[0]

Saturation properties p= 100 kPa

Magnus
1 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K)
2 SaturWater_Entropy_p(p) sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K)
3 SaturationTemp_p(p) Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC
4 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p(p) hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
1
Saturated water 2
1 SaturationPressure_s - kPa 3
2 SaturationPressure_t psat_t = #VALUE! kPa 4
3 SaturationTemp_s(s) - ºC 5
4 SaturWater_DynViscosity_p myL_p #VALUE! Pa s 6
5 SaturWater_DynViscosity_t myL_t #VALUE! Pa s 7
6 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_p nyL_p #VALUE! m²/s 8
7 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_t nyL_t #VALUE! m²/s 9
8 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 10
9 SaturWater_Enthalpy_t hL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
10 SaturWater_Entropy_p sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K)
11 SaturWater_Entropy_t sL_t = #VALUE! kJ(kg K)
12 SaturWater_ThermConduct_p tcL_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
13 SaturWater_ThermConduct_t tcL_t = #VALUE! W/(m K)
14 SaturWater_Prandtl_p PrL_P = #VALUE! -
15 SaturWater_Prandtl_t PrL_t = #VALUE! -
16 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_t wL_t = #VALUE! m/s
17 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_p wL_p = #VALUE! m/s
18 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
19 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
20 SaturWater_SpecVolume_t vL_t = #VALUE! m³/kg
21 SaturWater_SpecVolume_p vL_p = #VALUE! m³/kg
22 SaturWater_Temperature_h - ºC
23 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_t st_t = #VALUE! N/m
24 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_p st_p = #VALUE! N/m
25 SaturWater_Density_t rhoL_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
26 SaturWater_Density_p rhoL_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
27 SaturWater_IntEnergy_t uL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
28 SaturWater_IntEnergy_p uL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Saturated steam
1 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_p myV_p = #VALUE! Pa s
2 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_t myV_t = #VALUE! Pa s
3 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_p nyV_P = #VALUE! m²/s
4 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_t nyV_t = #VALUE! m²/s
5 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_p(p) hV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
6 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_t(t) hV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
7 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
8 SaturSteam_Entropy_t(t) sV_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
9 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_p tcV_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
10 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_t tcV_t = #VALUE! W/(m K)
11 SaturSteam_Prandtl_p PrV_p #VALUE! -
12 SaturSteam_Prandtl_t PrV_t #VALUE! -
13 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_t wV_T = #VALUE! m/s
14 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_p wV_p = #VALUE! m/s
15 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_t CpV_T = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
16 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_p CpV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
17 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_t vV_t = #VALUE! m3/kg
18 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_p vV_p= #VALUE! m3/kg
19 SaturSteam_Density_t rhoV_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
20 SaturSteam_Density_p rhoV_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
21 Saturated steam int. energy_t uV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
22 Saturated steam int. energy_p uV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Humid region
Magnus
p= 1000 kPa
x= 0.8 - 1
2
Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC 3
H2O_Enthalpy_px h_px = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Enthalpy_tx h_tx = #VALUE! kJ/kg 1
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 2
H2O_SpecVolume_px v_px = #VALUE! m³/kg 3
H2O_SpecVolume_tx v_Tx = #VALUE! m³/kg 4
SteamQuality_ph x_ph = #VALUE! - 5
SteamQuality_ps x_ps = #VALUE! - 6
SteamQuality_ts x_ts = #VALUE! - 7
H2O_VapourisationHeat_p hfg_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 8
H2O_VapourisationHeat_t hfg_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 9
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 Rev. cjc. 27.04.2017 www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
Superheated steam p= 100 kPa Applications using Magnus Holmgren f
Subcooled water t= 100 ºC (20 functions added to the original seri
Magnus
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! m3/kg

H2O_DynViscosity_pt my_pt = #VALUE! Pa s

H2O_DynViscosity_ph my_ph = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_DynViscosity_ps my_ps = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_KinViscosity_pt ny_pt = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ph ny_ph = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ps ny_ps = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Enthalpy_ps h_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Enthalpy_ts h_ts = kJ/kg
H2O_Enthalpy_pRho h_pRho = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_ThermConductivity_pt tc_pt = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_ThermConductivity_ph tc_ph = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_ThermConductivity_hs tc_hs = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_Kappa_p_t(p,t) Kappa_pt = #VALUE!
H2O_Kappa_ph Kappa_ph = #VALUE! -
H2O_KappaUp_ph -
H2O_KappaDown_ph -
H2O_Prandtl_pt Pr_pt = #VALUE! -
H2O_Prandtl_ph Pr_ph = #VALUE! -
H2O_Pressure_ts P_ts = kPa
H2O_Pressure_tv P_tv = kPa
H2O Pressure_hs p_hs = #VALUE! kPa
H2O Pressure_hRho p_hRho = #VALUE! kPa
H2O_SonicVelocity_pt w_pT = #VALUE! m/s
H2O_SonicVelocity_ph w_ph = #VALUE! m/s
H2O_SonicVelocity_ps w_ps = #VALUE! m/s
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_pt Cp_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ph Cp_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ps Cp_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_pt Cv_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ph Cv_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ps Cv_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecVolume_ph v_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecVolume_ps v_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_Temperature_ph T_ph = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Temperature_ps T_ps = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Temperature_pv T_pv = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Temperature_hs T_hs = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Density_pt rho_pt = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ph rho_ph = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ps rho_ps = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_InternalEnergy_pt u_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ph u_ph = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ps u_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg
ping-tools.net
s using Magnus Holmgren functions.xls
ns added to the original series)
Application to a turbine stage

Turbine stage
Input data is in yelow cells, calculated values in green cells
Steam properties [1]
Input data:
Steam pressure before stage p1 = 6100 kPa
Steam temperature before stage t1 = t1 = 450 ºC °C
Pressure after stage p2 = 430 kPa
Stage isentropic efficiency hs = 0.87 -

Calculated values:
Inlet enthalpy h1 = h_PT = #VALUE!
Inlet entropy s1 = s_PT = #VALUE!
Outlet isentropic entropy s2s = s1 #VALUE!
Outlet isentropic enthalpy h2s = h_Ps = #VALUE!
Isentropic power generation Dhs = h1 - h2s #VALUE!
Real power generation Dh = Dhs * hs #VALUE!
Specific energy (Ditto) Espec = Dh [kJ/kg) * 1000 [kg/h] /3600 #VALUE!
Outlet steam enthalpy h2 = h1 - Dh
t2 = #VALUE!
Outlet steam temperature t2 = t_Ph = °C #VALUE!
Outlet saturation temperature t2sat = tSat_P = #VALUE!
Outlet steam superheating Dtout,superheat = t2 - t2sat = #VALUE!
Outlet steam entropy s2 = s_PT = #VALUE!
 Rev. cjc. 06.04.2017

t ºC
p1 = 6100 kPa

450 450
1

400
pcrt = 220.64 bar

kJ/kg
kJ/kg.K 300 Tcrt = 374 ºC
kJ/kg.K
kJ/kg 276.7 ºC
kJ/kg
kJ/kg Isentropic 200
process

kWh/ton p2 = 430 kPa

kJ/kg ### ºC
°C 2sat t2sat = ### 2
2so
°C 100
°C ### ### s kJ/(kg K)
kJ/kg.K Water t-s diagram
 Rev. cjc. 06.04.2017

s kJ/(kg K)
Application to desuperheating

Calculation of a pressure reducing valve, PRV, with desuperheating

Input data is in yellow cells. Water and steam properties calculated with [1]

Input data:
Steam pressure before PRV p1 = 6200 kPa
Steam temperature before PRV t1 = 450 °C
Steam pressure after PRV p2 = 430 kPa
Steam temperature after PRV and desuperheating (2) t2 = 165 -
Desuperheater water pressure p4 = 3000 kPa
Desuperheater water temperature, in feed tank t3 = 130 °C
Desuperheater water pump efficiency hp = 0.74 -
Pump motor efficiency hm = 0.94 -
High pressure steam flow ms = 75.0 ton/h

Note 2. Cooled, but still a superheated steam

Calculated data:

Steam properties
Inlet steam entalpy h1 = h_pt = ### kJ/kg
Outlet steam enthalpy h2 = h_pt = ### kJ/kg
Entropy at steam inlet conditions (p1, t1) s1 = s_pt = ### kJ/(kg*K)
Entropy at steam outlet conditions (p2, t2) s2 = s_pt = ### kJ/(kg*K)
Entropy at pressure "p1", in saturated condition s1,sat = sV_P = ### kJ/(kg*K)
Temperature at pressure "p1", in saturated condition t1,sat = tSat_P = ### ºC
Saturated steam entropy at "p2" s2,sat = sV_P = ### kJ/(kg*K)
Saturated steam temperature at "p2" t2,sat = tSat_P = ### ºC
Temperature after isentalpic expansion (h1) to "p2" t1a = t_Ph = ### ºC

Feed water tank with saturated water at t3

Desuperheater water enthalpy (in feed water tank) h3 = hL_T = ### kJ/kg
Pressure in feed water tank p3 = pSat_T = ### kPa
Water entropy in feed water tank s3 = sL_T = ### kJ/(kg*K)

Feed water pump

Water entropy after pump, isentropic process s4o = s3 ### kJ/(kg*K)
Isentropic outlet entalpy h4o = h_ps ### kJ/kg
Isentropic pump power demand: Dhs = h4o - h3 ### kJ/kg
Real pump specific power demand
Water pump efficiency hp = Dh / Dhs 0.74 -
Specific power demand for the water compresion Dh = Dhs / hp ### kJ/kg

Properties of desuperheating water, at PRV inlet (state "4")

Water outlet enthalpy h4 = h3 + Dh
h3 = ###
Dh = ###
h4 = h3 + Dh ### kJ/kg
Water temperature at PRV inlet t4 = T_Ph ### ºC

Energy balance Ein = Eout

Pump 3

4 p3, t3
mw

1
Steam 1a 2
PRV
ms p1, t1 h1, p2 p2, t2

ms * h1 + mw * h4 = ms *h2 + mw * h2
ms * (h1 - h2) = mw * (h2 - h4)
mw = ms * (h1 - h2) / (h2 - h4)

Let rh= (h1 - h2) / (h2 - h4)

h1 = ### kJ/kg
h2 = ### kJ/kg
h4 = ### kJ/kg
rh= ### -
thus
mw = ms * rh

Required water per 1 kg of HP steam mw,1 = ms1 * rh

ms1 = 1 kg s
rh= ### -
mw,1 = ### kg w / kg s

Water mass flow rate mw = ms * (h1 - h2) / (h2 - h4)

mw = ms * rh
ms = 75.0 ton h
ms = 20.83 kg/s
rh= ### -
mw = ms * rh
 mw = ### ton/h
mw = ### kg/s

Low pressure steam flow rate ms_LP = ms + mw

ms = 20.8 kg/s
mw = ### kg/s
ms_LP = ### kg/s
ms_LP = ### ton/h
 Pump
3 Feed water tank
with saturated water
p3, t3
4 mw at t3 ºC

Steam 1 1a 2
PRV
ms p1, t1 h1, p 2 p2, t2

t p1
500 Saturated vapor line
t1 = 450 1
h1 = const
400
t1a = ###
300 1sat
t1,sat = ###
200
165 2
t2 =
100 ###
t2,sat = 2sat

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s

T Process 1 - 1a: Isentalpic pressure

4
t4 = ### reduction
4o
Process 1a - 2: Cooling of steam
t3 = 130.0 with water
3 Process 3 - 4: Water compresion
Process 4 - 2 (not shown), is the
heating and evaporation of the
Saturated liquid line
cooling water flow mw.

s3 = s4o s
Pumping process

Pump shaft power

(The pump is calculated in the same way as a compressor would have been)
Pshaft = mw*Dh
Feed water flow rate mw = ### kg/s
Specific power demand for the water c Dh = ### kJ/kg
Pump shaft power Pshaft = mw*Dh
Pshaft = ### kW

Electrical pump power PElec = Pshaft / hm

Pump shaft power Pshaft = ### kW
Motor efficiency hm = 0.94 -
Electrical pump power PElec = Pshaft /hm
PElec = ### kW

Pump power can also be calculated as: (the normal way)

Water specific volume at inlet v= SaturWater_SpecVolume_t(t3)
v= 0.00107 m3/kg
Water density rw = 1/v
rw = 934.6 kg/m3
Water mass flow rate mw = ms * (h1 - h2) / (h2 - h4)
mw = ### kg/s
Water volume flow rate Qw = mw / rw
Qw = ### m3 /s
Pump pressure increase Dp = p4 - p 3
Dp = ### bar
Desuperheater water pump efficiency hp = 0.74 -
Pump shaft power Pshaft = Qw*Dp/hp
Pshaft = ### kW
Motor efficiency hm = 0.94 -
Electrical pump power PElec = Pshaft / hm
PElec = ### kW
 Feed water tank
with saturated water

h1 = const 1a

p2

entalpic pressure

ooling of steam

ter compresion
shown), is the
oration of the
Enthalpy and temperature change in a compression process for a given pressure increment

For a compression Thus Units

Pshaft = mw*Dh mw*Dh = Qw*Dp/hs Dh =
Pshaft = Qw*Dp/hs Qw*rw*Dh = Qw*Dp/hs
rw*Dh = Dp/hs
Dh = (Dp/rw)/hs

Application Pressure increment

Fluid: Water DP = 267 ft wc
Pressure DP = 81 mwc
DP = 267 ft wc DP = 797,085 Pa
Water density DP = 8.0 bar
rw = #VALUE! kg/m³
Pump isentropic efficiency Ideal enthalpy change
hs = 0.6 - Dhs = (Dp/rw)
Water specific heat DP = 797,085 Pa
cp = #VALUE! kJ/(kg * K) rw = #VALUE! kg/m³
Dhs = #VALUE! J/kg
Dhs = #VALUE! J/kg
g= 9.80665 m/s²

Example using the functions

Isentropic compression
P1 = 101.325 kPa s2 = s1
t1 = 22 ºC s2 = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

P2 = P1 + DP Inlet enthalpy
P1 = 101.325 kPa h1 = h_PT
DP = 800 kPa h1 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
P2 = 901.325 kPa
Isentropic outlet enthalpy
h= 0.6 - h2,0 = #VALUE! kJ/kg

s1 = s_PT Isentropic enthalpy change

s1 = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) Dhs = h2,0 -h1
h2,0 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
 h1 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Dhs = #VALUE! kJ/kg

rw Cp
P1 = 101.325 kPa P1 = 101.325 kPa
t1 = 22 ºC t1 = 22 ºC
r1 = #VALUE! kg/m³ Cp1 = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

P2 = 901.325 kPa P2 = 901.325 kPa

t2 = #VALUE! ºC t2 = #VALUE! ºC
r2 = #VALUE! kg/m³ Cp2 = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

r= #VALUE! kg/m³ Cp = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Pump eficiency Isentropic enthalpy change Isentropic compression po

Δh s =h2,0 -h 1 Ls =ṁ⋅Δh s
Real enthalpy change Real compression power
Compression from state '1' : P 1 , t 1
Δh s L=ṁ⋅Δh
to a pressure P 2 . Δh =
η with
State '1' has a enthalpy h 1 and a Compression final enthalpy Δh s
h2 =h 1 +Δh Δh =
entropy 's1 ' η
Δhs
L=ṁ⋅
Isentropic compression to a state Microsoft Equation
η
3.0
The power L must cover:
'20 ' defined by P 2 and s2,0 =s1
1. - The power required for
State '20 ' has a enthalpy h 2,0 and a compression from pressure
entropy 's2,0 ' to pressure P 2 , assuming t
is not energy being conver
Microsoft Equation
3.0 into heat, that is considerin
isentropic process . This is
isentropic power L s .
en pressure increment

Enthapy value (approx.)

Dp/rw [Pa * m3/kg ] The actual change of enthalpy [J / kg] in a
[N/m2 * m3/kg ] compression process is equivalent to the
[N * m/kg ] pressure increment [Pa] divided by the
[J/kg ] density [kg / m3] and the efficiency.

Real enthalpy change Power loss to the fluid

Dh =
DP =
(Dp/rw)/hs
797,085 Pa
DhLoss =
Dhs =
Dhs * (1-hs)/hs
#VALUE! kJ/kg
( )
Llosses =Ls⋅
1−η
η
rw = #VALUE! kg/m³ hs = 0.6
hs = 0.6 DhLoss = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Dh = #VALUE! J/kg
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg Fluid temperature increment
DhLoss = cp * Dt
Dhloss= Dh - Dhs kJ/kg Dt = DhLoss / cp
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg DhLoss = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Dhs = #VALUE! kJ/kg cp = #VALUE! kJ/(kg * K)
DhLoss = #VALUE! kJ/kg Dt = #VALUE! K
(approx. Value)

Real enthalpy change

Dh = Dhs / h Outlet temperature
Dhs = #VALUE! P2 = 901.325 kPa
h= 0.6 - h2 = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg t2 = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Outlet enthalpy Temperature increment during

h2 = h1 + Dh the compresion of the liquid
h1 = #VALUE! kJ/kg Dt = t2 -t1
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg t2 = #VALUE! ºC
h2 = #VALUE! kJ/kg t1 = 22 ºC
Dt = #VALUE! ºC
Dhloss= Dh - Dhs kJ/kg
Dh = #VALUE! kJ/kg
 Dhs = #VALUE! kJ/kg
DhLoss = #VALUE! kJ/kg

Microsoft Equation
3.0

( )
sentropic compression power 2. - The power that is going
as heat into the fluid due to 1−η
Ls =ṁ⋅Δh s
the irreversible compression Llosses =Ls⋅
Real compression power process . Thi is the power η
L=ṁ⋅Δh loss Llosses
with
Δh s The total compression power is
Δh = L=L s +Llosses
η
Δhs and
L=ṁ⋅ Llosses =L− Ls
η with
The power L must cover: L
1. - The power required for the L= s
η
compression from pressure P 1 L
o pressure P 2 , assuming there Llosses = s −L s
η
s not energy being converted
nto heat, that is considering an ( )1
Llosses =Ls⋅ −1
η
sentropic process . This is the
sentropic power L s . ( )
Llosses =Ls⋅
1−η
η

Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation

3.0 3.0
Microsoft Equation Microsoft Equation
3.0 3.0
 ( )
Llosses =Ls⋅
1−η
η
( )
⋅
1−η
η
Pressure loss in steam pipe Inside pipe diameter
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch
Saturated steam at pressure "Pg", in a dn = 10 in
locality with a height above sea level "H". sch = STD
Carbon steel pipe with nominal diameter di = #VALUE! mm
"dn", schedule "sch" and absolute di = #VALUE! m
rugosity "Rabs".
Steam mass flow rate "m". Pipe section area
Pipe equivalent length "Leq". A= (p/4)*di^2
di = #VALUE! m
Pg = 800 kPa(g) A= #VALUE! m²
H= 2300 m.s.n.m.
dn = 10 in Relative rugosit
sch = STD - Rrel = Rabs / di
Rabs = 0.01 mm Rabs = 0.01 mm
m= 8 kg/s di = #VALUE! mm
Leq = 500 m Rrel = #VALUE! -

Steam properties
Local atmospheric pressure Entropy
Patm = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588 s= sV_P
H= 2300 m.a.s.l. P= 876.58 kPa
patm = 76.6 kPa s= #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Temperature
Absolute pressure t= tSat_P
P= patm + Pg p= 876.58 kPa
patm = 76.58 kPa t= #VALUE! ºC
Pg = 800 kPa(g)
P= 876.58 kPa Density
r= rhoV_P
Note: Steamdat 97 is used [3] r= #VALUE! kg/m³

Note (1) According [2], for saturated steam with pressure in the range 1 to 7 bar (g),
the recommended velocity is in the range 10 to 38 m/s.
and the pressure drop in the range 0.11 to 0.34 bar / 100m
Kinematic viscosity of saturated steam Friction factor
n= nyV_P f=
n= #VALUE! m²/s Rrel = #VALUE! -
Re = #VALUE! -
Volumetric flow rate f= #VALUE! -
V= m/r
m= 8 kg/s Unit pressure loss
r= #VALUE! kg/m³ J= f * (1 / di) * hv
V= #VALUE! m³/s f= #VALUE! -
di = #VALUE! m
Flow velocity (Note 1) hv = #VALUE! Pa
v= V/A J= #VALUE! Pa/m
V= #VALUE! m³/s
A= #VALUE! m² Pressure loss
v= #VALUE! m/s DP = J * Leq
#VALUE! J= #VALUE! Pa/m
Leq = 500 m
Kinematic pressure DP = #VALUE! Pa
hv = (r/2) * v² DP = #VALUE! kPa
r= #VALUE! kg/m³
v= #VALUE! m/s Pressure loss in 100 m
hv = #VALUE! Pa DP100 m = J * 100
J= #VALUE! Pa/m
Reynolds number L= 100 m
Re = v*d/n DP100 m = #VALUE! Pa/(100 m)
v= #VALUE! m/s DP100 m = #VALUE! kPa/(100 m)
di = #VALUE! m
n= #VALUE! m²/s Saturated steam recommended
Re = #VALUE! - acceptable pressure drop [2]
103 kPa < P < 700 kPa
kPa / 100 m
11.31 to 45.24

Pressure loss per 100 m

DP100m = #VALUE! kPa / 100 m
#VALUE!
 Saturated steam
http://www.watsonmcdaniel.com/2011Catalog/EngineeringData.pdf 103 kPa(g) < P < 700 kPa(g)
kPa / 100 m
Recommended velocities and pressure drops for 11.31
various services [2]
Service Velocity Pressure drops
m/s bar/100 m kPa / 100 m
Saturated steam
Vacuum 10 20 0.06 0.11 5.66 11.31
0 - 1.03 bar (g) 10 25 0.06 0.11 5.66 11.31
1.03 - 7 bar (g) 10 38 0.11 0.34 11.31 33.93
Over 7 bar (g) 10 46 0.11 0.45 11.31 45.24
Steam Main, Low noise 20 30
Steam Main, Industrial Plant 41 61
Superheated Steam
0 - 7 bar (g) 13 51 0.11 0.34
7 - 35 bar (g) 13 61 0.23 0.45
Condensate
Boiler feed pump suction 0.46 0.76
Condensate pump suction 0.46 0.91
Condensate pump discharge 0.91 2.29
Boiler feed pump discharge 1.22 3.05
Hot water (quiet flow)
Heating systems 1.22
Pump suction lines 0.30 2.44
Pump discharge lines 1.52 4.57
Cooling water systems 1.52 4.57

According [2], for saturated steam with pressure in the range 1 to 7 bar (g),
the recommended velocity is in the range 10 to 38 m/s.
and the pressure drop in the range 0.11 to 0.34 bar / 100m
Saturated steam
103 kPa(g) < P < 700 kPa(g)
kPa / 100 m
45.24 Recommended velocities and pressure drops for
various services [2]
Service Velocity
ft/min
Saturated steam
Vacuum 2,000 4,000
0 - 15 psig 2,000 5,000
15 - 100 psig 2,000 7,500
Over 100 psig 2,000 9,000
Steam Main, Low noise 4,000 6,000
Steam Main, Industrial Plant 8,000 12,000
Superheated Steam
0- 100 psig 2,500 10,000
100 - 500 psig 2,500 12,000
Condensate ft/sec
Boiler feed pump suction 1.5 2.5
Condensate pump suction 1.5 3
Condensate pump discharge 3 7.5
Boiler feed pump discharge 4 10
Hot water (quiet flow) ft/sec
Heating systems 4
Pump suction lines 1 8
Pump discharge lines 5 15
Cooling water systems 5 15

1 ft/min = 0.00508 m/s 1 psi /100 ft = 0.06895

FtMin = 0.00508 1 psi /100 ft = 0.06895
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 1psi /100 ft = 0.00226
FtSec = 0.3048 1 psi /100 ft = 0.22621
PsiBar = 0.22621

FtMin = 0.00508
ure drops for

Pressure drops
psi/100 ft

0.25 0.5
0.25 0.5
0.5 1.5
0.5 2

0.5 1.5
1 2

bar/100 ft
bar/30.48 m
bar/m
bar/100 m
[1] Water and steam properties according to IAPWS IF-97
By Magnus Holmgren
www.x-eng.com

Thermodynamic properties
Thermodynamic properties (according to IAPWS IF-97 )
Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the
Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam 1997

Transport properties
Viscosity (IAPWS formulation 1985)
Thermal Conductivity (IAPWS formulation 1985)
Revised release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the
Thermal Conductivity of ordinary water IAPWS
September 1998 Page 8
Surface Tension ('IAPWS Release on Surface Tension
of Ordinary Water Substance September 1994) https://www.mathworks.

[2] Engineering Data

Watson McDaniel
http://www.watsonmcdaniel.com/2011Catalog/EngineeringData.pdf
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/9817-x-steam--thermodynamic-properties-of-water-and-steam
r-and-steam