CSC 111: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

Lt Col Sofoluwe
darenaub@gmail.com
2\28\2019
Internet and Online Resources

By way of introduction the internet is the worldwide system of Computer Networks which can
communicate with one another. The internet is a globally connected network system that uses
TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a network of global
exchanges including private, public, business, academic and government networks connected
by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies. Similarly, the internet is a telecommunications
network that uses telephone lines, cables, satellites and wireless connections to connect
computers and other devices to the World Wide Web. All modern computers can connect to the
internet, as can many mobile phones and some televisions, video game consoles and other
devices.

What is TCP/IP?

A TCP/IP is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of

communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the
internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network
(an intranet or an extranet). TCP/IP is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and
transmitting the data end to end by providing other functions, including addressing,
mapping and by definition, a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the
language a computer uses to access the internet. It consists of a suite of protocols
designed to establish a network of networks to provide a host with access to the
internet.

TCP/IP is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data end to end by
providing other functions, including addressing, mapping and acknowledgment. *TCP/IP
contains four layers: Physical, Network, Internet, Transport…and these differ slightly from the
Open Systems Interconnection Model. This is a conceptual and logical layout that defines
network communication used by systems open to interconnection (OSI) model. The Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a conceptual and logical layout that defines network
communication used by systems open to interconnection and communication with other
systems. The model is broken into seven subcomponents, or layers, each of which represents
a conceptual collection of services provided to the layers above and below it. The OSI Model
also defines a logical network and effectively describes computer packet transfer by using
different layer protocols.

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Largely, OSI Model may also be referred to as the seven-layer OSI Model or the Seven-Layer
Model.

The technology is so common that one would rarely use the full name. In other words, in
common usage the acronym is now the term itself. In the same way, TCP/IP is not a single
networking protocol, it is a suite of protocols named after the two most important protocols or
layers within it, i.e (TCP & IP). As with any form of communication, two things are needed: a
message to transmit and the means to reliably transmit the message. The TCP layer handles
the message part. The message is broken down into smaller units, called packets, which are
then transmitted over the network. The packets are received by the corresponding TCP layer in
the receiver and reassembled into the original message. The IP layer is primarily concerned
with the transmission portion. This is done by means of a unique IP address assigned to each
and every active recipient on the network. TCP/IP is considered a stateless protocol suite
because each client connection is newly made without regard to whether a previous connection
had been established.

The Internet Usage:

1. Access a huge 'library' of information from the millions of websites around the world that
make up the World Wide Web.
2. Send and receive email messages.
3. Share photographs and video clips with your friends and family.
4. Buy goods and services (and often save money!).
5. Carry out online banking.
6. Use Skype to make free phone calls to other computer users.
7. Play games with other people online.
8. Catch up on TV and Radio programmes that you've missed or watch them again (DSTV
EXPLORER).
9. Learn something new with an online course.

Top tips for using the Internet. The internet as we have established is a ‘’ big place or space’’ and
navigating it can be daunting. However, you are advised to try out the underlisted tips in order
not to getting lost in the cyber-space:

Use Internet Search Engines

Internet search engines are amongst the most useful tools at your disposal for finding
information online, so use them. Rather than guessing the full addresses of websites,
simply type the information into a search engine such as Google or Bing. Not only will
this lead you to the information that you require, it will also broaden your search to

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 include other relevant sites. Clear your cookies and browsing history so you can stay
private online. Clearing your web browsers cache will also fix temporary internet errors. 

* Be weary of what you search for on the internet, websites like Google can use your search
keywords you use to collect information about you. 

Bookmark Pages

Found an amazing site the other day? Can’t remember the URL now? Always bookmark
websites that you find interesting. Bookmarking creates a handy little shortcut in your
toolbar to help you return to the site of interest with just a click of the mouse.

Different browsers have different ways of bookmarking pages, but they’re all usually
accessed near the top of your browser. If you’re using Internet Explorer, look for the
Favourites menu, if you’re using Chrome or Firefox look for the star symbol by the
address bar. A simple click will do the rest. Alternatively, pressing CTRL and D on your
keyboard, will bring up the bookmark menu whichever browser you are using… When
you want to revisit the page, simply go to your bookmark / favourite menu and you will
find the page saved. 3. Upgrade your browser

Whilst there are merits to each of the main browsers, there’s no point in setting yourself
at a disadvantage by operating a browser which is not up to date. Keep an eye on these
messages to update your browser, they can mean the difference between operating a
top of the range browser and a sluggish has-been.

User Browser Shortcuts

Browser shortcuts can save you a lot of time. Instead of finding and navigating the
correct menu with your mouse, you could use a few simple keyboard shortcuts. 

 CTRL  F: brings up a search box allowing you to search for a specific word on a page
 CTRL  D: bookmarks a page
 CTRL  P: prints whatever you have selected
 CTRL T: opens a new tab
 CTRL W: closes window
 CTRL +: zooms in
 CTRL -: zooms out
 Alt  Home: returns you to your homepage
 F5: refreshes or reloads the page that you are on
 F11: lets you toggle between full and regular screen mode, a particularly useful
shortcut if you are using multiple windows

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* Get to know your browser shortcuts and surf the web more effectively.

Keep Browser Plugins Updated

Browser plugins are handy pieces of downloadable software that help you to use
various applications in conjunction with your browser. Watching a YouTube video?
You’ll need a Flash plugin. Streaming some music? You’ll need a plugin for that too. Be
sure to download the latest version whenever you are required to, failing to do so could
hamper your browsing experience.

Use Tabbed Browsing

If your desktop is overflowing with browsing windows and you can’t remember which
one contained the vital piece of information that you were searching for, maybe it’s time
to use tabbed browsing. Tabbed browsing allows you to open various different websites
in one browser window simply by using tabs. You can open a new tab by either clicking
the symbol to the right of the last tab (see image) or by pressing CTRL T.

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Update Your Antivirus

Often overlooked until it’s too late, a good antivirus program can make the difference between a
nice, healthy computer and one which is overflowing with all sorts of computer nasties. Always
keep an eye on your antivirus software and ensure that all its components are in good working
order. If not; download an update, it will be more than worth it. 

Use ‘Tab’ to jump between fields

Whilst a mouse is an undeniably useful device, it’s not always necessary. In fact, not using a
mouse can save you a great deal of time. If you’re filling in fields on a web page, rather than
clicking on each field in order, simply press ‘Tab’; this will jump between the fields for you.
Clicking tab enough times will cycle back to the beginning of the web-page. You can also use
the up and down arrows to select things in drop down menus, saving you even more time.

Drop the http:// and www. prefixes

Whilst explaining to people that http stands for hyper text transfer protocol is undoubtedly a
great way to win yourself some friends, putting it at the front of a web address is just an
exercise in wasting time. Drop the http:// and www prefixes as they are simply not necessary.
Instead, just type the remainder of the address and press enter. It will work, trust me.

Always check the URL of a website you are about to click on. Make sure the URL is secure by
looking at the 'S' at the end of 'http'. Also, check the privacy policy of websites and make sure
the URL is spelled correctly.  Check out this great link checker
guide: https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-quick-sites-that-let-you-check-if-links-are-safe/. 

Search Direct From Your Browser

We’ve already covered search engines and how useful they can be to the modern internet
browser, but typing in the address of a search engine can really eat up a lot of time. To create a
truly streamlined browsing experience, why not access the search engine of your choice
directly from your browser. You can do this in two ways; the first way is through a customisable
home screen, like the one offered by Google, which gives you the option of having a search
engine on your homepage. The other is by customising your browser to give you a search bar
of your choice.

Use the browser options menu to do this. More advanced browsers will allow you to search
eBay, YouTube, Amazon and a variety of other sites simply by selecting the appropriate search
option in a drop down menu. 

Those are our top ten tips. We hope that you found them useful. Happy surfing!
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What is a Web Browser?

A Web Browser is a program on your computer that allows you to access websites on
the internet. The web is written in a computer language called HTML (HyperText Markup
Language). Browsers translate this so that we can read it easily. There are many browsers
available. If you're using a Windows PC, your machine probably came with the browser Internet
Explorer. If you are using an Apple Mac, you'll have been supplied with Safari. No matter which
browser you're using, you'll find that they all do more or less the same job.

The most Browsers are the followings:

1. Internet Explorer (Microsoft)

2. Safari (Apple)
3. Firefox (Mozilla)
4. Chrome (Google)

Benefits & Key Features

1. They are free to download.

2. You can have more than one on your computer.
3. They all work in a similar way.
4. They allow users to explore websites anywhere on the internet.
5. Can be personalised by allowing users to add favourites or set a different home
page (the first page that you see when you open your browser).

What is Google Chrome?

Google Chrome is a web browser that's free to download from the internet. Created by the
company that created the Google search engine, it's been designed to be both simple to use
and fast.

Google Chrome's Key Benefits & Features

1. Pages are quick to open and load.

2. You can search the web from inside the address bar.
3. You can add favourite websites to a folder or to the Favorites Bar.
4. If you personalise the browser with iGoogle, you can include instant information on local
news, weather, sport or virtually anything else that interests you.
5. You can check your Gmail – the Google email account – from within the browser.

What is a search engine?

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A search engine enables you to find specific information within the huge mass of data that's
stored on the internet. It's usually a dedicated website, but it can take the form of an 'app' on a
hand-held device or simply be a 'search window' on a website that can be about almost
anything.

By typing words into the box on the home page of a search engine such as Google and
clicking Search, a page will be displayed containing results that is, links to web pages related to
the search terms (also known as 'key words') you've entered. These results, commonly known
as ‘hits’, will usually be listed in order of relevance to the exact terms entered. Some search
engines even display results that are tailored to your previous search activity.

Summary: Web Pages and Documents on the Internet provide useful Information. While an
Online resource is typically data and educational in nature, any support software available
online can also be considered a resource. And, we explored the TCP/IP as being responsible
for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data end to end by providing other
functions, including addressing, mapping and acknowledgment. TCP/IP contains four layers,
which differ slightly from the OSI model. Similarly, we looked at the Internet Usage and its vital
tips such as: search engines and bookmark pages…etc. The class also considered the user’s
browser shortcuts as it saves you a lot of time with a use of simple keyboard
shortcuts. Browsers’ benefits and its key features were also considered and lastly Google
Chrome Search Engine was also cataloged.

TCP 5-Layer Model

Layer Name
4 Transport
3 Internet (sometimes called the Network Layer)
2 Network (sometimes called the Data Link Layer)
1 Physical

Assignments:
1. Why is the Internet so important and what is Internet Hacking?
2. What exactly is the Internet?
3. What is Internet Protocol (IP)?
4. Write short notes on the following related terms:
Modbus TCP/IP. File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Networking, Internet Protocol (IP), Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI Model).