1- DC? are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium.

2- Aperiodic signal? Analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time. 3- Frequency? Rate,
in cycles per second, or Hertz at which the signal repeats. 4- Amplitude? maximum value of the signal
overtime. 5- Signals? Electric or electromagnetic representations of data. 6- Error Detection? Error in
bits during transmission from source to destination. 7- TCP/IP? Is a stateful protocol which means it
keeps track of the state of the communication session.

8- OSI Layer? 1- Physical. 2- Data Link. 3- Network. 4- Transport. 5- Session. 6- Presentation. 7- Application.
9- TCP/IP Layer? 1- Application. 2- Transport. 3- Internet. 4- Network Access. 10-Circuit Switching
Characteristics? 1- dedicated circuit per call such as mobile phone. 2-Resources are idle if not used by
owing call. 3- It need to setup connection “circuit”. 4- bandwidth divided into pieces allocated to calls
through Time division multiplexing TDM and frequency division multiplexing FDM. 11- Explain
Multiplexing and two types? Capacity of transmission medium usually exceeds capacity required for
transmission of a single signal. 1- Frequency-Division multiplexing. 2- Time-Division. 12- DC four
fundamental characteristics? 1- Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
2- Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. 3- Timeliness: The system must deliver data in
a timely manner. 4- Jitter: It refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.

13- Analog and Digital signal? 1- Analog: signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion overtime. No breaks
or discontinuities in the signal. 2- Digital: signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of
time and then changes to another constant level. 14- Stop-and-wait ARQ? Is based on the stop-and-wait
flow control technique. The source station transmits a single frame and then must await an
acknowledgment (ACK). 15- five components of a data communication? 1- Message: The message is the
information (data) to be communicated. 2- Sender: Is the device that sends the data message. 3-
Receiver: the device that receives the data message. 4- Transmission medium: Is the physical path by
which a message travels from sender to receiver. 5- Protocol: Is a set of rules that govern data
communications. 16- Coaxial Cable Applications? 1- Cable TV. 2- Long distance telephone transmission.
3- Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously. 4- Short distance computer systems links 500 meters. 5-
Local area networks.

*Circuit Switching is a type of networking technology that creates a dedicated pathway between two
devices for the duration of their communication session

*One important feature of Circuit Switching networks is that they prioritize reliability and consistency
over speed or efficiency