CHAPTER # 1

INRODUCTION

Background
The Mobile phones were first introduced in the early 1980s. In the succeeding years,
the underlying technology has gone through three phases, known as generations. The
first generation (1G) phones used analogue communication techniques: they were bulky
and expensive, and were regarded as luxury items.
Mobile phones only became widely used from the mid-1990s, with the introduction of
second generation (2G) technologies such as the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM). These use powerful digital communication techniques, which
have allowed their cost to plummet, and have also allowed them to provide a wider
range of services than before.
Third generation (3G) phones still use digital communications, but they send and
receive their signals in a very different way from their predecessors. This allows them to
support much higher data rates than before, and hence to provide more demanding
services such as video calls and high speed Internet access.

I. Invention:
In 1908, Professor Albert Jahn and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and
Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused
of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not really seem to have
proceeded with production. In 1917 the Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt successfully
filed a patent for
a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Beginning in
1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between
Berlin and Zossen. In 1924 public trials started with telephone connection on trains
between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925 the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to
supply train-telephony equipment and, in 1926 telephone service in trains of the
Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and
Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers .

II. Evolution of mobile phones:

The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI)
technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of
affordable mobile communications, and devices such as the car phone. The first
handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin
Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kilograms (4.4 lb.). The first
commercial automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched in Japan by Nippon
Telegraph and Telephone in 1979.
In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland
by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new
operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. The GSM standard is a
European initiative expressed at the CEPT.
The lithium-ion battery, an indispensable energy source for modern mobile phones, was
commercialized by Sony and Asahi Kasei in 1991. In 2001, the third generation (3G)
was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed
by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access
(HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and
capacity.
The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX
standard, offered in North America by Sprint, and the LTE standard, first offered in
Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.5G is a technology and term used in research papers and
projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond
the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. The term 5G is not officially used in any specification
or official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or
standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New standards beyond
4G are currently being developed by standardization bodies, but they are at this time
seen as under the 4G umbrella, not for a new mobile generation.

Features of mobile phone

The features of mobile phones are the set of capabilities, services and applications that
they offer to their users. Mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and
offer basic telephony. [clarification needed] Handsets with more advanced computing
ability through the use of native code try to differentiate their own products by
implementing additional functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has
led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years.

I. Calls and messages:

The phones of these days, not only support calls but also facilitate other operations.
These include sending and receiving of faxes in case it is connected to a computer. The
phones can also be used for sending and receiving short text messages known as Short
Messaging Service. Connection to the internet can also be had by means of GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service).

II. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS):

Current models have facilitated the sending and receiving of pictures. Many of the
newest models come equipped with a camera, of high resolution, such as pixel camera.
Video recording is possible. Such shot pictures and video can be sent to other people.
This service is called Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

III. Software, applications and services:

In early stages, every mobile phone company had its own user interface, which can be
considered as "closed" operating system, since there was a minimal configurability. A
limited variety of basic applications (usually games, accessories like calculator or
conversion tool and so on) was usually included with the phone and those were not
available otherwise. Handhelds (Personal digital assistants like Palm, running Palm OS)
were more sophisticated and also included more advanced browser and a touch screen.

IV. Internet connectivity:

The ability to browse the internet is one of the important features of mobile phones.
Internet connectivity allows for users to check email, read news articles or other online
content, and share information with others in the form of text messages, videos, images,
or other files. It’s also possible to use a web browser on your phone if it offers this
feature. A phone with a browser will have an address bar at the top of its screen that
you can type in web addresses.

USES (Benefits):
Advantages of Mobile Phones Communication. Mobile phones provide the means to
communicate with friends, family, coworkers, and indeed most of the world’s population
instantly. Small and Convenient. They fit easily into your pocket or bag. Photos and
Video. Texting. Fashion and Self-Expression. Entertainment. Notes and Reminders.
Video in Real Time. Calendars and Organization. Cell phones have three principal
advantages. The cell phone has made communication easier. In addition, cell phones
provide their users with extra devices in addition to telephone. At last, cell phones can
provide safety for their users.
Mobile phone gives benefit in every field. Some of the major benefits of mobile phone
are as follow:
I. Easy Communication. The main benefit of using the mobile phone is that they
make the mode of communication easier and cheap.
II. Education.
III. Social media.
IV. Promoting business.
V. Good for people’s safety.
 VI. Helpful in emergency situations.
VII. Earn money via mobile.
VIII. Accessing the internet through mobile phones.
IX. Helps in online classes.
X. Global connection.

Risk Factors:
Part of the characteristics of a technologically developing world is the availability of
technological gadgets to all age groups and also to the masses who were not able to
afford it before. The widespread technological gadgets are attributed to the roles they
play in our individual lives. Sometimes these roles can be both positive and negative.
We are going to look at a list of negative effects of mobile phones on students.

I. Distraction:
While the phones are very useful, they can come with their own distractions. Some
students make use of these handsets during class or study hours, hence no time to
read. The internet, music, movies, Snapchat, Instagram etc. aid this distraction.

II. Exposure to Wrong Contents:

I’m talking students that end up sexting, sharing nude pictures, or gaining access to a
porn-site all in the name of having fun with their phones.

III. Health Risk:

Studies have been released to talk about the connection between radiation emitted from
the device and chronic health diseases like cancer and brain tumor. Sleep deprivation
from phone usage is also a cause of stress, which eventually affects your health.

IV. Cyberbullying:
Name calling, Threats, Body shaming still go on online. Students are exposed to this
and it can end up having a negative effect on whoever is involved.

V. Examination Malpractice:
Answers that should come straight from the student’s brain can come from his or her
phone. Every school does not condone malpractice, so such a student can be expelled,
hence, the child’s education is affected.

VI. Cost of Purchase:

Most phones are sold at a very high price and most students do everything possible to
be able to afford them. Even if it requires involving themselves in stealing to make that
happen. Data subscription is sometimes costly as well, which is a burden on these kids.
VII. Reduction in Social Skills:
It dampens socialization. Students that live the me-and-my-phone life rarely have time
for friends. They prefer to remain secluded with their cell phones and be disconnected
from everything else. This makes them anti-social, which is not the best.

VIII. Security Issues:

Hackers of this world present this risk student are exposed to.

IX. Wrong Educational Resources:

The internet is free for all, it is impossible to ensure all educational resources seen
online are right and legit. Students are exposed to a lot of these wrong and false
information.

X. Accident:
This is the unfortunate disaster students can meet with when they text, call and drive at
the same time. Or even when they text, call and chat when a reckless driver is nearby.

Objectives
The objectives of this study are: