.
The 30°-60°-90° Right Triangle
Consider an equilateral-equiangular triangle (3 equal sides and 3 equal angles) with

three sides measuring 2 units and the three measuring 60° each. Draw a median
that bisects the angle that is perpendicular to the opposite side.
33
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Consider the right triangle ABC below formed with angles 30°, 60°, and 90°.
The first case is when the hypotenuse of the right triangle is 1 unit and the side
1
opposite the 30° angle is one-half of 1 which is equal to 2. Using the Pythagorean
√3
Theorem, the other side of the triangle was computed and equaled to 2 .
The second case is when the hypotenuse of the right triangle is 2 units and the side
opposite the 30° angle is one-half of 2 or 1. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the
other side of the triangle was computed and equaled to √3.
Therefore, in a 30°-60°-90° right triangle ABC shown below, if the length of side a is
given by a units, then it follows that the length of side c or the hypotenuse is twice
the length of side a which is 2a units, and the length of side b is 𝑎√3 units.
c = 2a
𝒃 = 𝒂√𝟑
B a C
b  c2  a2
2
1 b  c2  a2
b  1   
2
2 b  (2) 2  (1) 2

1 4 1 3
b  1    b  4 1
4 4 4 4
b 3
3
b
2
34
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The 45°-45°-90° Right Triangle
A 45°-45°-90° right triangle has two equal sides and two equal angles, each
measure 45°. The third side of the triangle is the hypotenuse which is equal to 𝑎√2
units where a is the length of the two other sides. This special right triangle is
sometimes called isosceles right triangle.
By Pythagorean Theorem, the hypotenuse is

c2  a 2  b2
c  a2  a2 [ a  b]
c  2a 2
ca 2
Consider the isosceles right triangle ABC shown below.
A A
c
b
C a B C B
Therefore, in a 45°-45°-90° right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is equal to

the product of the length of the sides of a times the factor √2. Thus, 45°-45°-90°
right triangle whose two sides measure 5 cm, the length of its hypotenuse is equal to
5√2 𝑐𝑚. Also, if the length of the hypotenuse is 1 units, then by using Pythagorean
theorem, we get the length of the sides to be equal to
c2  a 2  b2
(1) 2  a 2  a 2 [ a  b]
1  2a 2
1 1 1 2 2
a2  a   
2 2 2 2 2
The 3-4-5 Right Triangle
Engineers and carpenters on field commonly used the 3-4-5 right triangle when
constructing right triangle. The name suggests that the length of the sides of the
right triangle is multiples of 3, 4, and 5. This can be 30, 40 and 50 or 15, 20, and 25
and so on. Pythagorean Theorem proves that if the sides of the right triangle are 3
and 4, the hypotenuse measures 5.
35
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The angles of the 3-4-5 right triangle measure 36°52’11.63’’ and 53°07’48.37”
to be exact and are usually taken out of the picture due to the difficulty of
memorizing the exact measurement. However, the angles are easily recalled using
the inverse trigonometric functions.
Example: Consider a right triangle ABC with sides 3, 4, and 5. Find the six
trigonometric functions of angle A and angle B.
C A
4 5
sin A   cos B csc A   sec B
5 4
3 5
cos A   sin B sec A   csc B
5 3
4 3
tan A   cot B cot A   tan B
3 4
Take note from the figure that the side opposite angle A is 3 and the side adjacent to
angle A is 4. Inversely, the side opposite angle B is 4 and the side adjacent to angle
B is 3. The hypotenuse is 5 regardless of the position of the angle.
The values of the six trigonometric functions of special angle that have been derived
from the ratio of the sides of a special right triangle (30°-60°-90° and a 45°-45°-90°)
are summarized on Table 1.
36
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Table 1. Six Trigonometric Functions of Special Angles
sin  cos  tan  cot  sec csc

1 3 3 2 3
30° 3 2
2 2 3 3
2 2
45° 1 1 2 2
2 2
3 1 3 2 3
90° 3 2
2 2 3 3
Solving Trigonometric Functions using Calculator
Decades ago, trigonometric functions are studied using the aid of a trigonometric
table that provides the value of a trigonometric function in four, five, or six decimal
places.
To solve right triangles is to determine the measurement or to approximate the sizes

of its acute angles and sides when measurements of at least a leg and an angle, or
two of its sides are given.
To find an angle whose value of the function is known, use the three trigonometric
buttons of the calculator (sin-1, cos-1, and tan-1). It is important to note that
1
sin 1   . The negative 1 (or -1) exponent is used to indicate the inverse
sin 
function. The inverse trigonometric buttons will give the measurement of an angle in
degrees.
Example: Given sin   0.3746 , find the measurement of 𝜃.

Using the inverse function in calculator [shift][sin-1][0.3746]:
sin   0.3746
  sin 1 (0.3746)
  22
Example: Solving a Right Triangle given an Angle and a Side.

Given the triangle below, solve the right triangle.
To solve the given triangle, find the values of a, b, and 𝜃.
37
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Example: Solving a Right Triangle Given Two Sides

Given the triangle below solve the right triangle.
Solution: To solve the given triangle, find the values of b, ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵.
38
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Word Problems Involving a Right Triangle
The method of solving right triangles can be applied to real world problems
involving measurements of angles, heights or distances that are difficult or cannot
be measured directly.
In solving concrete problems on right triangles, it is important to draw or sketch
the required figure or situation being describe in the problem. Sketches should show
the practical situation, show the given quantities, and unknown quantities in relation
to one another. In connection with problems involving angles, heights, and
distances, certain commonly used terms must also be understood.
Many problems in trigonometry include the use of angle of elevation or angle
of depression. In each case, the angle includes a horizontal ray and a ray from the
observer’s line of sight to the object being observed.
If an observer looks up at an object, the angle that an observer’s line of sight
makes with the horizontal is called angle of elevation. The word “elevation” means
“rise” or “move up”. It is the angle between the horizontal and the line of sight to an
object above the horizontal.
39
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
In the picture, an observer is

standing at the top of a building and
looking straight ahead at the birds
(horizontal line). The observer must
raise his eyes to see the airplane
(slanting line). The angle formed
between the two lines is called the
angle of elevation.
If the observer looks down to see the object, the observer’s line of sight makes
an angle of depression with the horizontal. The angle of depression is the angle
between a horizontal line and the line joining the observer's eye to some object
beneath the horizontal line.
Note: The angle of elevation and angle of depression measure between 0° and 90°.
Practical Application
The general application of the study of trigonometry is in the fields of surveying

and navigation in which the concept of bearing is used to denote direction.
Course and bearing are commonly used in terrestrial navigation while bearing
is used in all fields of surveying.
Vector quantities are physical quantities that require magnitude and direction.
Vectors make use of the concept of solving problems involving right triangles.
One of the most routine tasks of a navigator is to plot its own position relative to
any available reference point. To do so, lines were established on the plotting sheets
and angles are formed in which triangles become visible.
Although the course and bearing seem the same. However, the bearing refers
to the direction of a fixed object from an observer’s point. It is also the measure of
the angle between the north and the observer’s line of sight towards a fixed point, in
a clockwise direction.
40
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
The Bearing
The bearing of a particular location P from an
observer at point O is the acute angle formed by
the line OP with the north-south direction and an
indication if the angle formed is towards the east or
west. In writing, the bearing of P from O, N or S (in
reference to north or south) is written followed by
the angle formed (in degrees) and then by W or E
to indicate whether the angle is towards the west or
east.
In short, the bearing of a particular location (P) from an observed position (O) is the
angle measured in degrees clockwise direction from north to the line segment OP
(Leithold, 1989).
The bearing of a point from an observer’s position is the angle between the
observer’s line of sight and the reference line.
The Course
The course or heading of an object is the angle
formed with the initial side at the north ray,
measured clockwise. If the object is due north, then
its course 0° or 360°; due east, 90°; due south,
180°; and due west, 270°.
In navigation, the course of a ship or airplane is the

angle measured in degrees clockwise from the
north to the direction in which the carrier is
traveling.
41
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Example: On a sunny day, a tall building casts a shadow that is 67.2 m long. The
angle between the sun’s rays and the ground is θ = 50.0°, as figure shows.
Determine the height of the building.
Solution:
Solve for the height (h).

Use tangent function of the angle of
elevation.
h
tan 50 
65m
h  65m  tan 50 
h  77.46m
Example: A shooter aims the target at 26° angle of elevation. How far is the shooter
(horizontally) from the target if the height of the target and the rifle are 3.15 m and
1.60 m from the ground, respectively?
42
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution:
Solve for the distance (x).

Use sine function of the angle of
elevation.
3.15m  1.60m
tan 26 
x
1.55m
x
tan 26
x  3.18
Example: A ship fires a plane 10,000 ft above the sea level. If the angle of
elevation of the cannon is 20, how far is the plane from the ship?
Solution:
10, 000 ft
sin 55 
d
10, 000 ft
d
sin 55
d  12, 207.75 ft
Example: A surveyor wanted to estimate the height of a mountain. He first

measured the angle of elevation of the mountain top from a point A as 41º. He then
moved 1000 ft closer to the mountain and now the angle of elevation of the
mountain top was measured as 62º. What is the estimated height of the mountain?
Solution: Consider the right triangle DAC below.
43
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
h
tan 41 
1, 000 ft  x
h
1, 000 ft  x 
tan 41
h
x  1, 000 ft ( Eq.1)
tan 41
Now consider right triangle DBC.
h
tan 62 
x
h
x ( Eq.2)
tan 62
Equating Eq.1 and Eq.2 :
h h
 1000 ft 
tan 41 tan 62
h h
  1, 000 ft
tan 41 tan 62
 1 1 
   h  1, 000 ft
 tan 41 tan 62 
(1.17216)h  1, 000 ft
1, 000 ft
h
1.17216
h  853.12 ft
Example: A person driving in a car is driving too close to the back of a truck on a
superhighway. He decides to back off until he can see the entire truck (at the top) If
the height of the truck is 15 feet and the sedan driver is sitting 26 feet from the end
of the truck, what is driver’s angle of elevation?
44
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Solution: Solve for the distance (d)

Use sine function of the angle of elevation:
10, 000 ft
sin 55 
d
10, 000 ft
d
sin 55
d  12, 207.75 ft
Example: If the search and rescue helicopter is flying at an altitude of 150 feet
above sea level, what is the distance of the circle that is illuminated on the surface of
the water?
Solution:
Example: Figure below shows the mid-air refueling scenario that military aircraft
often use. Assume that the smallest acceptable altitude difference between two
planes is 40 meters that the hose is 50 meters long, what should be the angle of
elevation that the hose makes with the plane being fueled?
Solution:
Solve for the angle (𝜃).
Use sine function of the
angle of elevation.
40m
sin  
50m
 40 
  sin 1  
 50 
  53.13
45
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Example: The length of a rectangular lot is twice its width. If the perimeter of the lot
is 36 meters, how long is its diagonal and what angle it makes with the width?
Solution:
Let w be the width of the lot, so that its length is 2w.
Solution:
Solve for the width (w). Since
the perimeter is 36 m,
P  2l  2w
36m  2(2w)  2w
36m  4w  2w
36m  6w
w  6m
Example: A jet takes off with a bearing of N 28° E, flies 5 miles, then makes a left
(90°) turn and flies 12 miles. If the control tower operator wanted to locate the plane,
what bearing would he use?
Solution: Draw a picture that represents this scenario.
46
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Example: A navy officer, on a navy ship that sails on a course of 330° at 15 knots
(nautical miles per hour), observes an island due north of the ship. After one hour,
the island is due east of the ship. How far is the island from the navy officer at that
time?
Solution:
47
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
You can also refer to the sources below to help you

further understand the lesson:
1) Catan, C. (2016). Workbook in plane & spherical trigonometry. Quezon City:

Mindfeed Inc.
2) Larson, R. (2016). Algebra and trigonometry (9th ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning.
3) Stewart, J. et al (2016). Algebra and trigonometry. Australia: Cengage Learning.
4) BarCharts, I. (2002). Trigonometry. Retrieved from

5) Barry, P. D. (2015). Geometry with trigonometry. Retrieved from

48
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Now that you know the most essential terms and concepts in the
study of trigonometric functions of right triangle. Let us try to check
your understanding of the underlying concepts. Kindly answer the
following to deepen one’s knowledge on the topic.
Determine the value of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃 in the given right triangle.
49
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 2. Now that you know the most essential terms and concepts in
evaluating trigonometric functions of a right triangle. Let us try to
check your understanding of the underlying concepts. Kindly answer
the following to deepen one’s knowledge on the topic.
Use the value of the given trigonometric function to find the value of the needed
function.
50
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 3. Now that you know the most essential terms and concepts in reciprocal
identities, cofunctions and special angles. Let us try to check your
understanding of the underlying concepts. Kindly answer the following to
deepen one’s knowledge on the topic.
51
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 4. Now that you know the most essential terms and concepts in study of
bearing and course. Let us try to check your understanding of the underlying
concepts. Kindly answer the following to deepen one’s knowledge on the
topic.
Determine the course and bearing of the following positions.
52
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 5. Now that you know the most essential terms and concepts in the solution of
right triangle. Let us try to check your understanding of the underlying
concepts. Kindly answer the following to deepen one’s knowledge on the
topic.
Solve the right triangle using the given measurements.
53
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential terms and concepts of solutions of
right triangle, what also matters is you should also be able to apply these
concepts. Now, you are going to critically analyze and solve the given
mathematical problems.
54
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
55
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Activity 1. Based from the definition of the most essential terms and concepts of
trigonometry of right triangle, and the learning exercises that you have
done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned
below.
1.
2.
3.
56
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Do you have any question for clarification?
Questions / Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Isosceles Right
Equilateral Triangle Course
Triangle
Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression Bearing
Trigonometric
Right Triangle Pythagorean Theorem
Functions
Hypotenuse Opposite Side Adjacent Side
57
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
COURSE SCHEDULES
Activity Date Where to submit

Week 1-3
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities 1 August 17, 2020 BB’s Activities/Assignment
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities 1 August 20, 2020 BB’s Activities/Assignment
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities August 21, 2020 BB’s Activities/Assignment
Big Picture A: QA List August 22, 2020 BB’s LESSONS
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities 1 August 29, 2020 BB’s Activities/Assignment
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities August 30, 2020 BB’s Activities/Assignment
Big Picture A: QA List September 1, 2020 BB’s LESSONS
Quiz Activity 1 September 3, 2020 BB’s Quiz Section
First Examination September 7, 2020 BB’s Examination Section
58
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
ONLINE CODE OF CONDUCT
1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor code of
conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-management and self-
regulation.
2) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending OBD or
DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing guidelines,
specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
3) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s Core Values,
specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity; academic excellence by
giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all lectures and activities, as well as fidelity
in doing and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying
with all deadlines; and observance of data privacy.
4) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The University
shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize plagiarism.
5) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments, unless
collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to dishonesty to
improve the result of their assessments (e.g. examinations, assignments).
6) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account. Students shall
not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to others to further academic
fraudulence online.
7) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of the
Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling online
courses.
Course prepared by:
CYMBER ORVIE G. QUEVEDO
Course reviewed by:
RONNIE O. ALEJAN
Program Head
Approved by:
KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION, Ph.D.

Dean
59

MATH 118 - Plane Trigonometry - Week 1-3 - Quevedo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 118 - Plane Trigonometry - Week 1-3 - Quevedo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

College of Arts and Sciences Education

General Education - Mathematics

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: MTH 118 (Plane Trigonometry)

Name of Teacher: Cymber Orvie G. Quevedo

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Course Outline: MTH 118 – Plane Trigonometry

Course Coordinator: Cymber Orvie G. Quevedo

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

reached more than 30% similarity index, the student

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

However, if the late submission of the assessment

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student email,

Course Information: see/download course syllabus in the Blackboard LMS

You are about to learn and explore another mathematics called

CO This course was designed to provide you with a fundamental

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO):

Big Picture in Focus

The study of trigonometry is important in both theoretical and practical.

Read ‘angle theta (𝜃)’

Angle measured in a counterclockwise are considered positive, while those

read “angle B”, “angle ABC” or “angle CBA”

4. An acute angle measures greater than 0° but less than 90°.

5. A right angle is one fourth of a revolution and measures exactly 90°.

7. A straight angle is equal to one half of one revolution or equal to 180°.

9. A perigon or a full rotation which measures exactly 360°.

12. Classification of Triangles according to sides

(a) Equilateral Triangle – a triangle that has all 3 congruent sides.

13. Classification of Triangles according to measure or angle

(e) Equiangular triangle – all of its angles are congruent (equal).

14. In Sexagesimal System, an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and

The size of an angle measured in dms (degree-minutes-seconds) units is dº+m’+ s”.

Remarks: In many applications of trigonometry, decimal parts of a degree are used

(a) 73.5º is used instead of 73 º30’.

Example 1. Express 42°20’30’’ in Degree Form.

Example 2. Express 120.425˚ in dms notation form.

Radian System/Circular (Natural) System

16. Radian System. In this system, an angle is measured in radians. In higher

Conversion values: 360º = 2𝜋 radians

For conversion, multiply the given angle by the conversion factor

Degree vs. Radian

Basic Facts from Geometry

Since trigonometry is concerned with the measurements and relationships of the

Example: Solve for x in the given figure below,

Example: If a right triangle has sides which measures 6 centimeters and 8

Example: Find the distance from A to B in the given figure below.

And the width is

Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we have

You can also refer to the sources below to help you

3) Stewart, J. et al (2016). Algebra and trigonometry. Australia: Cengage Learning.

4) BarCharts, I. (2002). Trigonometry. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com.

5) Barry, P. D. (2015). Geometry with trigonometry. Retrieved from

Do you have any question for clarification?

Questions / Issues Answers

Angles Triangles Plane Trigonometry

Sexagesimal Degree Radian

Big Picture in Focus

The Right Triangle

The Six Trigonometric Functions of a Right Triangle