Applied Mathematical Sciences Jean Mawhin Michel Willem Critical Point Theory and Hamiltonian Systems iG, PEN" 22 6.FEB 1992 UNIVERSITA DI TORING ee 6 wot, CO4L Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo“snore sere centinGytana 2 Cua tn 2 ‘en elu Seen yn msi var 1 Chita pia cry IMthemaid =e SATUS Ray ai ip nt in pa wa te ‘re rms of ep apt, Aram Nw Ye See iin mai ooh a ‘Site ma Mend Mts Ay ty med yb ME ‘ay Ry i, or, Weg ‘Son SStcaaex Senger vets bs acy New You aan Ss la iy SR, OS, RAGS, SE. AT. SOM, To Margaret, Marie, Valérie, Jean ‘and liane, Sule, OlivierPreface “The formation of laws of nature in terme of minim princi a a long history that ean be traced to Hero of Alexandria (e125 BC). Me proved in his Catoptin tat when a ray of ight efloted by maior, the path actualy tal fom the bjed tothe abserser’s ti shorter ‘hon any ther pombe pth x rlleted, This principle wan gcc by Ferat who pestulted, around 1050, that iit aaye propagate in the hertet ime rom on pot to another and dedared mathemati from thi principle, the law of retaton Theme ansaid te Aitreatileletor by wating nceaary soni er the rest oF Ue minimum ot polyoma tht ir equtlet to the vaihing of te Aerie. ‘More ambitious was th am of Moupertue when be enunciated, around 1750, bia principle of leas tion as rational and metaphor rometrical object and mechan, Mestatement was fa rom resins ad, {nthe sme ear, Ble xprowed it ar am exact orem of dynamics i ‘ eddendom to his farmoun hook on the calcula of vasatons. Thi book lntais the famous extension ofthe Fen neemary condition fr a ‘xref el fncion ta te cae of funciona he pe = [ reversions, called the Euler-Lagrange eaation afer the mote analyte tretment| ve sont after by Lagrange iil take some tine, during which farther nessa conditions for | snasimum o a minimum Wl be devine by Legendre, aca, Weert, fd others to realize with Voltera and Hadamard, st the tara of thie fentary tha the clef of variations x arta api chapter theory ‘textrna for tal fetins deine om fonetion apse, and to ceae he toate acento fem, in hi sting, tee treaponing cess ‘ondiins “The qustion ofthe existence of an extremum ha a terse Bison, ‘fate shated withthe more general prolem of exitence theorem Inatberaticn Gaus, who gave four demonstrations ofthe frndamental Ahooem of algebra, adaited without proof the eistence of isnea Preface fo the fansonl gi vin) = [ S10Keyh ae ovr alice regula functions y whore ration on the boundary ‘ofthe hounded demain fc I ee, Te asthe origin 0 the > {aled Dhl peop for the existence of aoton to the Diet Sroblem with data hon 0 ave)=0, 0 He)=Me), 2200. ‘ae ng-sitedutention fis once by Al and Hie, wound 100, es the iron of etal spyranch ring ‘imi of ae rim ma of na tine plowsring wok of Leben bea chat with Toa smportt contin elmer ony node ae inter cnet wate nit peo conta fr» atl sara ean of te clear of ta. ent development of fenton sage, adn pare ty comes ow eee {tina spc, ped the wy fora sot development sharp Fe ietone ee hry of rind sation of arta oy cero pra terre of i on ‘Ser onthe jer tain of Potatoes matema {eters yer otatony, Poser ted the as {GasTeatmet of hve queens Ie pear, he made me of oss {motte et atin pct aly the ced ota fa conserve ew re degree Hse ome ie etl qotion Thee toe Hower, epee ign eaten of he ‘aed itso dja ssc tho depose fem by Whi tay andthe ll mor Sino Told Bef ad dite theta He nts tery me pets fr Noe toy Sn taster Scien aprons ies po theory roo ‘irda il vraoal apes ort pro sles Bonin Trees ee say dow ‘totbl ception waif we in 204i frm of thee clon picid tian ost pve he sence oe en Tyco slain wen te Barfoot sm of hint a 8 Potetl eagy ter. The was geowaad by Weimein the Ie The peel a pa by sar efit a astanoooun em Sin Hnkonan H uch ht 1) nd hounding w compat ove eon soaps ae ld oi in =). "Tefal ie eappning th nei o dig the pt acs os ema nan ym tos the et! pola Prisco x ree cer ee vid eats atte eh aa sates tat Conch ita cet fe hi) Se tetera et lg te Spc in ican pee teers ae Siecle et cence aa np doin entree Teese reper occa Cs et ae ra ee (Shunt nordnny Merete eg neat SSSI sacra ens eg gt Spe deet ceneea epcn i: octane nema enh es Tee ars eS a i then hen cri tte ate ogc ae Seon neces agen tnt Bi ante ea fe ea ee fo fe er GG a a (scl ac Gh by en Rous eel ad Wa (er i eo a Acknowledgments We wish to tank th people who hive contsibte to the rliatin of the work ‘The manuscript beefed tom sugetions and cites by our col leagues C Fabry and P.Habets, and oa students A Fonds, C. Go, W. ‘Onana, and STsbineng, who have end parte of tie mamiPrtace We te inde to the elit board f Springer eg freely sewing ihe ant Thee ery tet ane Hult fo er ecard wpe ing fe ane ‘iy we who thnk on ai for hi tiene dig the ab ction of hi book ean Mavhin tre Mie Wier. Contents Preface 1s 16 i a2 23 24 u ‘The Direct Method of the Callus of Variations Introduction ‘Loner Semi Cottinuous Functions (Convex Functions Pale Equation ‘The Calesar of Variations with Periodic Boundary Conditions Peiie Solutions of Non-Antonomous Second Orde Syste with Rounded Nonlinearity erode Solotons of Nom Antanemous Sxnd Onde System with Peri Potential Periodic Solutions of Now Autonomous Second Order Stems wits Conver Potent istrel sed Biographical Notes ‘The Fenchel Transform and Duality Introduction Definition oth Fence Transform Dieentible Conves uncon Harultnian Duality Crke Duality Historical and Bibliographical Noter Brace “Minimization of the Dual Action Introduction Eigenvalue of Bigenfenctions of (4) with Peidie Boundary Conditions 4 % Py 3 a & m 0 sa2 aa ry a5 a6 as a 2 4s 5 3a 3a Conte A Bi iene Thom fo Peri Sean of Gonvex Hemitenan Speen Sathorn Now Asma Cones Hannan Space eile Soleon wit Prose Mini! Peo of ‘Astoommas Convex Hamitoian Spee Pre Soins wih Peed Energy of Avtonomcus unin Sytem PesadcSltone of Now Aston Stcond Order Syren wth Comex Potent 1 Var of the Dua Last Acton Pri or RonAvtonomons Second Order System he Range ef See Second Orer None Opto sh Pere Boundary Conditions Titra Binge Nov Barco Minimax Theorems for Indefinite Punctionals reduction eld’ Vasiaticoal Principle andthe Existence of ‘Almont Ciel Pointe ‘A Chinese Conition andthe Existence of Ciel Points ‘The Suda Point Theor ad Perio Slatins of ‘Second Order Syston with Bounded Nonlin Parioi Slatin of nephon Type Systema ‘The Mountain Pas Thre and Ped Solutions of Supelinear Coowr Astonomone Hawitonian Stems Mutiple Crial Pte of Pesode Functions Tistorial sd Bibliographical Notes Eaercies {A Boreuk-Ulam Theorem and Index Theories Introduction Group Representations ‘Te Parsee Sard Thee ‘Topolgial Degee alex Thor isi a Bibliographical Notes ry a 8 a % o 106 it my 12 ue 1 m4 62 oa ea oe 1 3 a a2 a4 a6 er 55 so sir Lusteraik-Schnirelman Theory and Multiple Periodic Solutions with Fixed Energy Introduction Byuivarant Deformations ustaee of lie Crea Pints Multiple Poe Soltions with Prescribed nergy cf Astonomoge amos Stee Nealiner Egeovalae Problene Aoplietion to BiarstionTeary ‘Malle Beside Slatin with Prscrted Energy Neat an Eglieam istorial and Biblogrphiea Note Erie ‘Morse-Eheland Index and Multiple Periodic Solutions with Fixed Period Introduction ‘Toe Index of Linear Positive Delite Haniltninn Stem neat Autonomous Postve Delite Haitonin Sytem Pedi Salutns of Cones Anymtotel Liat ‘Atonomous Hanioninn Syste Hato aad Biographical Notes Brerice Morse Theory Introduction elaiveHrlogy Manfode Veeor Fide ‘Rewniae Maniede More negates The Generlied Morse Lemma Computation ofthe Ciel Groups Chal Groups ats Point of Mountain Pass Type CContimity af the Cet! Groups ana Breton Theory Lover Sem Continaty ofthe Betti Nantes Cra Groupe al Sale Pont 16, 126 rd ast a ue 1 153 160 1s 168 er 188 i 1% 1 18 18 105 08 imistrialand Bibliographic! Notee 9 Applications of Morse ‘Theory to Second Otder Systems Introduction 01 The Inde of Linas Sooo Order Dillerential Systm 92. Pevode Sion of Autonomous Second Orde Splems [ee an Eur 93 Periodic Solitons of Axynptotcaly Uineae [Non-Autoromoae Second Order Systems 2A Mull Sltione of tgrangian Systems Historia and Bibogeophie! Notes 10 Nondegenerate Critical Manifolds Introdion 104 Submit 102 Normal Bune 3 Cyteal Groupe of « Nondegeerate Cet! Manifold 104 Global Tory 105 Second Order Autonomous SupeiearBguations 108 Perio Soltine of Fred Supediear Second ‘Over Byaations 1047 Yoel Pertarbotions of Noadegeerte Cite! Manis istorical Bisogeapical Notes Exerece Bibliography Index a 205, 8 26 oo 200 215 a a zm mm a 2s ms EN 0 ms 1 The Direct Method of the Calculus of Variations Introduction ‘Areal function p of «real vaviable whi ig bounded low os the rel Tne nels not to hae © minim, otis lee fom the example of the ‘rponenialFnction we ell minimising sequence fr p ay mequence {er} auch that ox) inte 5 co, neeseury condition forthe real number ato be 4a) = inte ‘tht haa a minimising sequence mich convenes to 4 (ake a4 = afr ‘tger 4). Without stable continuity arumplions on this onion Will ot be auf, oe shown by the example ofthe function defied By ele) = lors 0 and p(0) =I, which dee not achive infimum (although all its misusing sequenct converge to eon otder tht the limit a of «consergot minimising sxuence be seh that pa) = ae, we im, on) 2 ve. “Thin wil beth eae fp omer semtcontineus om Rif imu) 2 0) whenever wy Now ia, the existence of convergent minimizing sequence equ ‘eat to tha of «bounded minimising sequney, « fture which Tost ‘then we place fe by an infiaitedinesionl Basch space wth orm topology In Section 1, we show Unt he existence of Wounded mii ing sequence tll guarantees (andi inde equilent to) the exitnceof| ‘inimn for ps X= Ty when Xe atx Banach space (in pare teal Hilert space) and when the wer secon property for gp lis forthe wekly eonvergent sequence (uy) in X. Secon {shows that this wen loner semicoutnuty equivalent tothe Tome sm-onulty in nom when cones:2 1 The inet Method of he Caleta of Vaiations Ia diferente function @ + R—+ Rae ea! main or aes nisin a then et “hist at eemntry veo of th bse men) coon in die ery fete selon othe cs ileal ea fenclion ta nomed space enn Seton 1 and eae sy SX menting he Cae othe cel fn of the eel of ‘tention ih pric Youndary ono ca boa in Seton 1 purr eraconasus mappag? [OcpeRY = Be) = Fa). ch that PAu) = Dee conan the oon the problern 0) 40) — oe = io) — ae he eal points (Lethe pita with) = 0) of the a = Ft prews frorwor + Fleweonlet on table spc of pei anetions ‘ie deserts in Sitio 15 to 1 various conditions upon F (and pout lay GF) oie sets yaa outed inning een. I he ‘mg cam ofthe sea ier pele ay = m0) 0) = wer) = 0) — (7) the neceabry ad scent condition of lb wel known and gen wy fwoaeo, ih must have mena vale sero. Our ets ae, a varios dietions, hontnea etesins of Ui ontion, Fr example, Teor 1.3 implies (at foro coming : Roe Resuch that im, 0) = imelon) 2 ow) (esp. uy = wim) oe) ‘The folionng proper are ney consequences ofthe definition 1) The sum of wo Lee (rp. wae) functions Lae (rrp. wl) 1) Me product ofa 16, (sp. w8)faction bya ponive contant lel: (eap. wise), Ii) I (es)sgn i family of Lee (rap. we) fnction, the fenton supnea Po defied by (x01) mgovo ie ower emi-continoous (rs, wl.) ‘Theorem 1. If is wls.e. on « rflerce Benech space X aud has «| loanded minimising segence, then bat minima Proof: Lat sy) be bounded minimising sequence, Going if scesay to ‘Seabecquene, we sna bythe eben of X, tha (en ours weakly tovone « €X. Thi 0) Lnptva) = tin plea) = ig,4 1." Diet Method ofthe Cae of Variations sortase) inte. ‘The existence of «bounded minimising sequence wil bein paticalar ineued when ncn, sec hat ee) 0 iF ll ee. 1.2. Convex Functions function y£ X-—}~ 0,40) cones if (t= At Ae) < (1 = ote) +22) feral etl, mee x “Te fling propeton are easy consequence ofthe dfiton: 1) The eu of to conver fnction i come function. i) The product of «convex function by «poe constant a convex ‘hnction iy (ps)xen ie amity convex fanetions then sopyqn ib conver Fanci fn view of Theorem 11 i important to obtain sfient conditions for al ome sem costily. We sll obtain such condition from he {showing el ‘Mazur ‘Theorem: If (4) isa sewence im «normed space X enh tat tral here ext eequence of enter combinations 20 (EN) sch that sy 0X: "Theorem 1.2. If X sea normed space and @ = X =] 00,404] is Ln race then whine Proof. Amine that wy —=w and let €> img) Going if mecseey to tubrquence, we ei rome tht e> p(y) for alle N™. By Nasr’ ‘hort, there existe sequence (4) with 1.8, Buler Equation 5 such hat 4 w Since 15. and conve, me obtain Sour) < (& ~)e e 0) santo tn Sine ¢> Uno) irs we have 0) Same) ta i 1.3 Euler Equation ‘The follwing theorem shows hat in ee ose he eation v=o for difecatible fantion y X — Rit aflesto find lel nnn (er asim of very ea minima (re Proof, Let w€X and > Oe nich that etn) Solu) $4 The, 60 €X\ {0} and 0¢ Arf we be og etal ad hence 0 (e(,.0) Since ee aebitzay, p(s) =O. The et foal ‘taxi i since eomark 1. he following simple generalization of Theor 1.3 willbe ‘uefa If: X— Riis difeeniale and ¥'C X ina sector eubepace of 1X, then cer local miu (rp. tania) point of ly sien the ‘qustion (wwe) =0, vey ie a € YA: The prot Mei to the ome ahve, ee the‘ 1, The Diet Method of the Cale f Variations 14. The Calculus of Variations with Periodic Boundary Conditions at GF tet apuce of nite dlleelahe pride faction frm Hine R™ ‘Fundamental Lemma, Let ue € L40,1:R§).Iffor eeery JCP, fovroa--[come © ® wos [aoe ® eon 0.7 Proof 1) If()denoes the canonical basi of RY, we ean choose f= 6 ind) mich ge “2 1) dew €C(0.T:R") by [vow [oo.re= [ [[oorera] ye i oe a 9) [oo.rora = [ [foo.rera] « [lev.s09-10» wo sottat Prva. eee, by (1) we have, for every f€ CP font 1 The Cakes of Varitions wth Pte Boundary Coniiens 7 In patiar, we ca howe 10> {8 eens, FEN\()ISiS¥ sd the hey of oe see pic that ow scm [0,1 for mom ¢€ RY, and he pote compete, Remarks) A fun stshing (1) eld «wet deri of Bye Pou ve srament, the weak Serie, oe The weak derivative of w wl be denoted by fe 2) By the fandaentl emma, w= ‘42, 0n [0,7], Ae waa, we sal identify the eunalence cae wand its deve a [rare a Dat M0) lyin won foe fee re (0.7) ') 14 is continous o 0,7], then by (0), ihe classi dvvative of 4) Te felon fromn (8) and chairs of Lebeau theory that is the case derivative ow 0 [0.71 Let 1 < p< ao, The Sole space Win the pac of funtion w © 17(0,7-R) ving wok derivative 6 L2(0,TU) Lat ve cl tha, itvena, w= [Wnaere and (0) = w(P). The norm ove Hi died by (mora wre)” 1 is eay over that WH! i a relive antsh space and that Cc we5 1. The Din Mato of tb Ca Viton We sha ote by he bert pee with he inner pode ose = foe, 0) + ose) sd the corresponding orn = uly: Lt reall hat ({fsera)” a Proposition 1.1. There ei ¢>0 such tha of w€ W3¥, then Ila eg lo Bea then lle 0,0 4, €€ ENO) and ff ft) = 0. tn this ae, F(a) = fiat coolant] +0 — free) rasn Pet) ee if |o| — 2. Moreover, [F(t] is ealy bounded by 20+ (0) and the test fae "The eoesty condition does ot Hold 18 = 0, in the cas of the fered penalum equation inosine, ‘Wie hall stow in tho ext section thatthe cnreepodingexstenc result an lil be posed by taking adestag ofthe prod in w ofthe ght find menber ofthe equation. 1.6 Periodic Solutions of Non-Autonomous Second Order Systems with Periodic Potential Wo show in thi section that (5) is slable when Fic pridi in ech vatiable Let (@) (1545) dente te canonical basso ‘acorem 1.8. Aaveme that F stipes condition (A) ond tht there eit Ts Osh ihe Fete) = Fite) (sis 8) 0 {forall 2 € 1" ond ae € [07], Then the protiem (5) bs af let one elation sich minimises 9 on Hf Proof olloms frm (7) nd the segulaiy of that thre existe 1,T) mach th Fi) 2M) forall s€RY and we. € 0,7]. Conseqenty, i Ci = fF MEO, uy 2 042) qnPat—C. forall w € Hp. Aviat »-< +20, it follows trom thi inequality that if (Ga) iss mining soquence for thee wil exit Cp > Ouch that r Pat s Cy “ 1.6. Second Order Spite wth Proc Potential 8 fal EN, tt = Ba 54 wih B= (7 edit fllor fon (8) ang Winger oan te lsc, beN 0 {or sme > 0. On the other and, flows fom (7) that a, forall 6H} and hence if ay aa minimising eaece fry (60) BVT, 4 Gaye tsen) + taTy + (Gave) abo 8 ining quence ofp and we can therfore ase that ust salem (sim (0) Conant by (8), (8), and (10), @ mis uence, ad the poof is compte, Sounded mining se (ne can obisin, a follows ul extension of Torn 1.6 to some fox second order otra ex elementary to check that fore € L107 1), the liner problem ¥(0)- 7): o ba sonny i [ao en "hci ef ot pn in in a [waco oo and we shall denote by F the unique solution of (1) sting (13). Then Ife cones the pote (0) = VFL aO) +09 mui o6). oo shoe © €£4(0,T:IR) satis (12), we obtain, letting HO =H) +80, as) he ein robles (as)6 1. The Diet Method of he Cale f Varstion Now iF satisfies tho pvodicity conditions of Theorem 1.8, the same i love for £8» (Oat}xt0¥ ome (f5) — F(Ge+ (0) and ener, There 1S apled to (18) imps the Torn. Corollary 1.2. Under the contigs of Theorem 1.8 for F, the prion (04) as foreach © L°(OT;R*) vein (12) leas on set which mintises on Hh he fanctionl pa tofed by non [ore Rew eenaone Proof. Theorem 16 appli to (1) impli the existence of «solution v of (16) which nimi the anton deed by v0) [ds9r24 FEM) + BE ‘hrf did by (1 se (1) nd niin om — Eon ating yrs neg seo8) = [oor remona [iter sce, ctoy + Pe tonne a velu) + HEI. eae wines yea ‘As apa timer the prt oon we rode sath ated penn oan Wo Asin) =) (A204) wo toa) Me a [Notice that if (17) has a solution then, integrating the equation over [0,7] edge toed cnn, ee -asarm [ayaa (ne cannot, therfore, hope to ae (IT) for every « € L0.7) and omplte expt desripion of the range of (PTA) + Asin) at fancies unknown, A (1) i ofthe form (10) Ing on pe ‘Aeoes, the conditions of Corley 12 ae sald i wn Fle) 14. Non Autonomous Setoed Order Systems with Convex Potential 17 Af et) = 0 in which case (17) Bag, therfore, solution which sini iliac the coresponding 00H ‘Another apptetion i the fore, hoe aston + Asina(y 1m with a biota prod eternal att) snd en be writen = DulAconn+ cine 0 that There 1.6 dvcly appa for ech €€ L407). 1.7 Periodic Solutions of Non-Autonomous Second Order Systems with Convex Potential ‘When Pisconvexin ite oul to siminte the boundednet condition ‘en UF in Theorem 1 and to dedace a necessary and sft condition ‘existence when F i atitly convex int or when W © We shal ned the Tobwing clementry and itive result on convex ‘nneton Proporition 14. Let G€ C7(R¥,R) be comer fenct Then, forall VER" we have G(2)2 GW) +(PG(9),.2-9) cs) Proof. By the convesty of G we have, foreach sy € RY and each eto (1 y-+A2) <0 A9G0) +612) iy ae 1a) ; $G(2)~G1y). Letting 40 we cbiain (18), hence A function G =} 0,4] i trie cones it (1-249) < (A= A}642) +36) whenever Gl) <-400, Gly) < 490, 2 £4, and deD,IL Proporition 1.5. Let G © C7(RY, I) bea stil conses faction, The along propetic re este: 0) Dhere exist FE R™ sack thet VOC 2) Ole) = 400 whe1s 1. The Diet Method of he Cale of Variations Proof 1. IGG Gon RN. Since Cs steely cones, 1 ign, 4= pinfctr+2)— cee >0 i fons rom (18) with y = ¥ tht inimies “Th convesity of then imp that, when > 1 6 5 a(t) -cmsdorsn+(t (of +2) - 6, Hence, o(e+2)2 6b|+.60) fore} 1 and (0) fon eal. "2 IEG sale (0), thn C bat minim a some pit for whieh (hoo ‘Theorem 1.7 Astome tat F : [OT] x RY — R sates aarumpti (A) thal FQ) se conues for a 60,7] and at [ore 2)dt = 400 if fale. (a9) ‘Then poem (6) has a atone aletion which minimise ym Hh Proof. By ssumpton the el function on BR defined by i VP (20) ‘Lat (uy) bea minimising sequence fo 1 follms fom (1) and (2) that aw) > om f' wars [renee f‘orenmo na orm [moras [renee [orenaunre where uy = a+ with Me = (1/7) 7 wet) dt, We obtain, using Sobolew's ey 2 0m free [rene 1.4 Non Autonomous Second Order System with Convex Potetinl 19 ~ (frei) . 2 0m [ wora-a-a( fara) Scttha iB [utara ses By Soble's noua, thi ipl that Welle sce en for some conan e > 0, Now we have, by cone, F642) = FO (1/D\ate) — S09) GAME (8) + CFE —a0) for 0.16 [7] and all LEN, hence soo 0r0 cot woeasa ramima [rane ona [rman frm > a ty (0) (6) onde ih ne seme s Weir ow he wh) ely se Teer 18 un tt Fees ein (8) on tat Fe) rie ies for 160.1, Ten he flan mdi ae te 2 Protem (6) i sola There ete RY such thet [ ora 4 LE Flt2)t— 400 when al =» 1.The Direct Method of th Calas of Variations Proof, 1A ta lation of (5) then, intgraling the diferent equation ‘ver (0,7) aed sing the bounds conditions, we got f VP(,ao) dt =. Co at w= 6+ where = (1/0) [ad dn te tly omer finns @ an Goo RP by ate f ran a [resume Sines by (22), VIG) = 0, Propstion 1. implies that Gta) st a) By the convexity of F(,), we have oso f neanasarn [rosso A2)6(26)+ 6. eo Te thn flows rom (28) and (24) that Gz) ~ 420 0 [e+ 20. Hence, there existe #€ suck that VCCE] = 0,1 foreman st “2. By Proportion 1.5 applied othe fncion dain abe, (9) impie o 5. By Theorem 17, () implies (a). We now eum tothe eae of conven F() bat with N = 1. Setting f(s) = Daf lta), we se that f() ie sonderesng fo lest ov {Fe 0.1. Tis mpi sper necsrry contin for Ue existence of foton f| cr ¥(0)-0) mm 1.4. 1 (25) he 0) (0) = a) =. 3) aio, there existe FR such hat [ve (5) 1.7. Non Autonomous Second Orde Systems with Convex Potestisl 2 I other word, thera fonction a [2 F(a) has oct point 3 Proof If (25) bata solution, the, integrating both memters of the uation oe [0,7] sed wing the boundary enditions py that [rove ‘ent m ol) $M rt. bbe onto Ho. : ore 7 [lromases ff reana steak Ghent enue 2 We shall now prow the more atrking fact tbat condition (25) italia scent tothe scraility (8), ‘Theorem 1.9. If f(t) aondeerasing fora € [0T) then problem (25) hs tls oe ation if end only if her eas ome ER a. ‘sping (20), be, if and only ifthe veal onction = (F(a) har « ‘Proof. The necesy is proved a Lame 11. For the ufciney, let ws one finesse “Then, by (28) andthe nondecremsng character of ft), Hea)=s(e.a) et vb soln of the peti near sheerer (simp that for ne. [0.7] and ata a = se) 9) v7) = 0) — 57 (hes xis otf (26) an et BR acl ne 0 M4+e2a, belo He tt) =o) +, then wf) ~ (7) = 0) — (7 He) =H = 6a) = M01 += e000) so at wi slation to (25, Sil if Kuaydt=02 1. Te Diet Method ofthe Caleta of Variations Imhenever # € 1 emning, therefore, to comider the ease where there tea << ay such tat a= tomacee reavese [rena = [ [roan fra = [or an) dt + el na + 60a — a) 4] a ) and ff F(ya)dt = 420 ite — 420, Smialy fa + mao the existence ‘ot tlton flrs fom Theorem LT. Remark 1.2. Whos fi independent of = Theorem 19 reduces 10 the ‘eal Fredholm necary and sft condition heme ae of apo fhe form Ho = 10) MO) Wo) = WT) = 0) - 4) =0 vithy «RR comios and nonderesing nd 14,1), These 1 inp execs and only (0/7) J) elongate range ae Th partir, the range ofthe monies operator ~ 9) ting on Pot facos il beopa (sp. dd) Mth age ot ope (cay ld in Historical and Bibliographical Notes “The irc mato ofthe aise f variations has tain in he Diihlet ‘racine, which consi in connecting the existence of solution of the Dirt problem auey=0, 260 seks: Eon were 0 RU open todd t= Fs DE the Lap, DSi S Ries gins nso te emt of» hin te Dik hang en Diw= [ ivueyras, es) istorial and Bibliographical Notes 2 ve cla fale requ rel functions on which are sq to hon ‘0. If, with Gause (1855), Lord Kelvin (18%), Die (1880), Rican (851, 1857) and others, we consider the extence of this mia ‘bv, the existence oft soliton fr (1) floes a (27) the Bar Tagrage equation sscisted to th etemame of Dn 870, Ween ‘oiled out the importat distinction betwen the notions of oi ‘{ minimum by producing a ountereample making doubifal he validity ‘ofthe Dich principle was only tthe ten ofthe twentieth centary {hat the paral rests of Auta [Ary and the deitve work of Hilbert (ii eabltated the Diet pnp by giving conditon pon and ‘which inst tev. This emma wrk wae ied llwed by numberof sipnifeant coutibutone by Lev, Fubin, Lebeag, Zarb, (Courant Lichlestsi, and Tooell establishing the dee method of the ‘aleuls of variations, the extennon of the Ditihlet principle to more feral factions of te type r= [seater Pee, eo sa powerfil tool for proving the extence of lutions to ier ad non Tear boendary vale problem, ‘Altbouh the concept loner and upper seiontinty had be intro= ced by Baie ain 1897, wa League [Lb] who Sst emphasiaed {hat lover ser-cotaty was the yp of contin naturally stated by functionals of type (20), td Tone fom) exteniey end estematiclly Aevlopd the concept: One cam cont Cenn bok (Ces fora meen ‘teatment and sabeeoent contribs. i war son teal fer Veer’ cretion of he toory of fanetion| ale and its developmen into functional analy that thin dpe wok Slow an elegant sad general formson of the det method fence fas of vafatens. Thar 11 ilttestes thin ft trikngly ade the reult of stcasive tenements by a numberof mathematicians among hich Golomb (Gol, Mazur and Schauer [5 Morte [oy Rothe [Ros] and Vainbrg (Vay. More complete refrence an be ound in the survey papers and books af me fae thr aor, “Cones eyo conept and conver fnction ae preset rom he very beginning of the alee The sptematie ty of cnver feos ean be teed by Jensen en] and dead treatnente of nae ue tas on Bean be found inthe books of Fence! fem) and Reckflay [Rce,} Convex ste wererportant in entional aly to, and Masur ‘theorem was proved by Masur [ay] in 1933. The link between conve lity andthe ret nto of the cles of rations already prset i ‘Tones work, war very loy analyand by Masur and Schade MS, sn 036 The arguent of Theotem 1 for obtaining the Ruler equation can be raced in special tuations, to Bue [ala aly a 171Ey 1.he Diet Method ofthe Cael of Variations ‘The fundamental omen ss vain, for we derivatives and period boundary condition, ofthe ds Bois Reymond version ofthe fundamental ‘emma ofthe eae of vacations erly sat and proved for ore ‘pul w and «and berpolnt bounday conditions, The powering igo ‘ue approach ofthis i that of Bois Reymond [DaB 0 1879, stich ean be conierel ma vry cay sont toh theory fi tution, containing in parts the fist ne of what me now al the Net factions” “The iegualitinin Proposition 1 are gnerly refered os Sole in cules and Witingra ineqele in Propsiton 13 corpands, or Ferodi functions to Ponears ineguality for Dict boundary cod {ine Ret inthe ine of There 14 are de to Morey [Mey “Although Pinar [Pointed the eof Jacobi last ation ri ciple to the study of pee mltions ofa meconical stom Wit to Segre of enor, and wo flowed by Whiter, Sigornh, Toseland Beha, the fst etient of «peioie houndaey vale problem for 8 tonautononessecondorde oqation sme tobe due to Lenten [tied in 1015, where a prolem of type (28) eoesidred under the = rmplion thal Fs bounded from below and f 2 > Ofor w> Mand Jere 0 lr Sf he ents the example Whe GL alee + tonal Condition (6) i Tore 1.5 (eeriity on the hers) was fst in troduced by Abd-Laes-Pol(ALPr] for Diet olen and in che {ane of «minimax method, Theorem 1.68 de to Wier [Wh] and the tonto of proc ndependently ted by Dance [Dan] in the ese ofthe forced pendalum equation, had nelly been fubd altady by Manel {Bam in 1022 "Thorens 17,18, and 10 ae motivated by rule of| Main-Wilem [MaW;] deserted in Chapter I They genta and Improve eater rite of Berger Scheer [BS] and Gone (Ge) ob- ‘ined by oer methods, For an abarct vei of Theorems 17,18, a0 19) ae Mahi Ma) irr historia efrnces onthe Dirchet principle are given in [Maa ‘wel in [Ber] [Bo], [Com Pam] (which ora Has eatent tthe freed pendula eqution), as), fe, IS, Sam], Noa Nori or cent contibatons to copvesty and smscontnlty questions ie healt f variations me (Cn) (Clans and ne [Bre] [ERT] Sel) for elgan entnente ofthe foundation of convex asaya ‘One can find sadly ofthe fered peviotie pendulum equation with further rations on in [Can] and an extension of Theorem 1.6 toa ‘ore eral situation which ower the feed double pends in [CFS ‘Other appistion of the divest mb tothe exintone of od periodic solution am be found in [Ber] ab [Wig] Foe» std of pete w= Bees 5 Set fname ona mii [ee (CM Exercises 1, Ite X 20,0] onver and bounded sbove by area constant ‘on sghborhood of € X, then pix contnaoe ata, Comuently 1X i complete, such «pir continu on nt Dp) whete Dlg) = (eX pla) <2) fective dorm oF 9) 2. Afton @ X —]~ 20,0} calla rely conven i ell ~ Ayu Ae < (t= 94(0) +4600) whenever uv and 3 0,1. Such fenton achieve infimum BAe = X —}~ aos) is conv and ite, them gla) —+ $20, a8 lol eo, fond ony thee exit a >O and D2 Oreck that ole) 2 asl 8 forall we. 4. Thefinction v= X ~) coo] it Ln and oly it = (we 2) lod, see alia 5, Ihe faction + X ~]~ 20,0] x conven then foreach €€ Ry the sec = {we X : lu) Se) conve. Show by an example thal fan be convex foreach c€ without being conven 6 hy = X ~] 200 convex (rep, La.) thet of pointe which 1 Scions infin in convex (ap ld) T Ag = X—}—oo,ce i coms, ech lea mining i global sion of 1 Goer egies wie Then 1416) [rates and thee i some © & RO sch that DyLtu(0.5(0)) -[ el, utr) idr)) dr + ¢ eon 0.01Py 1. The Diet Method of the Cleo of Variations 8, Aste that F aisfiosastmption (A) of Seton 1.6 and that Fl) 400 6 e| oo unifomly for (7). Show thatthe ystem a9 = VEE), (0) He) = 0) — 517) = 0, ur at les ne slain which minis pon. ((BeS), (Be) Show that hese ae fo a = TPH) +0, H0)= w= 40) =H) hee © € 21 0,TIRY) and fF °, 10 teh 9: be canton, Pepe, and wh at BF feyav oon ale pelon if) + aft +) = 0, 0) on) =0= 40) 2, ns atleast one slain ((Bat) (and ence continuum of ation seu(e-+e) Fe ea olutin foreach e€ Re when 3 olton). 11, Show that the equation af the compas in ating magpie eld WO + Adina) + Beit) a va Geman Pen 14 te ewe wo= ft [om $F evcopinei —reatoy— ew} whete ay and V ace in C}(R™,R),T-perode in fer sme T; > 0 ‘$1 ), and sch that se? ¢ 5° aut for ome > Dad all € © RY, and € 140,78") with ff et)at = 0. (CFS). This apptios in particular Yo the forced babe pendalem syste erie 5 13. Show tat inthe conditions of Theorem 19, the et of slations of (25) has the fxm 1+ whee Hae peri ontion wits tran valor aetond Ti and interval poly emp) Relat the rata of othe form ofthe fnetion#— ff Ua) (Moe) Hin. Use exrie 1.62 The Fenchel Transform and Duality Introduction “The Legendre traaform F* ofa function PE C1(RY, Re) ideo by the inp formula FW =9- FO) F(a) when UF saver I has the remarkable property tha Spree = ae) = Hodes adn - P04) = Som, se that in ach tha wry ts gsmetial mening is the follwing the tangent hyperplane to the (raph of Fwth nora =I] gen y (lode: «= (0,0) FO). “Thay, the graph of can be decribed ina dal way, iter at et of pints rat an eneloe of tangent hyperplanes. "The Fenhe enformeatends be Legendre tran to wot pocesaly smooth convex faction: by using ae minrants instead of tangent by- feplanes To motte the agai! dfsition of the Pec taforn of FFwrecan notice that, when Pisconvex, the faction Fy + (t= F(a) inconeveand the ition ofthe Lagos tanto jt expres that ‘iemertial point of Fe, and hence the plobl masa of Fabled St Conga F(0)= sp oe) ~ Food Introduction FA andthe righthand member ofthis equality, which defined as an lerent ff] —c,0] without tbe sootbnem and ively conten eqied ty the Legendre traafrm i, by defo, the Fecha trenfrm ofthe convex function F. The reprocity property between UF abd VP which lees its meaning fr bonstmocth ronvex Fora otemeoth Fy te recovered in term ofthe subline ofa cones fulton @, 2 fuoae of assocatad to G atu and which eee to (Cle) When Ediereatinbe aw ‘he fol ofthe Legendre transform inci Hailtonian mechanics is wall nwo Ifthe Lagrangian = L(t) i gem, the creeped igi 1 it) 2 hig he agree 9.2) = (na) = 14.8 ‘whee is expressed in terme of (4,9) hough he ration an) ess hi aie Hemitonon dy, sintering onto, in he sty t Moto yen et ually bard eee are trad of nce ote w= phe Hash Svat canbe wii top rm ~si40 (44 ot) etic matin. Sting eH) where ince Where cies constant we oeain bevHte, ‘or equvalenty va) it he Lend transform H(t.) of (.) eit. Theor, our Has tonian cations exprmed in term of bccn Je VHSwo 2. The Fenchel haf and Daley he integrated Euler-Lagrange eqstions oreponding othe etn pints ofthe fnction x define onueitabe space of T-perodie factions by wey fury, aor resets “Thin dal ation ca thre, be wd as eae Hamann ston ¥) Lroryoie, ul) + (tue) at to prom the extn of pero ton of our Hanitoian stem SIRE bet pints of are in many stun, mov my fo ad than thon off Thr sation a he be few fe Clare ‘ait othe Huy of Haron se 2.1 Definition of the Fenchel Transform Let frets mbsf in convex als Separation Thoorem. [ct and D be nonempty dixie contr ube ‘ered sector space VI] Cte clsed and Die compat hee {clvedefine hyperplane P abich sly spares Cand D, ey nuts eV" and ae Reh thet Moe PEC and le) <0 wed. ‘Lato rc hat the epgraph of «faction F : V —]— 20,0 with V a normed vetor pce is the st a= ((uleVeR: FO) <0) "The easy poo f the lowing emma i ft the reader emma 2.1. The fncion F = V =] ~ 0,0) senses (rp. Le) ond only fei ss conser (rep coed). ‘We shal now show that convex Les fantion PV —]~ 00,0] ean ‘emily ehrstrzod by the fie functions that F dominate, emma 2:2 Let Fs VJ ac.tou]. The felony statements are 1) F tconer and Ln 1) F tthe eapremem of ll the continuous fine fenctions which are ceryuhere aller than P 2.1. efit of the Fecha Troan 2 Proof. ) > )- IPB) bois, Fx conven, and Ls the supremum of convex continuo functions 1) =D). IF = co then) bated. Anon ow that Fie fie st re wo, that el F # To prove that a)» ) we mast show that foreach we V and f< Fw) we an find an afi continues fanetion © sich thal Gl) 2 t and G2 Fon Lette Fw), that (wt) gent Since by Lammas 2.1, eis closed and omnes, the separation heer imps the existence of ve V", CR, and de Rmich that (a) Het cdc oa) hee o whenever (48) ep. Since «> Fo) tpi 2 5) € oi and thon a= H(09) Fu) tha, neem Aaa fn a 0 dee @ by tw Hawa) +4 hen G is afin, Gu) = t and, by (1), Glu) < 4ife > Fle) a that GF fon V. Assume now tate =0. ef fom (1) that. Huy Othe ‘ine eoatiauer funtion is by Gala) = 60) + of, {efllows rom (2) that Font, for uty large Gy) > Se shall denote by T(R) the st ofall convex Lae fantions F BES Jo sc.tn th elt domain UF) = (8 € RF Fs) < *4o0) i nontpy ‘The Fence trenform F* ofa fonction P € PR") isthe faction Penh] co ocd dnd by FG) = ap (uw) Fm (0) gp (C00) FU. ema 1 Te cine fnton (6) i vy ee than Fifan only 22 (oa) = Fle)2 2. The Fanchel raf and Duality forall wR band only or Fw) 2.1 foloes from the definition that F* ip convex and ower gem ‘ontinyous-On the ots hand by Le 22, there ext 0,9) € RAT. sch that F2(Jna “Ths, by deiiton, Fo and D(E*) #4, which shows that P* TAR") 9 Animate cnarquee> of he defistion he Fecha neualty PEt PZ 00) forall wen” and een” “C Anederinumaige consequence ofthe definition fe Ut CF, & aR), Fee Tel"), and F< F, en mee ° ‘Theorem 2s If F ETARS), then (FY = F Proof By Lemme 22 and Remask 2.1, we have, foreach wR", ro sp, (0) 0) a = sp (oa) -PO)=EVO). © Wodine the abaierentat of fanction Fe FoR) at apoint we R™ tobe the at OF(a) = (ERY + Fw) > Flo) + (0,0) fr ll WER), ‘We hall ay that Fie abderentile af wif F(a) #4 Remarks 1, Fis aubdiferentabe a vf and only fw € D(F) and there ‘stall contin faneton everybre lw than and eu to F() 2: F(u) =i Fifand oly i0€ OF). 8.1 € Fu) (= 1,2), then 241 Difiuiton of the Renee Teaaform, 2 so that 02 (@-mm—w) le (oyna) 20, which we exe by apingthat 20) a monslone multivalued maping “¢ Tis ny to check that BF) owl and conve, We now sate and prose a fondamnea property ofthe Fence tase forme which the bai of the dnt ret opinion ‘Theorem 22. If FE TYR"), the following satemens are esnalent a we 0(0) 8 FW) + Pe) = (00) wear). Proof By defstion EDF) & (00) ~ Fw) 2 (0H) — Flu) forall we R™ © (0) FO) sp (om) = Foo) © (om) FW) =F) so that (2) © (8). By Thorn 21 andthe ist eqivalence FU) +P) =(6.9) OU) + PO) = (00) & POSEY) =(u0) @uE dF) so that (b) # (ey ad the prot iscomplete, Proposition 2.1. If Fe TARY), the graph ((us] € RY x RY = we F(a) of BF We sed Poof at (yt) be a geqence in JP much that wy wand my =v at be, Foreery we we hve F(u)2 Flay) +(enw— me), REN and bonce, by lome emotion Au) > min (0,00) 2 Fla) +(50~ "Thus, €BP(u) andthe prot x cmmplate. Bxample Let GRY Rb died by Gu) = oF tal +u 2. The Fenchl easton td Duality where a> 0,¢>1,7€R. Then oO sup, Proporition 2:2. Let F € Ty( RM) be och thet, 20720, on srs ite ° whenever we RN. The, if © € F(v), one hos eap tior Sloue)44y o oo Io tro 849)40% o Proof By Theorem 22, © € BF(u) 6 F(e) = (tt) ~ Fu) and ence, by @). and oP —7 SFO) Steud 1, (i obvi, If eo amare that Wee softy 48-91 nd the proofs compete. 2.2 Differentiable Convex Functions ‘Wieeball study the oul of he Fenchel tenor of convex fonction Proposition 2.3. If F : RY Ris conser and aiferentale ot, the F(a) = (PFW) Proof By the cnvesity of F and Proposition 12, TF(w) € OF). Nom, ue oF), then Fw) ~ ) 2 Fle) —(e) forall eR% Le, F.)=(6.) has minimum atu As Fi diferentibl, 1h pts that FW) -v=0 andthe poofis complete, 2.3. Maninian Dusty s eal hte fnton FRY [oot iy once i ‘Proportion 2-4 1f Fe PB) i riety cones ond such tht Fon fol e0, hea Fr CHR RY, ® Proof. Without ler of generality, we can sume that © DCF) By asumpson fe © € RO fed, he function Gy defined by Gx) = (0) ~ FCW) stity concave and Gy) = 20a fl +00 by (8). Ths, Gy hae exactly ane maximum pot. By Theo 2.2, ar ()= (0) 2. Lat we show that 2F* = RY RM, yw where wi uch that F*(e) = {u) i contonou. By Propsion 2.1, the graph of BF os lot, hence to prove hat JF” taker bounded at ints bounded ‘ete Le oS por mame p and {u) = Fo) then v€ OFC) bene, FOO) Fle) — (0.0) o so that, by the Cauchy Schwa ineguality 21M 2 (Fl) FO) a aaton (8) an () imply that [Bound 3: Fal if (a) = Fo) and (uy) = OF*(0 +8) for some v © RY, ERM \ (0), ten, by definition ofthe aubdereta, me base E+ N)~F°0)~ thaw) ¢ (haa) Tar ews By the continuity of OF*, wy — wif AsO and Fi dilretable at © with (VP*(E) =u) = BFC). Hence FE CKRY,R). O 0s 2.3 Hamiltonian Duality ak abe RY a = up) Ming te mh cin sch tha, foreach (2) € 0.7], 22, bliss the emption of Proposition 24 The Fencel (e Legendre) trator (Ga, )o (t=, ) indeed ty M22) = mp) ~ Ht3% 2. The Fone! Transform and Ducliy 2) = (= Miz) 0) se Dyiltz.y), ¥= Dalllz 2) ‘The Lagrangian action defied on suitable space of 7-peradiefneions & "The corresponding Euler equation we eee, ea Femi 19 nt ring Hed) p(T Se eee eer ne wards [ta.x0)~ meat, na ‘The cobvesponding Euler uation re the Harton equations A = DAMA.) 0 HO = De (910.040) 03) By day (12) i equivalent to BD = Dy L040) “9 ‘We obtain, leat formally, om (10) Dpll = ~D4L~(Dey)Dyb) + (Deas) = Del 0 that (13) egret to HO, Datta, it 08) ‘The Euler equation flloys dtl rom (14) and (15) Let Je he sym lect mati ap that J = =J and (Ju, 0) = (0,70) forall ye € a fg th tem (1-08) beemee iy =seHKE.m) 09) 20) 4 919) =, where WH denotes the gradiont of H with raest toa. We have, by peidiciy [eo norand ff [ao.n0r+ Lanne (0 40] 24, Clase Daag " 1 fun aeyseaorna=-t [ownsina ‘Coneeuet, the Haniltoian ston can be weiten voy [ [fos aon snes] a 4 fos ana 1s “trong indefinite” (ae Seton 3.1) and “dois” ff wos Consequently the fanetin wil titer hoabded fom above nr tem alow and erica polte wl be ater dificult to ean ne gab iin 24° Clarke Duality et Hs 0.7} — R, (4) — H(u) bem smooth Hamionian such hat foreach (0,77, H(t, saties the seumptions of Propoation 2 ‘The enchel (ot Legendia) teanfom H(, a He) dened by ma pe) ~ HUG) mes) vHitea), eeadu or 9) Lt ft we ey=men)a $0.00 mt] weaved ta* 2. The Fence Tear and Dusty ora (17) uggs replacing) =) by J (@).The dal ation eth dened on s ulale space of period anctions by £ [owns ara a na ear come toate eens werdaa0) arafeenr fled] HTX RR, (x) HG) xt) ‘Theorem 23. tet fe measarale i foreach a €R™ and sncly conser end continuously Siferetele in for eine every ( [0,1] Asn the there ests Ge otf. a> 0,5>0,3,9.€ Z40T:RY), with t+ b= 1, mack ha for all € RO" and ne 60.1), one her lot) ~ 80) < HUG 9) < alo) +200: co ‘Then the dna ation x i «continuously difeenile on WE? ond, ‘EW so eid pit of, the function defined bp wo) = VATED satire (16) and w() = (7) Proof fllows dielly fom Proposition 2. that H(t) comtinousy Ailzetabe in w fr we € [0.7]. By sumption (18) and tation (2, ve obtain forall w ERE and ne. € 7), OP /0) —10 SHO) SHMP A) +900. 28) Proposition 2:2 impli that IVA s KalOXll + 90 + 100) + 1 S avr +elaty +949 40, eo) for some positive constants and ey. Lat ote that (347-42) € Lt ssnce (3-441) € 2 By (19) and (20), the fonction L deel by Meza) = (AK I02)+ UG) 24. Clarke Duality » sats th auton Trem 4. Conegenti the lston Continuously diferetiabi on W3°, and nee, om HA Finally if € 14? isa cial pint of x, Thee 1 pli that, for AINE} ope hae [ [fore.a0r cox ase omo]a en 1s then ex to verify the preceding mation for ll € U7, and hence forall be CP. By G2), the fundamental lem is splice, otha ras -cinnire fornia se eon [0.71 46 Je Hs) 48 60m (.7}, Setting we (0) = Je) —2, we obisin we Hi, and, by diy (0 = VHC at), Ths, 8) = Je( = JOH) ‘55-0 [0,7] Moreover, (0) = wT) since we WHY. 0 Historical and Bibliographical Notes i ace hams par eid stat ool em Lahey nae ah cae ease eastern ees iene carey tarts mraaeg Conran er” 2. The Fnchel Transform and Duality fia exact formulation of the lot action principle That the Haio- nian with periodic Boundary condone defile was alendy noticed by Biko [Ble] who developed the fst minimax approach to bande "The Clan diy wa intodaced in 1S by Clare [Ce] nd deel oped hy Clarke Bkeland (Cn, CIE, Fhe 4) to oretcome the above ‘tetioed diely by replacing te Hansloean action by m dal ation tric ean be Bounded fom flow. heat expesition of daly in the Calcul of vrais ne Courter (Coll. ‘See abo [Yous [ERT], [ELT], (Fea), (WT for various aspects of the tle of convey and doality im the caer of variations, Duality tnethode forint aod cond order evolution entons ave developed i (fads [BeE, and [Bed3}.Now-ontex optimization problems ar ons Sted ing dy, i To), [ke [Ma Om the eatons Botwoen ‘ptimiaton and period sits 2x ako [Cle Exercises 1 Let Fe TARY), wo ER, AER IE te) = Fw) + Fea Fr) + (Ho) Fee). Gla) = Flo) (o.u), then OG 2. Afunetion F-€ TAR) has a global minim at w i and ony if EOF "(0) in which cae ypr=-F0. 4. Let (oy be a saguence in RY, v € RY, (F) be nsequence in FAR) ana Fert). ant im Fs) 2 Fw) reach WER”, then P(e) < lim Fa(m). AIP F SRY RY i convex and difeeatnb, then P(e) = sop.) + (8 FE = 5. lt Fe olR") be auch that Fu) > al = Pfr all w RY end some a> 0,9 20. Then P(e) £8 whenever 8 Compute #* iF (6) —forsome £ERM and @ ER. T dat Fs RY — |< 0,0] be comer and CC RM convex set Assure that P i fie abd continuous at we EC ov feat wy € inC. Then umininden Fon C ifn ony threes € OF) (oye W)20 forall wee, IEF ETB) x contimous a wy € D(F) then BF) be compact3 Minimization of the Dual Action Introduction A base problem in mechanss (camical and exe ie the study ofthe Period solutions of Haraltonian stems Fae) + 9 a) Althogh the vciatiosl seustre ofthe problem mugets thatthe bes feuleshould br aaind thr a saraional apron, proges inthis “incon ba Ben ater slow, hi a tothe fact tha the earned ‘Hamonian ation @ given by vt [vransie,s)+ ene ‘indent. This is enily shown by sti 240 = (candle (in dae with Ay = 2bx/T, Be 2, 6 © REN, fl = 1 that a) (ethan) = Aa forall and EZ. Cotequnts, un) = + [Mit pdt —t2000 =o scoring to =o ot 00. Therefore the dred mathod of the clubs (tntne cannot be ape n straightforeard way and mor opis {nied approche ik ininax methods, noperntsenatarl constrains ual est action principles have to be wed nti ape, weal eorcntrate on stations whee the Haitonan H(t) cones i win which eae the Saal lnt sein pipe er {anpevie he bet cea inthe spl way We ssl ae he aos {ape ot extence revue (hich dal ith ubarmonic sltions, porte ‘Shotoe of auton sates with fed pied ot with feed energy” ‘S thown in Sections 23 to 25) on mingle bai xstence theorem given I Section 42. This thoorem only rogers » stable qundrtiepowih 31, Bgonalucs and Eigentunctions of Jat) “ tection oF H(t.) and a coercivity condition on R2™ for the averaged Hamitonisn : [mane ‘The pei eae of econ order pte, which partiulay important forthe sppizations, deserves a spec study made ia Section 3.6 4038, srhre in particular, online extensions of ier pele the p= a= mK Ceo) MO) ~ uf) =H) ~ (7) oe gen, which complete the sty stated in Chapter I fr A > 0, Foe ‘ample, some ncsory and afin conditioner the solvability 0 the ‘Salar problem | (9) = 610) — AC) (0) a7) = 50) 7) =0, with contimous and somincresing, are given and connetad to the 'spdowran- ase conditions 3.1 Eigenvalues and Bigenfunetions of J(d/dt) with Periodic Boundary Conditions Before going to nonlinear problems i of iteret to dines the simple linear prot prot ile) = 0, wr) o ‘whore XE R. The diferetial equation in (1) seule i) = Asa) dite stone ae of he form « oA) ith abitery £1 Now, ae J eos) = Setanta San ya + e-nAN IPI 1) eee“ 8. Minimization ofthe Dual Action hence H(t) = (cone in ate “Thisslation wiles the periodicity condition and only fetes Grecelcn [Gein + (iar ° “aking the nner produ with and with Je, we obtain sine (6,2) = 0, (= coma = (ina #0 ‘Ths (2) haa sont lution if and only if =Aethe/T, bee, Now FA = Ay, equation (2) become oe co that © € RO is arbitrary, We hae, Ure, proved the following Proposition 8.1. The pride cgensse protem (1) ha 4 aowtrival, Selvin fed ony bo T Jor some K€ 2, i which eve (2) posseanes the 2N-dimensional vector space of sltons ‘(= (oedate~ (inde) Je ° sehere CR i arity, ‘As the set of eigenmlucs (My # € 2) it wobounded fom below and from abo, the qudrati form eH floswne wil te ideiite on the space = (0: [0.7 + REM = wie aactatly continuous, (0) = aT) snd 20,7). Inde wth () defied in (8), 3 ftooyar=%s [ropa Bre? = bei ‘The flowing etna i wef 29.4 tale ta Tan bone tn “ [oswmmas-E f wore Inequnlies ply tat 0) {aa de Caney Seeare and Wntinger Grosse = ffosnsina “(Crs)” (C ({fvr)”(( [lore 3.2 A Basic Existence Theorem for Periodic Solutions of Convex Hamiltonian Systems We consider the period Boundary vale problem J0)+ VHea(2) =O n0.00 (71 (0)= 07) a where: (07) R2™ — (x) H(t) in mason for french {EW and continuously diteentisle and convex infor alos etry te pn ‘Theorem 31, Assume thet the fallowing conditions ae ati Ay Thee existe 1 LMO,T=R™) anch tht Jor all w ETE aad ae 1 €(0,7] one bas Es) > 0,9 6 A, ere rit 28 /T{ and 7 € L*0,T3R) och tht, for every EBM and ae 16 [0 T] oe han ita) s Soh +0 © a Hi) t oe lamer —£3. Minimization ofthe Dual Acton ‘hen protien (4) has a el one salation wach tat p [wa] we [uo = sed Pra: af in fr pated pb Lat > 8 Hern) ocetucmit ® mewn n, (oS He) he 0 << thy HA) iy comers cnt Te is Pe a ta mt he ey See isee Lad mores ae sina sesatf srt, WE MOP cnenseeolten, © — sine f oraremeso]a 'scontinumlydiferetinbe on A = (ue af: (2 a at = 0} 1 € fl ies citi point of x, the fonetion defied by (0 = 9H76,410) entation of Ke) + eat) + Bal) = 0, 40) = (1), 09) sd the ration Jigeig by (8) and Propositions 3.2 and 22, 2) [lore ['v04 82. Basic Existnce Theorem for Petodic Solutions © = 4 waren oy sits > by (0, et (ea minting pene fr By (1) Utes & een, at Sse by Weg cg (i's Wesel fm HE. Now xeu(e) = LF He (yi) in weakly lower sei-continuous on i ty Thorn 1.2 wd xo) = HE OU) ae (er aly cnn) y Prope 12. Hane ey sean ‘by Theorem 1.1, has a minimum at some point v, € i}. ait om flows to (u) 8), and Pops PHC, $260 + e+ HEP /2) + (0) 1+ ithe egy to wri thatthe faction Few on, wo [mena in continsonly diferente, Now, by astmption (Az), Tha mininus| some pot Ue” foe bie [viemano so that the problem ao = 0H.) 2) ‘a ign sletion win ouch hat £1 ws de = 0. By (12), °C (0) (60,1) 15) that 17°C) € 180, R). From the obvious nus He) Hat ede (0) He) ao) af hoten s x00 ¢ [osmosis = rule) Theft, isan Ses wn om Ji Vices = Wl Se2 se ==: 8= ring yn ha Ria atatnd Au te te (1) = (22-8) < vrs fe-s0 s Hevmwedeiaey + tieoe Sane 2 OP +20. < Heroes Sco +2)6 |. Minimization of the Dl Acton ‘sing Proposition 32, we have [nes By asumgtion (As) [ sideucayas Sadism idle + Tledbs +105 Za 4 2840 =e Ise Finny, Iv i+ ll es + VF =. «) sistene of slain forthe orignal prob. Since ul 0 4c ig rt oye sy meaty) a ‘he Hand the prootis complete, ni-9s muons Sty fora 7 oa RO, hn ah on of (fer te [sora seen ww [wove 2 where minimal period is stsiclly grenter thas 7. Such solutions ate called sebhermonic raaions or sip eabharmonce. Tit ‘xine il fll ren Theorem 21 tnd Propntion 3.3 ‘Theorem 3.2. Asem tht sip? 0 ( on (6x) 400 en 8 Jul 00 niformiy et R. ‘Then, foreach EN (0), thee exits HT-prile soaton se of (as) sseh thet lelle 20 2) ‘nd auch tat the minimal perid Ty of wy tends o 400 when b— co, roo ate = mae) By nin (2) here ate R> Onc a) 21464 forall 46 Rand with ul > R By convexity we have, forall (4) € Boer it al Re Bs) s Bm (- ano (evade, dence there ie > Oand 5>O ach that (42) 2 8-2 (3) foe all (a) ERX R™. TEE €'N\ {0} fed, condition (20) imple that thee exits € 0.29/47 and 3 > Dave at Ha) < (oD +7 ey for all (4) € Rx RE. By 29), (24), and Thora 3.4 with T replaced ‘by AT tapers (8) wl ave 7 periodic ston wy eh thet EL" wo] recess [TaMaH9.) + Hr G,o1OpNAcy 44 Mininiation of th Dual Action “reins he pt dee won he tention 8 pe stints gn tt ay 9) (os) Hn) (om) A498 Mel shooume HIE when Wg 1p € R™ ie sch that f= then the eigefieton hy stoned to (he gunalue Any = Def of he Hpi problem fr (1) gen by nm)? long o Hp and iach ha a = & Tha om 22 (ala asaitis {" iho saan fess. in n> aot ha for some cy > O and ence Helle <2, Halle So Comer 2) 2-H 2 2, vw have eh, 2 eats Headba, heh is imposible by (25) fo m sult age Thus Hula 00 if be, 1K semaine only to prove that the minimal period of uy tends to 400 a1 1 “o.noythre ents 7 > 0 and a eaacguene (hy) such tht the nina period Ty of wa sass Th, <7 (we N°) By (20) tet exist (re Dyx/r{ and y> Dich at 0) <(a/2)0P +, 334, Pasa Solatons with Prescribed Minimal Period ss for alls) € RXR. Hence, by (23) and Proposition 3.8 with 7 replaced WT, meee [P tetora MBE « -aet— y [wien s Roane < Rene, en Let ue write ty = Tay la, whee 7 nog fone eee ey see) cat te must f ‘Ths (Ifa) 8 Bounded, contradiction with (22). 9 4 < Gin DS ar] 3.4 Periodic Solutions with Prescribed Minimal Period of Autonomous Convex Hamiltonian, Systems Tet: RE R be coven of date. We shall now coder the Fate) + VHC) (3) 1m this section, we shall deal with the problem of peso sttions with x prescribed minimal peiod. Inthe net one, me sll consider the cae of Pedi salations nth xd energy. ‘Theorem 3.3. Assume tht HQayfa? +0 (29) ot My) = 400 0) [ul — o. Then thee exist Ta > D such tht foreach T > To, the ‘stem (28) has a pede solution wp wth minimal period T-Mereove, ‘Big nr) = 420 HT 40. ary 8. Minimization ofthe Dual Action Poof: We can always aaune that (0) = 0. Theorem 3.1 impli, for ‘each T> 0, the existence oT: period aation wp o (28) suc tet oo lr ie | rnin the dal ation w= [owns neo) Hh, Let us etimate op = yy(er fom above. Like in the post of ‘Theorem 3:2, thee exist 96 > O such that beso ar ce. 1p €10™ isch ha p= 1, then the egufunetion hy asncntd with Ube eigenvalue uy = —2e/P of the pei probe fr (28) gives by wine Elo) (05) ‘belongs to Hf and ie ch tht f= 6. The frsen. eo) ersxnthn)s [" [Lvhntovtnt +3] a IT > Ty = 49/6, we have er <0. Suppose that up is (T/A) prod for some k3 0. Then 0) tg() belongs to Mp and wer-$L Or) n(Qae le 8) 2 [amo mnase [oa § [oinoanars [rrerona = mines! [omomna 6 ve have H7(e) 2 (6,0) (0) =0. ene, if 7 > Ts, ome ff Jonna ‘and (8) implies yo(0) < xr(o),«conenditon Thus, fr T'> Ty, the minimal period of wri. 1.4 Pind Solutions with Prescribed Minimal Prod ca As in the prt of Theorem 32 (82) impos ha ure ~ oo 1 — joo Let 3 Vand let, max(H(e) = € € RE fel <8) iy (30) there ie > Och tha, for alle RP, Flaps mozmes o ‘are be tle some + ach tha T> rere = wx(te)12 6 5) om, we hive for > rand eR, mele Her(tr) Keni) (9) rine the energy i conerved. The ition of mips that, for T> 1, and he prot x complete ‘omark 3. Thee eno sssamption in Theorem 3.3 about the behave (TF near or, tha ireation tary etapa omark 8.2. The flloving example shows that Theorem 83 canot be enced ie te cae ofa pemuatatic Hamitonin Let PECRLT) {euch tht P(e) >I fr alle € Wand let Ha) = Fe)/2 Th i convex when Fie convex. The solutions of the Hemltoni system Jil0 + FePe=0 ult) = cos F*(lel?)0e + sin Fle?) Je, forsny © R™. Tht mini psd of it a tha 2x ‘i shal nom show that in Theotem 3, the exitenee of &non-oneant| ‘Tpaiodic sation anno be expected for every P> 0 Proporition 34. Lat f : RY — RY te Lice cont Luck contat Ij ste men-consant T- pero a=), then Teale rook Since i= f(), me obtain, for 8 € Rand h #0 [item ~ HO = Lae +) ~ u(DH See +H) ~ H),6 2. Minimization ofthe Dusl Action hence Tens (0 for a6 ¢€ Then, by Wing's inequaliy, [vores ® [moras [wor tn het ir a ett, Now Lipschitecontinsty of TH is compatible with the assumptions of ‘Theorem 53, and Propsiton 3-4 shows thatthe eonelusion of Theorem 13 opin 3.5 Periodic Solutions with Prescsibed Energy of Autonomous Hamiltonian Systems 1 ati salution ovr 7] ofan autonomous Harionin sytem Judd) + PH) =0 on hen scala lpia of both memes by) see (PHC). = 0, te te ener Hat) = conta, 3) 18s therefoe natural lok fo olution and in patel fo prod ‘elutions, with prescribed energy The difealty i this ease thet the ped, abd hone the underjing function space osolutions, ot apie Know’ We shal br, however, how to reduc, under some sumptions ‘pom if the Seed energy eet the fi pero eae We fst prove Wat, under sre oadtnns on Uf, the obi of (3) 00 on ney hypersurface 5, Le. the sete fut] € RE ste (0,7) with w ‘eeying (37) and (8) oe independent a H and depend only 0 S. emma 3.1. Le He C*(RP"\R) and eR (i= 1,2) be ech tht 8 =H; "(e) = HC. ” Vie) #0, wes, F212, oo ‘en the obits ofthe stems 40) + Ve) on 8 are te seme 1.8 PevadeSolutone with Prcrited Energy sr Proof. et uy: [0,7] 8 be aettion of 0) + TH) Since VHi(u()) and WHs(u()) ae normal oS and contouus, there Batanaion 10.7) uch at wHas(O)= NOTIN), 17) By (39), (0) # and the reation NU) = (WH us), PH Col HLLOALOVE some that Ais continsos and iene citer pote or apse, Define {he ely monotone foeton by v= [5 stay = 90,7] + ™ be vn by Ha =m, OE Then Fist) = is FVII oF NY = AVA oS NNH AAI VO PH ad") = PHO), C€ 810.7) Consoqueaty, isa soution of Jit VHyu) #0, 0 “We aallxow we the shove lene at cre converitypropertig of 1 o replce i by anotber Hartonian lading tothe ane it and tnping the condos of Thorem 3.3. To this ed leu real tat if (Chan cued conve tin RO and O Int, the gage jaf Ci ined retour) io) = lal{a> 0: w/e). eal, j ape R™ onto Ry, (0) went ren, dj epontveHomegencow. IE defaro-fech, we{nra-Zec}, fs(e° cheforastttech fron feo}+{aroetcy 2. Minimization ofthe Dust Action vo ttat sl +50) 2 tuto. Then, f0- O safc sal 9 that (0) < thy < 1 Cones if (0) <1, {heres som (0) <0'< Lue tat © eC ae De aC, eI o> 8 sich that» € C whenever [420 Gs, forall such» me have 1 ate) ate) yu on) (laut ilo) ee-oa ok s-awec Bf = a) © C and Het C. Finally j(w) = 1, there i | Sequence (hy) mith >I tending to {such thal EC: C being cool, olin fC. We hve therefore proved at w€ Cf and ony Ho) ST and ent Ci and nly fj) < Ie As C i coed this imp that CBC of and only ils) = 1. Than) characteris C. Temmn 3.2 Let # € CHR", R) and c€ Re such that VA) #0 for erry we 5 =H Ba S isthe Boundary ofa conver compact Tater pea. et} he the googe of Can let @ PQ) (4) is ponticly homogenous of depe 3/2 (Gi) Thee is > O and 7 > 0 snc hat lu < FAs) <6 «) for ll we (iv) FECHRER) and VF i oily homegncons of dpe 1/2 Po.) nd (8 flow drt fom the definition fF andthe propertie off or (i ae Pw) > Ofer w £0, we have oe. iF) < mae Fe) sud hen the rst by (ji) To show (i), Bat It #0, 2 #0 and Giu.d)= HU) 6 Then G0.) noe £eSe5 Tease) 135. Peo Solations with Prsribed Energy 0 soa ous os (™ (ses) ia) 4° inc unt {+-(#Gi5) «-ai5) =9} FL ————C iin amen ath se es ta aa i} Le ony oh a ae Ceara eee bee so that UF i abo conliuour at wo. We ea nw aate and pve the bai theorem of his ection. ‘Theorem 24. Let I € C%(R2™,R) and © € Be suck that THs) £0 for every € 5 = HVe), Aarume iat $s the boundary of conver Compact st © conning Oban tnterir pont. Then thee ets ll fone peri nation of (7) thse writ es om 8 Proof. Lot F : RO — B be given by Letmn 2.2. Al the conditions of| ‘Theorem 3.3 ate satis for Jat) + VFO) =0 a and one, wef ay T> Te (4) has pic ation with minimal PeiodT. Conservation of exergy and propetis of F imply tt Flu) =4>0, teR. atu dfine w by wee way, tem ‘Then win (7/4!) psa, F(u() = Fl aP0) = ato) = fora e Rand J) = BANA = PER LD) PRE u(a0) = VPA), so that w isa (1/8) period solton of 41) woe obit son $. By emma I sytem (1) adn on Sth ue obit (7) an patel the lta ott T which conespond tos periodic ston of (87).Cy 3. Minimization ofthe Dus Action 3.6 Periodic Solutions of Non-Autonomous Second Order Systems with Convex Potential Tn this ection we sll we Theorem 8.1 to study the perodle Boundary sale problem Os PFE) 60) = a7) = 0) = 407) =0 whore F © [0] RY — (4) — F(t) measurable in fr every TER and continously diferente and convex in 9 or amet every fe (.7) ‘Theorem 3.5. Asam that the following conditions ee sts Ty There existe 1 L40,T;B0") sack tel, for alg € RY and ce 00,7] ore hae @ (oa s Fa A. There eit 9 € 0-0 /T] and € 13(0,THR) suc thal, foreach aR and ae 16 DT] oe her reas BHP +10 8. [rns a hime ve” ‘Then proton (be Pro Dis: B71 RO™ = Ry ln? 42 my ta He) (om) nee = (uu) or 0,7), (convex and continuously Aireatnble for evry RP* and eT, (12m) sates Sat sity 4 22 = Sp 22. Mont [mina sorts! [rane | hl By Than 3, he om sal bo ad a ens Ertan 87. Vavant ofthe Des! Let Action Prins o in) + am) 81(0)~ m (1) = 90) ws) = 0 (0) slaton of (12). ‘By sppliing Corelli 3.1 ta the Hailionan system intel i the hove prst te ely ge the llorng rs 1, P(e strep conser fore. € [0,7] and sai 85h llowing conten are 9: Prolem (2) i slob, 8. There ete BER such thet (UVP E} A= 0 4 EFI) dt 400 a el 00 In the special ease of = 1, me can proceed excly ain Toe 1.9 to deduce om Theorem 5-55 hesuraty and sce condition forthe setebiy of (2). 1, N = 1 and F sats conditions (As) and (Ax) of en the pole (42) hare alton if ond onl if there ett Fennel tht [[orena-o wy (or eqsistaty Romack 3 sd only ifthe fonction JF) has eric poin) 3. Condition (As) in Thootem 3.5 ie sarp shown by the 0) +6240) = aconat ww 4(0)~9(7) = 0) - (7) =0 s) whee = 24/T whee « € R®\ (0) which as no slution and cresponds Fa) = (IIa — colada.) (4) hie satis the regula aod convey ammpton of Theor 3.8 se ‘el a contons (At) abd (A) 3.7 A Variant of the Dual Least Action Principle for Non-Autonomous Second Order Systems Let us conser the flowing generation ofthe probletn cnet in Secon 35, A + mag () + TFG a 0)“ 4(2) = 40) 407) =0e 8 Minimization f the Dol Action nhere = [0,7]x RY — Rss the rgulity a convey assump Toe Ute atthe begoning of Section 3.8 ax well at eoaltion (As) of "Theorem 38, and whete m € N and =2r/P. Prob (42) is» nonlin (ne perturbaion of he bea poten aw a0 1 the reo igen and problem (47) oalinerpertatation f (48) Stan abierysgeraie ma Asus for tome tat for ae. €€ (0,7, PU, ie sel convex ode that «s) ste hime, 9) so tht (4s) existe and ef clae Cn Lat scl the elementary paren AO + mePK +04) =0 ea a0) a) = 40) 4) = with» € 10,7390) ha a olution if and only if verefecvonay: [toeanee [vomna-d} oo ta ih (0) ny wai en = ecum biome ["damatt—snde ER) ‘Then me immotintly check that when » € V, (50) bas wigue sltion ‘elongingto Vwkch we shall dente by Ke, We dine this way Hiner "and the general solution o (0) canbe writes here yewevt (we vo7sR%) mut, BER") wt) = ect +8 ‘ing Four seri, says hat wo~ TS ae 27.4 Va ofthe Dal as Aton Paice « us B= Dara ( sth, [none abagtin 6 foravev. it node (4) the change of nko gen by w(t) mista(t) 6 wise ¥sorcqinaty a =H +600 whee FEW. as (ten =P OMO) aec0 ih, gtr ith (6) sow ht tinh qution KOS UMD)=AO reonler] — ” (Ko) + VF) EW (58) for ae £€ [0.7]. Conversely if €V antifios (67) o (58), then dining {oy (8), we ee that the cimination of mp (47). Nom, (8) i the Baler equation forthe etal pints V ofthe fantinal x died by xt) [romenererenta on 2 it follows from Remk 1.1. As K ie now = bounded liner operate fn Vx often hs etter proprts than the det action tnocated 10 (4) Wa vaio of the doa acti introduced for Hann apes In Section 24 To eliminate the unpleasant assarpton of tit cyesty td condition (4) on F me salle, ik in Thott 3, petarbatin ‘Theorem 2.1. Eel m EN" ond F : [0.7] RM — R, (9) + F(a) Be such tat F(9) tr meaverate for ech ¢ ER™ and P(t) i conve and utinary fife for eA hte long (adits or uted By. The exist 1 40,7") such thet forall @ € RY and 60,7), one has Fug.a 3. Mininization ofthe Desl Action By, Ther xin €J0(2m 4 al end 7 € 170, T3RY) sch tht, for ene 4 ERY ad 061 (0.7, oe FMS (o/h +10: By. fF FUyasonmt + Bsmt) dt $00 at b+ Bla, oben”. ‘Then problem (41) has ees smiimizs om V the dsl Proof.) Exitence of a ction fra perturbed problem, Lat co > O be seb tat ote < (mete oy and et rope ta) 0rHt-F00) sh. Fg me) ie ee en 31, SRisecaaemanomnen: povon emu {swell defied and continuouly feeble on V- ‘The sane is obvi tae forthe fasion even a [amore sud ence fr the petarbed do tion OE coven, = [eammnunee Moccover, ain Thott 3.1, rey te ao and ence, by (62), 02 [ete pactag] te ff 08 wih > 0, Ths, very minimising soqnee fo xe Bounde. Now i Treaty foes srcontinvour on V by Theorem 12 and K(W) CVn 237. Vint ofthe Dus Lat Action Principe 6 iy Proposition 12, is meay continous on V and hence x" ws ‘hae by Theorem 11," hw minimum at noe € V for hich (oeod.ay fon all €V. 1 in eny to chock that flrenineenscertodonstone ee peor “The reasoning above shows thea that 9" = Key + FE (4e(), then “F Reciealtion of HO + mPa + TRUK) (0) = aT) = 40) = 0) 1) s porter eatimater omg Ills fom (0) (a), and Popeiion 22th Ax'Vod.u) (2) PHU A) < 2o( + HDD a+ 0+ 14s then ey to verify thatthe fnetion Few on tlm [Messmer stinmea is continyoy, feeble, By esounption (Bs), F has minimum at one 8) © 2" for whe f ‘VF (t,con mat + Brin met) conmet dt = [ve Feast + Bain met sin met dt = 0. Bot then WF, eoe ma) + Bsinmet)) € Vm and tig W)= P(e eoemat + Balam, we hae by doe, Fea) = (w(dlxe mat +Fsinmet) = Fl Beoemat + Tiamat) for ae. £€ (0.7], 40 that F(a) € [40,73R). Consequently, wsing (Gi) eget Seba ~ 6 $240) € x0) $ ale) = 41 <0cy 4. Minimization ofthe Dusl Action oS Irs CL We =the sa _ Wr meade toe se by he cay tM) 0) won F(22) 5 druntnedeuceon PORatOs 0043 Frans Secor + FORO mPa add) 4900+ 20? (ree < few -nveorore + [eas tiie. Pike mPa le +0 + (o/s Seu 0 tha, by (Ba, Jus < ey ll meme being eglelent i the nite ‘imensonal eabepace W Consequently, Indie Seater ant Wiles Sex mea ten) =e «) Essence of slain fr the orginal problem. By the sve ios uence (y) 9 tending to ter and sre T-peroc weg in CMDD.TLAR™). Frm (62) 0 ite 20-4006 [tet orton eter soto fneatasoraginees ‘34. The Range of Some Second Onder Nonineat Operators o snd gina ation of (4) The act that the wenk init f(,) minis yon ieprovel win Theorem 31.0 ‘Remask 2.4. A similar est hols forte problem mitt) — ms) + VEO) 0-0) = 4) -H)=0 4 in condition (3), € J, (2m ~ Nal. The only ference cons ining Kv the unique soltin ie of lt) — mara = 4) 1) =a) = 40) 4) = Thee approach can alo he un ta stay Haioian problem of the om (men) whee m6 and H(t.) conver. Corollary 2.3. Asse thatthe conditions By to By of Theorem 87 ae reraced iy the eine of number DessacQmt ie such that, for evry GE RY and 0. 16 [0,7], one her PW 10 < FOG) (oDIHF +10 sr 7 120:R), Then pron) haa ‘m2 minimises on the dual sin X me slain 9 auch Proof Its ng to show that the assumptions By to By of There 3.7 tan 3.8. The Range of Soune Second Order Nonlinear Operators with Periodic Boundary Conditions esha aly the flow 0) 4 mPa 4640) 90)" a) = 40) “a0) hee h € C107), m € NA {0}, = 2e/T, 9: (0.7] xR» Rie Continods and y(t, ) snow dacensing french [01]. Letting rune [ tines, cil eave of (47 with N= Mo os)6 43. Miniminnin ofthe Dual Acton wae thot (68 ina paca ae of (42), Werte, aoa, ut = mun, 0), (Dipan(lav0), and we the notations of Setin 37 ‘Proporiton 2.5. Assume that F defied i (6) setifis he axsmptions By tod By of Thorn 3.7 (wih N= 1) Asse, morecer, the thee fit gs € (0,1), 49 L(0,T), sh th Puowintsnas [ deatonernerna fiona {for ll gE. Then probe (62) asa ea Proof It sft prove tht condition (8) wth yor equivalently tha, [ir Asin(mat + ))at + 420 (68) ss A420 unllormly ine € Hy convey, we have froasinaesona= + Lo ocnapcatOAnninet eid —A [ ‘tsinfmat + ¢).dt santa + a stot 2 fon 4 as + Loca MONA 49) A(t) singrmat +) dt 2 A sta ()sint (mot + y) de 0 forall € Randi Teil, the problem Tale) + att ota) = 9 tus for ach #N\ (0), 4 periodic sation wa such that af (co td ie minimal prid Ty to when B=. Consider the problem Jason tr > 0s 2 > 1nd sow by dt compton an wig ‘Beng egal at gn etn ea coin 2 whee RP ads he! lg Bora <2, compte Bee Mia ta tthe 3 bet € CUO). 0S m Hei ape ad if SEE Sirona elle ce 0) = oS Sete let Ha) = FL "402+ a) wrth ye pie iets wich se aionayinisendene Show that french > 0, Scan aly ase eed tin oe Jee HW Show that ander the assumptions Ay and Ay of Theorem 33, the fonclaon of thi theorem bee for A+ ERED) =, 0)~ 07) = 40) aT) =0, hare © £2(0,TR) inch that [rene (0 flaoa) 40 ssh) ein R nt Adapt the argument of Bere 4 Formulate and prove the analog of Theoem 8:7 for problems of the form (04) + meulO) + VAG) =O, (0) = u(r, where w = 2/7, m € 2 \ {0} and H(t, ) cones 4 Minimax Theorems for Indefinite Functionals Introduction ‘The dual fest ation principle ha roid tarp existence thor for {he period solutions of Hanultonan system hen the Harton ‘onve in When it ot the com, the exnece of exit point of ‘ddl point ype can be proved by using some minimar arguments To ‘olivate them, we ean consider the flloring inttvestaten fe € {C1CRE,R), we can view pes) athe lide ofthe pint ofthe grep ‘fg havin e.g) projection on T? Awumne hat tere sie pote tt € Re, ay € Rand n hounded open heghoniood fof wy meh that 8 REAM and gts) > mas(o() He) whoever u 00 (tha ie the ‘fue fr example uy and wate tm solated loa! nino). ‘ooking tthe graph of in topographical way, we ean hus consider the point [ou] a acted inn vley arround bya ing of tou tain pictured by the et (ur) = w-€ 80), the pont fy go) being located outside of the rig," go fa [eel o [oe] i 8 ay which mitinae the high ltd on he pathy we mae one he moan ‘ain rng enough the lowest mountin pas, The proection on BC ofthe top af this mountain ps will provides erica point ofp wilh xital valve Bah pyro. where P denotes the set of pats joining to w (i thes of tinuous [0.1] wath The ality of ae be owured only when tome compacts conn waiaed by (and variate the reat wil be binned by moving the cas T ‘Those minis theorer wil be doducd fem Blelnd's sriations. principle fora wni-ontinaou eal faction J which i bounded below on complete met 1M (another approach, based pon deformations ‘ong the pat of ateepnt descent of pcan be ted and developed in CChaper 6) If rea fanetion achive ite mininarn on M a fag wil iceately in the “balFspace” ya] € M xR ° +> f(a}, Eaeands “avatonal rincple ase that, for each > 0 thet income a € Mach that fla) Sigg +e" 4. Minas Theorems for ldefiiteFoetionale andthe grag of emily inthe “cone” (fa) € ADE: > fa down) Ts ore, given in Sein 41 hae many appleatins (6 ‘plniaton, optimal controled pins, ypamaca ters, dere (Gowrie) and aint which wll ot be develope hee Toppy it {6 the mouniin pss situation deeb abo, one wil take in Seton 45M ST and 7s) = masons git) "Tot rom be etenae e's xt point” in Ekland’s rie ciple to that of ail point empactnes condition the ip to- ‘Gordy Pasi and Smale in thi extennon of Lasteril-Sehniemann nd Mone theres to lft dipnsonl space ie required. Such com Aone ave amnlyec in Seton 42 where an exaple shows how those ‘ooditisns are rlted to the obenton of eitable prio bounds. This ‘ample concer functional ofthe frm ow) [ tafe) ite) at xe B29) = (12MM (2) =V 2} +00. 2) MCE) and VE) {re T-peiie in enh variable 2 and Jha ean vale zero, 20 that the merle the oes eonrdened i Soin 18. ‘Another minunas rol, Rahnowte sede pin hore i wed in Sec tion 3 to provide exstone rots fr the peace slains of uations +900) = 09, inbeng, ot necmaiy monctone, i ounded, and te coresponding is Tada. Ags, thr existence conditions aerated to Landsman-bazer “ntitons The tae sade pont theorem applied to Seton 4.4 tothe Festi solitons of pens doverbing 4 Joepbeon malin juneton. ach mod to obtain etal points en, ofcourse, be combi the ual at actin pine and Section 3 provides an itrsting Pi tion tothe pein ction wth fled ott ofan autonome Harllo- nian stem Fate) + TCO) vith cones, uperuadeatic and such that VH(0) = 0 The crespod Ing del action xt unbounded fromm above and fom below, but the ence of ont rita pot ean be deduced ror the mountain pass theorem, in Section 46, we itoduce the concept of Lustrnik-Sehiran et- gory of weet of a topoogiealspace ¥(oamely the sales neg ch that ean be covered by Felon ate contractible in Y) to prove 8 Irulpliy ele forthe ea pints of fnetional¢ =X — Ht shich ‘Me bounded fom teow and invariant onder the action of dete sub {roup ofthe Dannlapace X. This ts done aan aplication of Pela’: Sfeitonal principles Lat =X == X/G be the atonal mujction aod 44.1, Blelands Variational Principe 6 96) ee ® Proof. The ration w S09 8u) +ee,0) <0) eines an onering on M, ae checked immediatly Let onset nde tively aseatene {in ws, ating with =u I we ups that sisisewss i a Si (eM wen) and Ie eos tag € Sy seh that% 4. Minima Theorem for Indefiite Functional let, Se Sos 88 Haas 9m and since is Lae, Sy ne Nom, ree Ses 8S tant Sty and dots) $day) He) Sn AS — igh sothat Sai Sn diamsins dian Sy =O 8 = oo AF being complet, hips tha a= o for some ¥€ ME In pantie, Sy ie otha, 40) £90) - las) £00) 0) SHO) (0) Se (pf He igs) = “To inn (2) ito to prove that w < wimp w= v1 < thes, foresch nN, ‘Romark 4.3. By ming the equivalent distance Ad with A> 0, the onei- ‘Sone (I) and (2) can be ropetivly replaced by atu) s and 8(u) > 940) de “ “The choke A= Ci then pia interesting. We est prvea ret {br function Bounded from tlow on 2 Banch spe ‘Theorem 4.2. Let X be enech spice, ps X — R be «function landed from Slow, and diferente on X- They, foreach > 0 endfor fae we X sock at elu) Sister © here evita © X sch tat 0) <6) 6 4.1. Blan’ Vaitiona Pricile 7 lease o woe”, cy Proof, Lot ue the M = X, @ = o and for ¢ > given let u cone iP Tien Rerath 41 of There 1h, i etn (8) thee ‘exists w © X auch that (8), (7) hold and. le) > 90) Ae wf o forall w 4 vin X-Thereore, aking w= 04th with > 0,4 eX in) we get ele 44h) ~ 0) > 0 Dividing bth members by ¢ and tng #0, we sbin He < (901M) sand hence (8). I. et X be w Banach space, 9 X= Rte fection founded fom below ond dierentione on X. Then, foreach minimising seuence (4) of there exists a minimising gence (4) of ch that ee) 0 ve pon) nt and then take w sociated tomy and in Theorem 42. oc a indice fein, we all state and prove «minimax theorem ‘modeled on the tite station decribed i he introduction, "Theorem 43. [et K be a compact meri pace, Ky © Ka ltd se, X f Benach space, € {Ny X) and let os define the complete mee sce M = (9€OUK,X) =e) = XU if Ko} Aistance d et @€ O%(%,M) and et ws define = Jaf maxeol0) ” eon co)8 4. Minimax Thor for Indeisite Functions then for each > Oand each JM anc that mew) sete ay there exes €X anch tat ene ole) Sem olS() nnn FS 87, Wools ‘Proof, Without low of generality, we can amare that vcccene a Let J € Matyi tho coton (1). We dine the fncion @ MI — Ry 6) = mote), so that e= nly © > e Toshow that @is continous, one ue the wifrm | entity of on aK) Now Theorem 41 pia the existence of € Mf such that aH 80) sete BRO foh se? wd 4) > 90) Cap) 03) smhcneer 9 € M snd g 4h Thus cu Ueorem wil be proved if we show {he exten of some #€ Kuch that en es otha) aod lean se”, Wee whenever @ X and J 1, Hie not the cae then, foreach «€ here Sa (eK senes otha) ‘here exit 6, > 0,24 € X with i = Yn an pen bal Bin containing {euch that for €€B, and w € with < fy we have (000) 44,0) < 0% a T 4.1 Phelan’ Viton Peinsiple . (Se have sod the contnty of) Since $ is compat, thee exists Fait sabcovering By Bm, o€3 awe define Wy? K=O] by int (.60,) 5 w= . nem, Thrawincay EU, womo, trex) sya) Ft 9 [ot] be» contnvous v0) =1 tes (AQ) inyainy se sod et 9 € CN, X) be defined by 1 folon from (12) tha, fr £€ i, AMO) = EOIN Sex ce and hence of) = 0, Ths, for €€ Ke = Mn) = x00, ‘e.g €M. Lat us now etimate 8) fom above. The mea vale theorem and (14) imply that foreach ¢€S, thre ome Be 1 for wh (0) ~ 009) = 6 (1e»+seong3si,) tH Soon) = KOS WOW (10S) i) < -< 69, oy HES, 9) = 0 and gig) = v8). Now, iT isch that 9) neta » fed eth) 2 vO) 2 € that 7 Sand) = 1. By (15) meat eta) ~ 60) -0n0 4. Minima Theorem fo Indefinite Futons din patclar 96) +226 < 9) < 406) so that gh. Bat, bythe dfn og, Agnes snd hence 9) + 2as,8) < 200), hich contradicts (13) and complete the prof, “The fling rs vs scent conditions imag that (10) ist isk. Corollary 4.2. Let K, Ho, x, 66 and be dined ain Theor AB saname tha here eda SCX ek that ARIAS #4 forall eM, 6) end tt ig Then, f acy a ‘he condition (10) of Theorem 43 lds and hence aio st onlesion, Proof By (16), we bave Ahmet) 20 and then (10) flo fromm (17). Corollary 4. Under the conti (hyn Mt sack ha of Theorem 43, foreach sequence mare =6 here exists seuence (0) in X snc thet ea)re Ais (JAE) = Wotonl 9 {mag g{fs)—e> Onde = 1) in the other ease snd me apply foreach FEN, ‘Theorem 43 toe and he 42.4 Clasoness Condition and the Existence of Crit Points 81 4.2 A Closedness Condition and the Existence of Critical Points Wie hve se in the previous eton how obtain “alt cri pinte of fnctions of elass'C"on 0 Banach space X. Sone suary sane Condition i required to obtain the extenze of erica points, We abl eau that (C0) RX" sin the clone ofthe rane of 9, then {Comte in the ange of px 2 Dedinition 4.1 Zep: X ~R derenihle ad ¢ ER. We ay thet selfs he (Secottin of he ene of nee (0) fe X sack Hu) 6, ou) 0 ce implies hatin rial ee of ‘Remark 4.2. Weshall seater» cormpactns condition call the Pala Smale canton (PSondton) and which route that every sowenee (un X ch that (o()) nboandod and pay) —D ae jo containe ‘convergent subaeqenc, It lear tht the PScondiionimpbes the (S)-condtion foreach e€ R. Example? Below shows tha the conte: Examples lat X = Rand ya) = expu, As (0) = exp, cay quences (41) sch that ng — “ao ae such that yay) ~Osfor uch wegen plea) == D but Oe not rite wus for. Th, exp dom nately the (P3)e ‘ondition. 1 val satis the (PS) condition when ¢ 0. BL X= Rand oe) = xn if oe) uch tha sin 6 corm 0 set co, woean wile tye amer toy with oy (0,28) tian =e, comm 0 1s bo, Now (4) bas convergent subsequence with itv ach that | dence titi for sn. Thain aif the (PS)econiton for cre ee ‘3. lat X = Rand g(a) = w; then ) = Hand the (PS)-conition| dole foreach oR