ANSWER # 1

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies, societies,
and cultures across national borders. It involves the exchange of goods, services, information,
and ideas on a global scale. Globalization is driven by advancements in technology,
transportation, and communication, which have made it easier for countries to engage in trade
and interact with one another.

DISADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Increased Income Inequality:
Globalization can make the rich richer and the poor poorer, creating a bigger gap between them.
Some people and companies benefit more from globalization while others struggle to find good
jobs and earn fair wages.

Loss of Cultural Diversity:

Globalization can make cultures and traditions less unique and diverse. Popular globalized
culture, influenced by big companies, can overshadow local customs and languages, leading to a
loss of cultural identity.

Exploitation of Labor:
Globalization can allow companies to hire workers in countries with low wages and weak labor
laws. This can result in poor working conditions, low pay, and the mistreatment of workers,
especially in developing countries.

ANSWER # 2
FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy refers to the strategies, principles, and actions adopted by a country's government
to guide its interactions and relations with other countries and international actors. It involves
decisions and measures taken to safeguard a nation's interests, security, and values in the global
arena.
INTERNAL DETERMINANT
1) Culture & History:
Cultural values and historical experiences shape a country's foreign policy, affecting its
perception of itself, others, and its attitudes towards cooperation or conflict.
2) Geography, Size & Population:
Geographic location, size, and population influence a nation's strategic priorities and
relationships with neighboring states or global powers.
3) Economic Development & Natural Resources:
Economic strength, trade dependencies, and access to resources impact foreign policy objectives.
4) Military Capabilities:
A nation's military capabilities, including its defense infrastructure, technology, and military
strength, affect its foreign policy choices. The perception of security threats, the need for
deterrence, or aspirations for regional influence can shape a country's defense and security
strategies.

5) Political System:
The political system of a country, whether it is democratic, authoritarian, or somewhere in
between, can impact its foreign policy. Democratic nations often prioritize values such as human
rights and democracy promotion, while autocratic regimes may prioritize stability and regime
survival.

6) Personality and Character of the Leader:

The personality, beliefs, and leadership style of the head of state or key decision-makers can
influence foreign policy choices. Personalities vary, and leaders' individual traits, experiences,
and ideologies may shape their approach to international relations.

7) Political Parties and Interest Groups:

Domestic political dynamics, including the influence of political parties and interest groups, can
shape foreign policy. Different parties may have varying ideological perspectives or represent
specific interest groups that advocate for foreign policy positions.

EXTERNAL
The International System:
How countries and other global actors interact with each other. It includes the rules, power
dynamics, and international organizations that shape global politics.

International Law:
The rules and principles that countries agree to follow when dealing with each other. These rules
cover things like borders, human rights, and trade.

International Organization:
Groups that countries create to work together on global issues, like the United Nations or World
Health Organization.

Alliances:
When countries agree to work together and support each other, usually for defense or other
shared interests.

Arms Race:
When countries try to build up their military power to keep up with or surpass other countries.
This can lead to increased tensions and competition.

ANSWER #3
WAR
War is a state of conflict between two or more groups or countries that involves the use of armed
force. It is a situation where opposing sides engage in fighting, often with the goal of gaining
control, power, or resources. War can involve battles fought on land, at sea, or in the air, and it
can lead to significant loss of life and destruction.
1 Total War:
Total war involves the complete mobilization of a nation's resources and population towards
achieving victory. It is characterized by the use of all available military, economic, and civilian
means to defeat the enemy. Total wars are often large-scale conflicts with high civilian
involvement and a disregard for traditional rules of warfare.
Limited War:
Limited war is a conflict where the participants set specific objectives and restrict the use of
force to achieve those objectives. The scope and intensity of limited wars are narrower compared
to total wars. These conflicts typically have specific military goals and are often fought with
certain constraints to avoid full-scale escalation.

Conventional War:
Conventional war refers to conflicts fought between regular armed forces using traditional tactics
and weapons. It involves organized military units engaging in direct combat, following
established rules and conventions of warfare. Conventional wars often involve conventional
military strategies, such as large-scale battles and territorial control.

Unconventional War:
Unconventional war, also known as asymmetric warfare, involves non-traditional tactics and
strategies employed by weaker or non-state actors against stronger adversaries. This can include
guerrilla tactics, sabotage, insurgency, or terrorism. Unconventional warfare seeks to exploit the
weaknesses and vulnerabilities of the opposing force.

Guerrilla War:
Guerrilla warfare is a type of unconventional warfare characterized by small, mobile, and
irregular units operating in small-scale, hit-and-run attacks. Guerrilla fighters often rely on
surprise, ambushes, and knowledge of the local terrain to harass and weaken their enemy. They
typically avoid direct confrontation with stronger conventional forces.

Proxy War:
Proxy wars are conflicts between two or more external powers that use third-party actors to fight
on their behalf. These conflicts involve indirect engagement, with the external powers providing
support, resources, and sometimes even military assistance to the proxy forces. Proxy wars are
often fought to advance the interests or agendas of the external powers involved.
 ANSWER # 4
Fundamental Human Rights: Essential for Dignity and Equality

Introduction:
Fundamental human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that every person has simply
because they are human. They are essential because they protect our dignity, ensure fairness, and
create a just society. These rights are recognized globally and are outlined in documents like the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Protecting Dignity:
Human rights are important because they safeguard our inherent dignity. They ensure that
everyone is treated with respect, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or social status.
Human rights prevent cruel treatment, torture, and discrimination, ensuring that all people are
treated fairly and with compassion.

Ensuring Equality:
Fundamental human rights promote equality. They prohibit unfair treatment based on
characteristics like race, gender, age, disability, and sexual orientation. By upholding these
rights, societies value diversity, inclusivity, and social justice, striving for a world where
everyone is equal before the law.

Basic Needs and Well-being:

Human rights guarantee access to basic needs for a dignified life. They include the right to food,
water, housing, healthcare, education, and work. By recognizing and protecting these rights,
societies ensure that everyone has the resources they need for a decent and fulfilling life.

Legal Protection and Accountability:

Human rights provide a legal framework that holds governments and institutions accountable.
They establish mechanisms for seeking justice when rights are violated. By enforcing human
rights, societies can prevent abuses of power and promote a fair and accountable system of
governance.
Conclusion:
Fundamental human rights are essential because they protect our dignity, promote equality, and
establish a just society. They empower individuals, encourage respect for diversity, and foster
harmony. By recognizing and safeguarding these rights, we create an environment where
everyone can live a life of freedom, dignity, and happiness.