Russia

Cato van de Leemkule, Lynn

van Spellen en Noor van Rietschote
TG3D Geography
Ms. van der Sar
9 june 2023

Contents
Contents
Introduction
1. Geography
Important cities
Figure 1: Drawn map of Russia, BBC news 2005
Mountains and relief
Figure 2: Relief map of Russia,
Water bodies
Latitude
2. Tectonics and endogenic forces
Tectonic plates
Figure 3: Plates
Mountain building
Earthquakes
Natural resources
Volcanoes
3. Climate and landscape
Steppe climate
Figure 4 Steppe climate in Russia
Humid continental climate
Figure 5 climate map of Russia
Subarctic climate
Tundra climate
Figure 6 Climate chart arctic tundra in russia
4. Population
Demographics
Figure 7: population pyramid Russia
Population density / development
Figure 8 map of population density in Russia
Urban / rural population
5. Conflicts
The Russian civil war
The Soviet Union (USSR)
The end of the USSR
Conflicts from now
6. Migration & cultures
External vs internal migration
Figure 9 Migration in Russia
Ethnic groups
Figure 10 Taterstan on a map
Efrosinia Orlova, 2019
Culture
7. Languages
In Russia
Russian
Figure 11 the Cyrillic alphabet

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 Learning Russian
Figure 12 map of where Russian is spoken
History of the Russian language
Conclusion
Division of tasks
Reference list

Introduction
‘Russia is a big, boring land with nothing but ice and wasted space.’ This is what we thought
before we had done the research for this report. However, we found it interesting to discover
new things about the country and learn about, such as why the climate is so different from
the one in the Netherlands if it also in the Northern Hemisphere and at almost the same
latitude. It also is at war at this moment, which we found interesting to do research about.

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Furthermore, we wanted to find out about its unique geological features such as the
volcanoes and the enormous amounts of natural resources, which we found very interesting
once we read more about it.

We are going to discuss a lot of things like the most important cities, the mountains, water
bodies, earthquakes, tectonic plates, climates, the population, conflicts and wars and more.

We are going to answer the question ‘Would you move to Russia based on your knowledge
of the country?’ now, and after we have finished the report to see the difference in our
answers.

Cato: I would not want to move to Russia as I do not like cold weather that much and
because I do not think I could learn the language properly. Furthermore, I also wouldn't want
to live in a country which is at war.

Lynn: I also would definitely not want to live in Russia. The picture I have painted of Russia
in my head, is definitely not an environment I see myself move towards.

1. Geography

Important cities
Russia is a very big country as is seen on figure 1, despite its size there aren't a lot of big
and important cities in the northeast of the country, therefore most of the population lives in
the southwest. This is because of its climate, which makes it very difficult to live in the
northeast, as you can't grow crops due to
the extreme temperatures.

Moscow, the capital city of Russia is

therefore located in the southwest of the
country, it is one of the most important
cities because of its political, scientific,
educational and cultural value. It also is the

3
centre of the Russian orthodox church, and it has been for over 600 years. Moscow has the
biggest population out of every Russian city, with around 12 million people.
Figure 1: Drawn map of Russia, BBC news 2005

Saint-Petersburg is the second-biggest city despite it being the most northern city in the
world, it is the former capital city, and it is important because of its history which attracts a lot
of tourists each year. The city was founded by Peter I (The Great) after the area was won by
Russia from Sweden, the city was intended as the new capital so the very first stone houses
were built with wide streets with a clear pattern. These first houses are still standing today,
among other historical buildings and things like the original harbour. It also has a very
strategic place over multiple seas and trade routes.

Russia is on two different continents: Europe and Asia. Novosibirsk was Russia's largest
commercial and industrial centre during Stalin's industrialization. This caused the city to
grow so big. It still is the business, trade, financial, scientific, production and cultural centre
of the Asian part of Russia.

Mountains and relief

The most important cities of Russia are located in the Northeast this is because of the relief
in the southwest of Russia, there are lots of different
mountain ranges there like the Greater Caucasus and the
Ural Mountains these mountains ranges are in the south-east
part of the country which is shown in figure 2. These are
young mountain ranges, being about 25 million years old.
Most people don't live near mountains as the living conditions
are very harsh. The northeast of Russia is more flat and thus
easier to live in because agriculture and keeping livestock are
possible. These mountains are here because they lay on the
ridge of 2 tectonic plates but more about those in the next
chapter.
Figure 2: Relief map of Russia,
Miguel Valenzuela 2021

Water bodies
Russia has lots of lakes rivers, it also has loads of seas and harbours which were historically
used for sea trade. Due to the location of Russia, it also has a lot of fjords and glaciers.
A fjord is created when a glacier cuts a valley by ice segregation in the surrounding bedrock.
The created valleys are fjords when flooded by an ocean. These things are unique to places
where it is very cold due to it being in the Arctic or Antarctic circle. Russia's lakes mostly
start in its mountains, in the middle and lower reaches the rivers become very large. Some of
these rivers are the biggest in the world. Its deltas as mentioned before come out in huge
harbours.

Latitude
Russia is a very big country, it is one of few countries to be in both Europe and Asia, and it
lies fully above the equator so in the Northern Hemisphere. A part of Russia lies in the Arctic
circle and this is a cause for the climate, temperature and terrain. The latitude of Russia is
41° and 82° N. Since it lies in the Northern Hemisphere, it has the same winters and
summer times as we do in the Netherlands.

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2. Tectonics and endogenic forces
Tectonic plates
Russia is located on the Eurasian plate as
shown is figure 3. The Eurasian plate is
located underneath, most of Europe, Russia
and China. It’s the third-biggest plate, the
Pacific plate and North American plate are
slightly bigger. The Eurasian plate moves
approximately 7-14 mm per year to the
south.

Figure 3: Plates
Ponder Weasel 2018

Mountain building
Russia's highest mountain is the Elbrus. This is actually a volcano, but it went to sleep about
2000 years ago. It hasn’t been active ever since. This mountain was also well known under
the name Strobilus by the Greek. According to Greek mythology, mount Elbrus is the place
where Prometheus was held captive. The Elbrus isn’t only the highest mountain of Russia,
but of the whole of Europe. It was formed due to a Northward collision between the Arabian

5
and Eurasian plate. These plates lie on the south of the country as shown in figure 3 as
these plates come together the mountain ranges that are there and are named last chapter
were and are formed. That collision also caused multiple earthquakes to happen. These
plates move because of the earths mantle, which is liquid rock, so it moves as it flows.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes happen regularly in Russia. That is mostly due to the fact that the plate Russia
is located on, moves. Because the Eurasian plate moves against and away from other
plates, earthquakes are formed. The most earthquakes are not very heavy, but still impact
the people in the surrounding area. The epicentre is around the ridges of the plates. Only
around 5% of Russia is prone to earthquakes.

Natural resources
Russia is a major producer of natural resources, they, among others, produce; cobalt,
chrome, gold, manganese, tungsten, platinum and zinc. They are the biggest natural gas
producers, and second-biggest coal producers in the world. These resources are all non-
renewable. And they are difficult to mine as the ground is mostly frozen where these
resources are. This also plays a big role in their economical wealth. Because they produce
so many resources, they also sell a lot of them. That is also the reason Europe is trying to
boy cut Russian’s sources. Because of the war with Ukraine, The EU is trying to cut Russian
gasses as much as possible. That is bad for their economics. They already feel the
difference. After the war it will probably not become as good of a trade as the world is trying
to use renewable energy.

Volcanoes
There are multiple big volcanoes located in Russia, but the highest one is the Kljoetsjevskaja
Sopka volcano. This is a still active stratovolcano, it's located on the Kamtsjatka island. It is
4750 meters high, and its last outburst was in 2013. This volcano is very well-known by
mountain climbers because of its dangerous climb. In September 2022, 8 mountain climbers
died due to falling while trying to climb the volcano. They fell at a height of 4200 meters.
Russia’s volcanoes are created by subduction. Russia has 71 volcanoes of which 66 are
considered active. However as the plates continue to move more will probably be formed in
the future.

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3. Climate and landscape
Russia is the biggest country, which evidently means that it has a lot of climates. A climate is
the average long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Climates are affected by
factors such as distance from the equator, height from sea level, the ocean currents and the
direction of the wind. For example, the further from the equator the colder it is, the higher
you go, the colder it is. The way the oceans streams hit the place with hot or cold water, and
the way the wind blows with hot or cold air. This all impacts the climate of a place.

Russia has 4 main climates, which are:

- Steppe
- Humid continental
- Subarctic
- Tundra

Figure 5 shows where these 4 climates are located in the country.

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Steppe climate
A steppe climate is a climate with cold winters and warm summers with the average
temperature reaching between -15℃ to around 30℃, and it has around 5-15 cm of
precipitation a year, making it the perfect climate for some short grasses. Figure 4 shows
this with the red line being the precipitation and the beams being the temperature. In Russia,
it is located in the southwest of the country. This is also
the climate which is good for agriculture and growing
crops, so many fields have been converted to farmland.
This climate is habitable for humans, so the biggest and
capital city of Russia: Moscow is located here. The
temperatures of a steppe climate are this way because
it's a land locked continent it isn't affected by onshore
winds and doesn't get moderated that way, making it
harsher than for example a sea climate which is affected
by the seawater.

Figure 4 Steppe climate in Russia

Marco Vasquez 2014

Humid continental climate

The humid continental climate has 4 clear
different seasons with semi-hot summers and
cold winters with average temperatures of
between 20 and -5 degrees Celsius. A
continental climate usually doesn't have much
precipitation, however because of its placement

Figure 5 climate map of Russia

Cato van de Leemkule 2023

in the Northern Hemisphere it is wetter than the usual continental climate, the normal
characteristics of a continental climate are still present, therefore even though it is wetter it is
still a continental climate. It is wetter because of its location and the influence of the
polar region, with air streams colliding with tropical ones, causing it to be more humid.
Because of its humidity, it is perfect for large forests and temperate grasslands to grow

Subarctic climate
Short and cool summers with very cold winters are clear indicators of a subarctic climate.
This climate is this cold because it is very close to the arctic circle, which gets that cold
because of the rotation and tilt of the earth. Very few people live here as with -50 degrees to
20 degrees Celsius and around 380 mm to 500 mm of precipitation a year, this portion of
Russia is almost uninhabitable with only very few trees and a few types of moss and grass
surviving in this climate, it is unusable for things like agriculture as well. Some of Russia’s
gas and oil do come from these places, still making it useful for the country.

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 Tundra climate
The tundra climate is notorious for being the one of the harshest climates with 6–10 months
being under 0℃ with temperature like -55 to 20 degrees Celsius and with very little
precipitation of around 150-250 mm a year including melted snow and ice. Figure 6 shows
the precipitation in the blue staffs and the temperature in the red line. This is different from
figure 4. In the summer the precipitation spikes, this is because of the sun which melts the
snow and ice a bit which is included, since this doesn't happen in the winter the precipitation
spikes. This has way less precipitation than the steppe
climate as you can see in figure 4, this is because most
water is frozen here. Since it is this cold very little moss
and grass grows in patches with most of the ground being
frozen all year round called permafrost. Which makes it
unsuited to live and farm but also to mine for oil and gas
as the ground is too cold to do such. It is this cold here
because of its location and the ocean currents because it
is in the arctic circle it is really far from the equator and the
ocean takes cold water from the North Pole and spreads it
across Russia’s north coast.

Figure 6 Climate chart arctic tundra in russia

J. E. Griffith 2016

4. Population
Demographics

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Russia has 144.44 million inhabitants. Statistics
show that the amount of Russian civilians is
slowly decreasing. Russia’s net population
decline is 0.19% since 2022. Russia’s mortality
rate is 17 at the moment, which is considerably
very high. Most countries at the moment have a
mortality rate from approximately 10. Their
birthrate is also on the low side, Russia’s birth
rate is 10. This means that more people die in
Russia than that babies are born. This what
causes the population to decrease. The fertility
rate at the moment is 1.5. Life expectancy is 71,
this is again not that high. For comparison, in the
Netherlands the life expectancy is 81. Russia has
an ageing population, this is shown in figure 5.
You can see that not many babies are born,
which causes an ageing population. Not enough
new people are being born, and the other
Russians are ageing. Proof of this is shown in figure 7.
Figure 7: population pyramid Russia
Populationpyramid 2023

Population density / development

The population density in Russia is 9 people per km2.
This is again very low. This is caused by, as mentioned in
last chapter, the challenging climates Russia has. To
compare, the Netherlands is very densely populated, we
have a population density of 508 per km2. Russia’s
population development is kind of negative at the
moment. They have, as mentioned earlier, a high
mortality rate and low birth rate. This has a very negative
impact on the population of Russia. The ageing of the
population is not very good for the economy. Later they
will get problems when a big part of the population is
retired and there are less people to make up for the
money they get by retiring.

Figure 8 map of population density in Russia

Lynn van spellen 2023

Urban / rural population

Russia is a mix of both urban and rural populated places. On the southern side of Russia,
there is a more urban population. Most people live there, so the houses ate closer and big
cities are there. This also has something to do with the food production. Most of the food is

10
produced in and around the sound. That means that the climate there is better for food
production. And it's easier to life close to where food is produced.

5. Conflicts
The country of Russia has only existed since 1991 after different countries in the former
USSR gained independence. The battles and conflicts of the USSR and the aftermath is
what this chapter focuses on.

The Russian civil war

In November 1917 a civil war started within the Russian Empire and resulted in the forming
of the USSR. The civil war started as people got hungry due to severe food shortages.
Besides that, the economy was facing hardships and the government was very corrupt. The

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army was fighting against its population, as usually happens in a civil war. The war ended in
a very socialist government led by Vladimir Lenin and protected by the Red Army.

The Soviet Union (USSR)

The Soviet Union was had a lot of wars, the most notable being the second world war but
also different invasions in Asia.

In the beginning of the Soviet Union there were a lot of invasions and border like border
conflicts, for example the Soviet-Japanese border conflict in which after the soviets had
taken chinas land the Japanese and Russians shared a border and accused the other side
of not respecting in and this created a line of minor and major conflicts from 1932 till 1939,
and it eventually ended in the battles of Khalkhin Gol in which the borders return to status
quo ante bellum which means ‘the situation as it existed before the war. This conflict had no
real long term effects like many other small conflicts the Soviet Union had.

Despite these many small conflicts the eventual fall of the USSR was the second world war,
this is also the battle which has the most effect on the world now.

In the second world war the communist USSR was on the side of Germany which seems
weird considering Hitlers politics, however after the Molotov Ribbentrop agreement which
was a non-aggression agreement pact Germany and the USSR divided Eastern Europe
under the influence of the 2 countries. After the Russians had defeated Germany from their
own borders, the world war was soon over. However, the land was left in ruins for them to
rebuild.

The end of the USSR

After the former president of the USSR decided to loosen the influences on the now eastern
European countries such as Poland and Ukraine. The Berlin Wall, which was set up to
isolate and protect the USSR from the west, collapsed. This led to the overthrowing of the
communist government and pieces of land becoming their own country.

This happened around 1990 however Russia still does have a lot of influence on these newly
founded countries. These countries have had a very difficult time joining the NATO for
example because of their former ties with Russia.

Conflicts from now

These influences are what started the war between Russia and Ukraine. Ukrainians former
president decided not to sign a trade agreement to bring them closer to Europe, Ukrainian
did not agree and kicked him out of the office. The new president did want them to have a
closer bond with Europe, Putin said that despite this the people of Ukraine wanted closer ties
to Russia and invaded Ukraine which he was worried would start a military alliance with the
US and Europe. In 2014 Russia invaded Crimea, a province of Russia, and in 2020 started a
full-blown invasion under this false pretence.

The president of Ukraine has been touring around Western Europe in search for extra troops
and help from their countries.

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6. Migration & cultures
External vs internal migration
Russia has experienced immigration flows as well as emigration flows. Immigration is mostly
driven by economic factors, which includes employment opportunities and better living
conditions. Many of the migrants come from the
former Soviet republics, for example, Ukraine,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Emigration
is mostly driven because of various factors.
Factors such as economic concerns and political
instability. Many Russians immigrate to countries
in Western Europe. More Russians are moving
from rural areas to urban centres, rather than the
other way around. There are better jobs in the
busy cities, which is often the reason for internal
migration in Russia. Figure 9 shows a map in
which you can see where people are leaving and
moving towards.

13
 Figure 9 Migration in Russia
Janis Kluge, 2018

Ethnic groups
Russia has a very diverse range of ethnic groups. Russia
recognizes over 190 ethnic groups, they all have their own
distinct language, history and culture. While the majority of the
population is Russian, there are other big ethnic groups. For
example, the Tatars. The Tatars are one of the largest ethnic
groups in Russia. They speak Turkic and have a rich culture,
including own traditions and an own cuisine. Most of them are
located in a city called Tatarstan, of which you can see the
location on figure 10 There are more ethnic groups, including
the Ukrainians, Bashkir's, Dagestanis and more.

Figure 10 Taterstan on a map

Efrosinia Orlova, 2019

Culture
Russian culture is very rich and diverse. It is shaped by the history and diverse ethnic
groups. It has a wide range of elements, of which language, music, dance, cuisine, customs
and a lot of traditions. Russia has a significant contribution for classical music.
They have a lot of famous composers like Sergei Rachmanioff, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
That relates to the Russian ballet, that is known worldwide for its elegance and expressive
storytelling.

14
7. Languages
In Russia

15
Russia has 35 official languages and more than 100 unofficial, these are mostly spoken by
small communities in the country. Russian is the largest spoken language, with over 100
million speakers in the country. Even though they aren't recognized as official languages,
English, German and other Slavic languages are spoken by many people in the country.
Russian itself is not the main language used in all its regions, mainly in the parts where it is
sparsely populated people use their tribe's
language in daily life.

Russian
Russian is a Slavic language which uses the
Cyrillic alphabet. It is the former language of the
Soviet Union, which is why it is still so commonly
spoken in the former Soviet Union countries. As
these countries are still under the influence of
Russia, this has been discussed in chapter 5.
Figure 12 shows where they speak Russian

Figure 11 the Cyrillic alphabet

Polyglotclub 2012

Learning Russian
Russian is a very language, as many words are written the same and the pronunciation and
accents make the difference in meanings. This makes it very difficult to learn for people who
don't speak a Slavic language already. The former Soviet Union countries teach Russian in
school even though almost everyone already
speaks it.

Figure 12 map of where Russian is spoken

Cato van de Leemkule 2023

History of the Russian language

Russian is one of the four east Slavic
languages, it is descended from the language
that was spoken in Kieven Rus’ which was old
east Slavic. It developed because people
between tribes thought they should have a
united language to communicate and trade with
other tribes. The language they created still
exists as the basics of the Russian today, the more sophisticated Russian was created when
Christianity was adopted.

Conclusion
In conclusion, Russia is a very big country with a lot of different aspects, history and customs
to it. We no longer have the same beliefs about the country as we did before we started this

16
report. We have enjoyed learning so much about a different country, and we learned many
things about making a proper report, such as how to properly list sources and make our own
maps.

Not only that, but we also found out that some research and information is difficult to find on
the internet. However, after some digging, you can find many interesting facts and details
about Russia. We also found out what was needed to find out if a source is reliable and
checked all our information.

As for the question, which we asked in the introduction, ‘Would you move to Russia based
on your knowledge of the country?’. We will also answer it now with the information we have
gathered in this report.

Cato: Even though I still don't want to live in a country that is at war, I am less opposed to
the idea as I have learned that it is a beautiful country with a lot of variety in climate and not
just ice and snow, this would make it more bearable for me. The language would still be a
challenge. So my final verdict is that if it ceases to be at war, I may reconsider, but I don't
want to live there now.

Lynn: While I still don’t want to move towards Russia, I am not as much against the idea as I
was before. Making this report showed me that I was wrong about most of what I knew about
Russia. The climate is very different and the culture more interesting.

Division of tasks
We have divided the tasks very fairly, Noor mainly did the sources and the layout of the
whole report. Lynn and Cato used this research and did our own, to make the chapters,
which we did by taking turns first drafting them and then editing and making alterations
together.

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Front page = Noor and Cato
Contents = Cato
Introduction = Noor, Cato and Lynn
Geography = Cato
Tectonics and endogenic forces = Lynn
Climate and landscape = Cato
Population = Lynn
Conflicts = Cato
Migration and cultures = Lynn
Languages = Cato
Conclusion = Noor, Cato and Lynn
Division of tasks = Cato
Reference lists = Noor, Cato and Lynn

Reference list
Migration & culture
By: Alina Bradford
Russian Culture: Facts, Customs & Traditions
December 15th 2017
https://www.livescience.com/44154-russian-culture.html
Livesience.com

By: Olga Chudinovskikh, Mikhail Denisenko

Russia: A Migration System with Soviet Roots
May 18th 2017
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/russia-migration-system-soviet-roots

18
MPI ( Migration Policy Institute )

Geography

By: Angela King and Brad Cole

Russia Map and Satellite Image
2006 / 2007
https://geology.com/world/russia-satellite-image.shtml
Geology.com

By: Richard Antony French, Kathleen Berton Murrell, Grigory Ioffe

Moscow national capital, Russia
November 2nd 2001
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

By: Yelena Matveyevna Doroshinskaya, Grigory Ioffe, Richard Antony French

St. Petersburg Russia
May 4th 2023
https://www.britannica.com/place/St-Petersburg-Russia
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/novosibirsk-russia/
#:~:text=Known%20as%20Russia's%20largest%20commercial,and%20a
%20metal%20processing%20plant.
Official website of the city of
Novosibirsk

https://english.novo-sibirsk.ru/#:~:text=Novosibirsk%20has%20been%20the
%20administrative,the%20Asian%20part%20of%20Russia.
Official website of the city of
Novosibirsk

By: Wikimedia
Fjord
8 may 2023
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord
A Wikimedia project

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By : Climate Research Unit of University of East Anglia
Russian Federation: Current climate > Climatology
1991-2020
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/russian-federation/
climate-data-historical#:~:text=Russia's%20climate%20ranges%20from
%20steppes,cool%20along%20the%20Arctic%20coast.
Climate Change Knowledge Portal For Development Practitioners and Policy
makers

By : Kim Rutledge, Melissa McDaniel, Santani Teng, Hilary Hall, Tara Ramroop,
Erin Sprout, Jeff Hunt, Diane Boudreau, Hilary Costa
Steppe
May 4 2023
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/steppe/
National Geographic Society

By : Sky Brary
Warm-summer Humid Continental Climate (Dfb)
2011
https://skybrary.aero/articles/warm-summer-humid-continental-climate-dfb-
0#:~:text=A%20humid%20continental%20climate%20is,in%20the%20northern
%20areas)%20winters.
Sky Brary

By : Michael E. Ritter
Humid Continental Climate
2010
https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Physical)/
The_Physical_Environment_(Ritter)/09%3A_Climate_Systems/
9.05%3A_Midlatitude_and_Subtropical_Climates/
9.5.05%3A_Humid_Continental_Climate#:~:text=The%20humid%20continental
%20climate%20is%20known%20for%20its%20variable%20weather,principally
%20polar%20and%20tropical%20ones.
Libre texts geoscience

By : The World Bank

Fertility rate, total (births per women) - Russian Federation
2022
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?
end=2021&locations=RU&start=1960
The world Bank

20
By : National park service
Alaska Nature and Sience
December 17 2019
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aknatureandscience/about.htm#:~:text=Arctic
%20and%20Subarctic&text=Permafrost%20underlies%20most%20of
%20the,mosses%2C%20sedges%2C%20and%20grasses.
National park service

By : Robert Levy, Paul Przyborski

Tundra: Mission: Biomass
1970-2000
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php#:~:text=Temperatures
%20are%20frequently%20extremely%20cold,below%20the%20surface%2C
%20called%20permafrost.
Nasa earth Observatory

By : Cato van de Leemkule

Climograph of Arctic Tundra
May 2023
https://chart-studio.plotly.com/~jegriffith/41.embed
https://chart-studio.plotly.com

By : John C. Dewney, Richard E. Pipes, Robert Conquest

Soviet Union historical state, Eurasia
May 10 2023
https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union
Britannica

By : Wikipedia
Soviet-Japanese border conflicts
26 December 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts
Wikimedia Foundation

By : Wikipedia
List of wars involving Russia
18 December 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_wars_involving_Russia#Soviet_Union_(1922%E2%80%931991)
Wikimedia Foundation

By : Irina D. Anna G. Aleksandr C. Lyubov S.

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How hard is learning Russian?
2023
https://www.languagebird.com/how-hard-is-learning-russian/#:~:text=Russian
%20is%20allegedly%20one%20of,language%20is%20far%20from
%20impossible.
Languagebird

By : Advantour
Language of Russia
2001
https://www.advantour.com/russia/language.htm
Advantour

By: anonymous
Ethnic groups Russia
2003
https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/tatar/

By: Hanne Beirens

Migration info
2022
Migrationpolicy.org

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