GROUP 3

CORROSION
AND
DEGREDATION
To one degree or another, most materials experience some type of interaction with a
large number of diverse environments. Often, such interactions impair a material’s
usefulness as a result of the deterioration of its properties and appearance.

Maco • Mariblanca • Merto

Mocorro • Nalaza • Oliveros
DETERIORATION
The action or process of becoming impaired or inferior in
quality, functioning, or condition;

DEGREDATION
Degradation is a process that renders an object useless
or less useful over time. Degradation can be caused by
many different means, and it is almost always considered
an undesirable process.

CORROSION
Material loss by means of dissolution; also defined as
destructive and unintentional attack of a metal; it is
electrochemical and ordinarily begins at the surface
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
OXIDATION REACTION
(Anodic Reaction)
• Metal atoms characteristically
lose or give up electrons.

REDUCTION REACTION
(Cathodic Reaction)
• Electrons are transferred to at
least one other chemical
species. Other reduction reactions in solutions with dissolved oxygen:
• -- acidic solution

• -- neutral or base solution

CHEMICAL REACTION
 STANDARD HYDROGEN
(EMF) TEST
CORROSION ELECTRODEPOSITION

Electron flow from Pt2+/Pt

Electrons flow from M/Mn+
electrode to Pt2+/Pt electrode electrode to M/Mm+ electrode

M oxidizes and dissolutes M deposits from solution

M is the anode where oxidation M is the cathode where reduction

happens happens
THE STANDARD EMF SERIES
Electromotive force (emf)

Energy per unit electric charge that is imparted by an energy

source, such as an electric generator or a battery.

Electromotive force (emf) series

Generated by coupling to the standard hydrogen electrode,

standard half-cells for various metals and ranking them
according to measured voltage.

Metals become increasingly more active, that is, more

susceptible to oxidation.

The voltages in Table 17.1 are for the half-reactions as reduction reactions, with the electrons
on the left-hand side of the chemical equation; for oxidation, the direction of the reaction is
reversed and the sign of the voltage changed.
 INFLUENCE OF
CONCENTRATION AND
TEMPERATURE ON CELL
If M1 and M2 electrodes are pure metals, the cell potential depends on
POTENTIAL the absolute temperature T and the molar ion concentrations and
according to the Nernst equation:

Cd-Ni cell with Cd-Ni cell with non- Concentration X

standard 1 M standard solutions
solutions Concentration Y

where n = #e- per unit red/oxid reaction

F = 96,500 C/mol (Faraday's constant)
R = Gas constant
T = Temperature

At 25ºC (about room temperature),

• Represents the relative reactivities of a number of metals and
commercial alloys in seawater.

• The alloys near the top are cathodic and unreactive, whereas
those at the bottom are most anodic; no voltages are provided.

• Comparison of the standard emf and the galvanic series

reveals a high degree of correspondence between the relative
positions of the pure base metals.

• all metals occur in nature as compounds—for example, oxides,

hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, sulfides, and sulfates.

THE
GALVANIC
SERIES
 CORROSION
RATES where W = weight loss after exposure
t = time
p = density
A = exposed specimen area
K = 534 mpy (mg, g/cm^3, in^2, hr)
• (where 1 mil = 0.001 in.)
= 87.6 mm/yr (mg, g/cm^3, cm^2, hr)

i = current per unit surface area of material

corroding
n = number of electrons
F = 96,500 C/mol (Faraday's constant)
 PREDICTION
OF
CORROSION
RATES
POLARIZATION
•
 PASSIVITY
•
•

Schematic polarization curve for

a metal that displays an active–
passive transition.
FORMS OF CORROSION
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
The variables in the corrosion
environment can have a decided
influence on the corrosion
properties of the materials that are
in contact with it.
FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION

Moisture Temperature Air Conditioning Gases

FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION

Moisture Temperature Air Conditioning Gases

FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION

Moisture Temperature Air Conditioning Gases

FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION

Impurities Type of Metal First Layer

ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
• environmental damage
threatening the ecosystem
• economic costs involved in
rectifying the corrosion
damage
• life-threatening accidents
resulting in loss of lives
DISASTERS CAUSED BY
CORROSION
Genoa, Italy Bridge Collapse
Sinking of the Erika
Fall of Railway Traffic Lights
Bhopal, India Incident
CORROSION
PREVENTION
Some corrosion prevention methods were
treated relative to the eight forms of co-
rosion; however, only the mesures specific
to each of the various corrosion types were
discussed. Now, some more general
techniques are presented, these include ma
terial selection, environmental alteration,
design, coatings, and cathodic protection.
 • Self-protecting metals!
-- Metal ions combine with O to form a
thin, adhering oxide layer that slows
corrosion.
• Reduce T (slows kinetics of oxidation
and reduction)
• Add inhibitors
-- Slow oxidation/reduction reactions by removing
reactants (e.g., remove O2 gas by reacting it w/an
inhibitor).
-- Slow oxidation reaction by attaching species to the
surface (e.g., paint it!).
• Cathodic (or sacrificial) protection
-- Attach a more anodic material to the one to be protected.
One of the most effective means of corrosion prevention is cathodic
protection; it can be used for all eight different forms of corrosion as
discussed earker and may in some situations, completely stop comsion.
Again, oxidation or corrosion of a metal M occurs by the generalized reaction
2023
INTER-
MISSION
Before delving into the
related issues on the topic,
let's have a short
presentation from the
reporters.
RELATED ISSUES
 OXIDATION
Oxidation of metal alloys is also possible
in gaseous atmospheres, normally air, in
which an oxide layer or scale forms on the
surface of the metal.

Mechanism
OXIDATION
Scale Types
Rate of oxidation and the
tendency of the film to protect the
metal from further oxidation are
related to the relative volumes of
the oxide and metal.
Pilling–Bedworth ratio
= molecular (or formula) weight of
the oxide
= is the atomic weight of the metal
an = oxide and metal densities,
d respectively
 <1
LESS THAN UNITY

>2
GREATER THAN UNITY

1-2
UNITY
Pilling–
Bedworth
Ratios for a
Number of
Metals/Metal
Oxides
OXIDATION
KINETICS

The kinetics of film formation may

follow parabolic, linear, or
logarithmic rate laws.
CORROSION OF
CERAMIC MATERIALS
Ceramic materials are exceedingly immune
to corrosion by almost all environments,
especially at room temperature.

Corrosion of ceramic materials generally

involves simple chemical dissolution, in
contrast to the electrochemical processes
found in metals.
DEGRADATION OF
POLYMERS
• Upon exposure to liquids, they may
experience degradation by swelling or
dissolution.
• With swelling, solute molecules actually
fit into the molecular structure.
• Dissolution may occur when the polymer
is completely soluble in the liquid.
• Scission, or the severance of molecular
chain bonds.
 LIFE AFTER
COMMERCIAL
PERFORMANCE
 Polymer recycling includes
both plant recycle and
post-consumer waste.
Plant recycle involves the
regrinding and remelting of
scrap polymer that never
left the plant in a finished
product. Post consumer
waste includes all
polymeric materials that
were discarded after
leaving the plant

POLYMERS
 METALS
Metals are the easiest class of
materials to recycle. Pure metals can
be remelted in a smelting furnace and
recast into new products or alloyed
with other metals. Recycling alloys is
somewhat more challenging but
operates in much the same fashion.
CERAMICS
Most other ceramic materials
have been disposed of by
burying them in landfills.
However, recent initiatives are
challenging those practices.
 GROUP 3

REPORT
SUMMARY