Old terms OF LIMNOLOGY.

Limnology is a branch of science that deals with the study of the biological, physical, chemical,
geological, biological, aquatic, and aquatic ecosystems (freshwater or saltwater, natural or artificial),
especially of lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, wetlands, and groundwater, ecological and hydrological
aspects

In a broad sense, limnology is the science of research /discussion on all aspects of all types of aquatic
ecosystems and biology (Brezonik, 1996; Wetzel, 2003).

Limnology is a relatively new science.  In the modern definition, limnology is considered to be
synonymous with freshwater biology. According to Wetzel (2003), in the broadest sense, limnology is the
acquisition of knowledge about the functional relationship between freshwater organisms and
their productivity, which is affected by the movement of various physicochemical and biological
regulators in the environment.

Limonology is the scientific study of the world’s inland water bodies such as lakes, artificial reservoirs,
rivers, ponds, wetlands, saline lakes, and coastal bays and wetlands.

According to F A Forell (1892), the theory of the ocean of lakes is called limnology.  Lind (1989) defined
the limnology as marine aquatic ecology, is called limnology. According to Margallef (1983), the ecology
of non-marine water is called limnology.

This definition includes biological productivity, quality and quantitative characteristics, and its actual and
potential aspects of limnology. Inland water refers to all types of groundwater, such as flowing or
stagnant, salty or other physical, chemical elements. Various regulators such as physical and chemical,
biological, climatic influences that determine the nature and extent of biological production. Due to the
different inland water bodies, the quality and quantity of the organisms vary.

According to Hutchinson (Hutchinson, 1957), limnology is the study of the interconnected geological,
physical, and biological activities in a lake collectively.

According to Odum (Odum, 1971), Limonology discusses various aspects of freshwater, such as physical,
chemical, and biological aspects.

HISTORY of limnology
Historically, the term limnology has been associated with lakes, and the term rheology has been applied
to the science of flowing water. Currently, the term rheology has been dropped from the term
limnological. The term rheology is an established name for a completely different branch. In this branch,
research is done on water flow and water-soluble components like oil, pigment, etc.

Limnology and oceanography discuss similar problems and processes. Oceans, lakes, and rivers have
some properties as a liquid medium. However, the sea is wider in size and older than the inland water.
The spread of inland water bodies is inconsistent and relatively polymorphic (based on geological time)
and is irregularly spread throughout the continental interior. As a result of this continuity of the sea, a
wide range of plant and animal species exist.

Depending on the more diverse processes of inland water colonization, the diversity and expansion of
plants and animals become more limited and diminished. In addition, seawater, especially ocean water,
contains 35-39 grams of salt per liter of water, the main ingredient of which is sodium chloride (Nacl).
Inland freshwater, on the other hand, contains at least 0.01 g of salt per liter of water. The composition
of the salt varies significantly in the water.

In many cases, inland saltwater lakes have a higher salt-to-salt ratio than seawater. Such an ecosystem is
of an unusual type and thus becomes the focus of its limnological study. In the case of flowing reservoirs,
the chemical processes and techniques of inland reservoirs depend in no small extent on the
geochemical condition of the soil. Aquatic ecosystems interact with flowing reservoirs of various
subsystems and elements.

The extent and definition of any science cannot be determined without considering the history of its
evolution and the subject matter, institutions, and development groups discussed. Knowledge of some of
the major theories and theoretical concepts can be gained through historical discussions. Elster (1964)
and Uno (196) describe the early history of limnology. Talling (2005) recently added these ideas. 

Aquatic life attracted scientists and naturalists in the 18th, 18th, and 19th centuries, including
Leeuwenhock, Muller, Schaffers, Trembley, Eichhorn, Bonner, and George. They have seen in research
work. These research activities shed light on aquatic organisms and their behavior and their
reproduction in water.

The discovery and initial discussion of marine plankton by Muller in 1845 aroused interest in studying
freshwater organisms, especially lake plankton. Duviller describes and measures internal waves. J. Leslie
(J. Leslie, 1838) was the first to examine the thermal structure of deep lakes, the action of air, and the
penetration of light, which served as important milestones in advancing limnology (Goldman and Horne,
1983). Moreover, Morren and Morren (Morren and Morren, 1841) focus on increasing and decreasing
the activity of daily photosynthesis. Junge and Forbes were the first to call the lake a microcosm. In
particular, the research paper entitled “Lakes” refers to lakes as microcosms and describes the
interrelationships between the fundamental forces of life and organisms (Forbes, 18).