CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The characteristics, measurement methodology, design, and optimization

of the proposed compact metamaterial inspired antennas for wireless applications
were discussed in the previous chapter. In this chapter fabrication results and its
comparison with simulation results is presented.

5.2 RESULT ANALYSIS OF COMPACT D SHAPE SRR BASED DUAL BAND

ANTENNA FOR WIMAX AND C BAND APPLICATIONS

In section 3.2.2, a compact broadside coupled D shape SRR structure

based multiband antenna was optimized for WiMAX/ C band applications with
HFSS v.17.0 software and is printed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant,
thickness and loss tangent of 4.4, 1.6 mm and 0.01 correspondingly. The D shape
SRR antenna design has a dimension of 20 x 18 x 1.6 mm3. In Figure 5.1 the
proposed BC-DSRR loaded fabricated antenna prototype is shown. The proposed
antenna return loss |S11| has been measured with Agilent N9925A vector network
analyzer is shown in Figure.5.2. a. The radiation pattern, and gain both measured
in an anechoic chamber in the Antenna Research Centre (ARC) FKE, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia is shown in Figure.5.2. b. Simulated results of
the proposed antenna are compared with the measurement results.

(a) Top side (b) bottom side

Figure 5.1: Fabricated Proposed DSRR Loaded Dual-Band Antenna

90
 Figure 5.2.a: Antenna Measurement Setup using a Vector Network Analyzer

Figure 5.2.b: Measurement Setup in an Anechoic Chamber

At both 3.6 GHz and 4.66 GHz frequencies, the measured return loss is
less than -10 dB which is well suited for WiMAX and C band applications. In
Figure.5.3, both the simulation and tested return loss results (S11) were compared
and observed that antenna performance is good. The bandwidth obtained in both
simulation and measurements is 300 MHz and 250 MHz, respectively, for 3.6 GHz
and 4.66 GHz and well suited for WiMAX and C band applications.

91
 “ Figure 5.3: Comparison of Simulated and Measured S Parameters ”

5.3 RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN OF THE ANTENNA

The simulated and measured radiation pattern was obtained and shown in
Figure.5.4. a.b. In both resonance frequencies, the omnidirectional pattern of the
H-plane and the figure of eight patterns in the E-plane were obtained in both
simulated and measured results.

(a) Radiation Pattern (at 3.56GHz)

92
 (b) Radiation pattern (at 4.76GHz)

“ Figure 5.4 (a): Simulated vs Measured pattern phi = 0, phi = 90 at 3.56 GHz, (b)
Simulated vs Measured pattern phi = 0, phi = 90 at 4.76 GHz ”

By using the gain transfer method, the gain of the antenna is measured.
Horn antenna is used as a reference antenna. Both the simulated gain and
antenna efficiency were compared with measured gain and efficiency and it is
displayed in Figure 5.5.a, b. As compared to simulation the result of measured
gain in both resonant frequencies, 2-3 dB gain was obtained, also the measured
antenna efficiency 80.72% and 79.62% was achieved as respectively, for 3.6 GHz
and 4.66 GHz.

Figure 5.5 (a) Simulated vs Measured Gain of the Proposed Dual Band
Antenna
93
 Figure 5.5 (b): Simulated Vs Measured Efficiency of Proposed Dual Band
“

Antenna ”

With the help of proposed broadside coupled D shape SRR able to achieve
good impedance matching with effective size reduction achieved without
degrading antenna performance. The SRR structure was loaded beneath the
substrate to increase gain and provide high impedance matching. In the
necessary frequency ranges, the suggested antenna has a compact construction
and excellent radiation patterns. As a result, the proposed antenna will be
appropriate for future wireless communications.

Both the simulated and measurement results were listed in Table 5.1

Table 5.1 Comparison of Simulated and Measured Values of Proposed D-

“

SRR Antenna ”

94
 Due to the changes in permeability in D shape SRR structure high degree
of miniaturization can be achieved. The ratio of the difference between the
conventional antenna resonance frequency and proposed antenna frequency shift
due to SRR to the conventional antenna frequency is defined as size reduction or
miniaturization [134-136] which is given in equation,

f conventional antenna  f SRR

Miniaturization *100% (5.1)
f conventional antenna

The comparison of proposed antenna size with proposed BC DSRR based

monopole antenna size designs for WLAN applications is carried out. The
conventional antenna size covers the area of 480 mm2 whereas proposed BC-
DSRR covers area of 360 mm2. Hence the proposed D shape SRR structure
achieved 32.80% miniaturization based on equation 5.1. The proposed antenna
characteristics were compared with existing antenna which is tabulated in Table
5.2.

“ Table.5.2 Comparison of Proposed Antenna Characteristics with Existing

Antennas ”

Ref. No. of Type of antenna Operating Dimensions Miniaturizati Bandwi Gain

Bands /Type of Frequency (mm3) on % dth (dBi)
2
SRR/CSRR Bands /Area(mm )
` (GHz)

[Propos 2 Monopole 3.56/4.76 20 × 18 × 0.8 32.8/360 300/250 3.35/

ed work] antenna/D SRR 1.80

3 (SRR) and 3.43 GHz–

[137] (NBCSRR) 3.47 GHz, 25 × 31.7 × Not achieved 40, 88 Not
3.86 GHz– 1.6 discuss
4.74 GHz /792 ed

4.33 GHz,
[138] 3 Circular 5.29 GHz, 66.4 × 66.4× 2 Not achieved/ 117/162 -
microstrip patch/ 8.86 GHz
SCSRR 4408

95
 Rectangular stub
[139] 2 loaded with 3.2/4/5.9 20×18×2.54 32.8/360 100/100 Not
SCSRR and mention
circular SRR ed
2 3.5/5.8 40 × 25*1.524 Not achieved 200MHz 4.25/6.
[140] Rectangular for both 1
patch the 3.5
/ Circular CSRR GHz and
with L slot 5.8 GHz
band
[141] 2 ELC-CRR based 3.5/5 21 * 30 Not achieved 3.28 -
monopole * 1.6 630 GHz to
antenna 4.52
/ (Electric- GHz &
inductive- 5.20
capacitive) GHz to
resonator and 5.87
CR (Closed GHz
Ring) resonator
[142] 2 CPW-fed 3.42 & 6.07 31 × 25 Not achieved 840 MHz -
monopole ×1.6 & 310
antenna/BC-
Coupled SRR
[143] 2 microstrip 3.72 GHz/ 19.2mm × 48.30 3.33– 1.24
patch/two 5.29 12.4mm×1.6 3.77 dBi
CSRRs /partially GHz/(4.8
defected ground 1–5.90
structure (PDGS)

It was observed that the antenna size is reduced with reasonable gain,
bandwidth and efficiency when compared to the other type of SRR structure
based dual band antenna for WLAN applications. Hence the proposed BC-DSRR
based antenna could be used to achieve size reduction and to improve antenna
parameter performance.

5.4 RESULT ANALYSIS OF DCSRR DECOUPLING STRUCTURE FOR

MUTUAL COUPLING REDUCTION IN MIMO ANTENNA

The measurement setup is carried out using a Vector Network Analyzer

(VNA). The fabricated antenna is connected with 50 ȍ connectors on both ports.
After calibration the RF cable is connecting the antenna with VNA.

Measurement setup for measuring proposed MIMO antenna with and without
DCSRR is shown in Figure 5.6. The measurement of MIMO antenna with and

96
without D CSRR array is carried out using a vector analyzer and its S parameter
results in Figure.5.7.

Figure 5.6: Measurement Setup for Measuring Proposed MIMO Antenna with and
without DCSRR ”

It is observed that with the help of the D CSRR array, the MIMO antenna
experiences the S11 value is -18.8 dB and S21 value is around -35 dB at 2.41 GHz
and whereas, without DCSRR S21 value is around -24 dB and S11 value is -22.8
dB. An improvement of 11 dB was achieved in mutual coupling reduction by using
DCSRR decoupling structures in the Wi-Fi band. Since the array arrangement of
back-to-back D CSRR act as a filter at that resonant frequency. For, further
absorbing signal at the surface level additional circular slot decoupling structure
inserted on the top of the substrate in-between DCSRR structures for improving
the mutual coupling more than 20 dB.

97
 Figure 5.7: Measured MIMO Antenna with and without D CSRR S Parameter

The measurement results of hybrid (circular slot and DCSRR) decoupling

structure was discussed in section 5.5.

5.5 RESULT ANALYSIS OF HYBRID DECOUPLING STRUCTURE (DCSRR

AND CIRCULAR SLOT) FOR MUTUAL COUPLING REDUCTION IN MIMO
ANTENNA

Measurement setup for measuring proposed MIMO antenna with

DCSRRand with and without circular slot is shown in Figure 5.8.The measurement
of MIMO antenna with and without circular slot together with D CSRR array is
carried out using a vector analyzer and its S parameter results in Figure.5.9.

The measurement of S21 parameters of with circular slot and shows mutual
coupling reduction around -57 dB and the S11 value is -23 dB at 2.41 GHz
whereas, without circular slot and without DCSRR S21 value is around -24 dB and
S11 value is -22.8 dB It observed in both cases, the S11 values nearly same
without any impedance loss. A very good improvement of 33 dB was achieved in
mutual coupling reduction by using both circular slot slab and DCSRR decoupling
structures in the Wi-Fi band.

98
Figure. 5.8: Measurement Setup for Measuring Proposed Hybrid MIMO Antenna
with and without circular slot and DCSRR

Figure.5.9: Measured S parameters with and without D CSRR & circular

slot ”

99
 A comparison of both measured and simulated performance is listed in
Table 5.3 and both their S parameter values are agreed upon with each other.
However, there is a 9.5 MHz frequency shift occurs from 2.51 to 2.415 GHz
between the simulated and measured S11(dB) values, which might be due to
manufacturing flaws.

Table 5.3 Comparison of simulated and measured s parameters of with

CSRR & Circular Slot array

Simulated/Measured Parameter Center frequency dB

(GHz)
Simulated S11 2.51 -17.44
S12 2.51 -58.36
Measured S11 2.415 -15.13
S12 2.415 -56.88

The center frequency shift occurs in the measured result due to fabrication
process error. The S12 performance of both simulated and measured results has
improved nearly 33 dB by introducing both D CSRR & circular slots.

5.5.1 Radiation Pattern of Proposed MIMO Antenna

The proposed MIMO antenna 2-D simulated radiation pattern is illustrated

in Figure 5.10.a and b. The radiation pattern was shown on a polar plot and allows
theta vary from -180 to 180 and the phi varies from 0 to 360.For proper visualizing,
the radiation pattern is normalized by its maximum value .Both proposed
decoupling structure and non decoupling structured on MIMO antenna results in
identical radiation patterns with some back lobe radiation due to the DCSRR
structure implemented in the ground plane. When circular slot alone used as a
decoupling structure, the radiation pattern is much affected with the major back
lobe and with less gain .After using hybrid structure (both circular slot and DSRR
array) the radiation pattern of the MIMO antenna resembles as a convention
radiation pattern with less backlobe effect. Also the DCSRR array alone creates
0.5 dB improvement in gain whereas both DCSRR array and circular slot together
creates slight drop in gain due to circular slot effect .This shows the proposed
hybrid structure obtained radiation pattern without much degradation.

100
 (a) Phi = 90

(b) Phi = 0

Figure 5.10.a, b: 2-D Radiation Pattern of Proposed and Conventional MIMO

“

Antenna ”

For the application of the MIMO antenna, the Envelope Correlation “

Coefficient (ECC) is a key factor due to its direct relationship with the deterioration
in spatial performance and efficiency degradation of the MIMO antenna system. ”

Using S-parameters, the ECC can be determined by using equation 5.2 as,

S11S12  S 21S22
(5.2)
1  S 1  s 
ECC
 S 21  S12
2 2 2 2
11 22

Figure 5.11 illustrates the evolution of the envelope correlation coefficient

as a function of frequency with and without the use of circular slot and DCSRR
combination. The ECC of the designed MIMO antenna reflects a good diversity

101
 with a 0.005 envelope correlation suited for wireless technology applications [144-
145].

Figure 5.11: Proposed MIMO antenna ECC Analysis

5.6 SUMMARY

The proposed hybrid D shape CSRR array with circular slot shows isolation
improvement around 22 dB when compared to D shape CSRR array decoupling
structure also hybrid type D shape CSRR with circular slot array structure was
compared with various decoupling structure such as Electronic Band Gap (EBG)
structure, 3D Meta material, composite left/right handed transmission lines and
other periodic metamaterial based CSRR structures for same frequencies and the
improvement in mutual coupling reduction is tabulated in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Comparison of Existing Mutual Coupling Reduction with

“

Proposed Structure ”

Ref Decoupling structure for mutual Frequency in GHz Improvement in dB

coupling reduction

[146] E Shaped Electronic Band Gap 2.55 26

(EBG) structure

[147] Multi Layered EBG 2.55 31

[148] 3 D Novel Meta material 2.4 18

[149] composite left/right handed 2.4 20

102
 (CLRH) transmission lines+ two I-
shaped slots

[150] 2 x 3 periodic MTM 2.4 15

based CSRR

Proposed D shape CSRR array with circular 2.51 33.2

slot

It is observed that the proposed D shape CSRR with circular slots obtained
more than 10 dB better isolation than other structures.

103