Chapter: 2 INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASE/PEST MANAGEMENT (IDM/IPM) Green revolution has attained self-sufficiency in food through introduction of hybrids and high yielding varieties. Intensive cultivation of HYV invited or demanded more of inputs in the form of fertilizers especially inorganic which in turn attracted more of pest and diseases. This necessitated intensive control measures to restrict the damage caused to the crops and the control was achieved mainly through chemical pesticides After World War II the use of pesticides mushroomed, but with all the benefits of the use pesticides, it has adverse side effects not just on humans but also in animals. During the massive use of pesticides, Rachel Carson, an American biologist, warned the people about the side effects of the use of pesticides through her book entitled, Silent Spring. Through her book, she raised a lot of questions about the real benefits of the use of pesticides as well as the risks of pesticides rendered in the environment and public health. An over-reliance on chemical pesticides led to development of pesticide resistance, development of multiple resistance, emergence of secondary pest as major pests, resurgence of pests, elimination of natural enemies of pests, hazards to nontarget species, hazards to agricultural workmen and deleterious effects on the environment, increase of production costs, etc. Presence of residues in foods, feed and organisms caused widespread concern about contamination of environment, The importance of integrated approaches to pest control was then felt and the concept of IPM evolved. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) According to National Academy of Sciences (1969), IPM refers to an ecological approach in pest management in which all available necessary techniques are consolidated in a unified programme, so that pest populations can be manages in such a way that economic damage is avoided and adverse side effects are minimized. In 1972 the term IPM was accepted by CEQ (Council of Environmental Quality) where IPM includes I- Integration that is harmonious use of multiple methods to control the impact of single pest as well as multiple pes P- Pest - any organism that is detrimental to humans including vertebrates and invertebrate or weed or pathogens. M- Management refers to a set of decisions or rules based on ecological principles, ‘economic and social consideration, IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant. Res. Scientist, JAU, JunagadhConcepts of IPM/IDM Q Plant disease cause enormous economic losses, both quantitatively and qualitatively. According to conservative estimate, pre and post harvest diseases result in more than 30% losses in the developing countries. Consequently, man has developed variety of control devices to combat plant diseases so that he can obtain increased quantity and improved quality of plant products. But, protecting the crop from diseases is encountering many problems, such as emergence of new virulent strains of pathogens causing dramatic failure in chemical application, environmental hazards etc. Q These problems mainly result in due to a ‘quick fix’ mentality in which there is continuous and indiscriminate application of fungicides and the ignorance of cultural and biological means. Q Moreover, the complete destruction of pathogens under field conditions within a growing season using different control devices separately is not only impossible but also economically impractical. One has to repeat the control operation in each crop season toward of the disease. IPM/IDM is required for long lasting solution, using a combination of different disease management practices based on a sound understanding of the whole crop ecosystem. ‘This approach is called integrated disease management (IDM). INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT IDM can be defined as a decision-based process involving coordinated use of multiple tactics for optimizing the control of pathogen in an ecologically and economically. oo The implications are: Q Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens. Q Regular monitoring of pathogen effects and their natural enemies and antagonists as well. Q Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying chemicals. Q Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics. Or IDM is a management systems which utilize compatible combinations of all the available techniques to keep the pathogen population below the economic threshold level. Q IDM is based on five principles of plant disease management and integrates multidisciplinary approaches for the management of plant diseases. IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant, Res. Scientist, JAU, JunagadhOBJECTIVES of IPM/IDM 1. To reduce pest status below economic injury level. Complete elimination of pest is not the objective. 2. To manage pest by not only killing them but by preventing feeding, multiplication and dispersal 3. To use ecofriendly methods, this will maint life and plant life) 4, To make maximum use of natural mortality factors, apply control measures only when needed. 5. To use component in sustainable crop production IDM Progress Q Much of the early progress towards an integrated approach was made by entomologists attempting to manage insect- pests. Q The concept arose largely from problems with insecticides, including the rapid development of resistance and environmental hazards associated with their use. It was also realized that chemicals used to control pests often affected non-target species, including natural enemies of the pest. Q However there was less emphasis given on integrated disease management for the control plant pathogens for a number of reasons. Q Currently more emphasis is given on integrated disease management due to reduce input costs and environmental impacts, as from the shortcomings of any individual control strategy. Q There are comparatively few examples of fully integrated systems, which combine cultural, chemical, biological, and host genetic factors to control plant pathogens Q Nevertheless, progress is being made by putting together packages of measures, which offer significant advantages to growers as well as reducing reliance on chemical agents. in quality of environment (air, water, wild Central Idea of IDM Q Integrated disease management (IDM) aims at prevention or reduction in the incidence or severity of the disease incited by the plant pathogen. Q Hence the central idea revolves around the tactical management of the host, the pathogen, and the environment (the three factors of a disease triangle) so as to keep the damage or loss below the economic threshold level, QQ The strategy utilizes host plant resistance together with other possible tactics in harmony with the natural regulatory factors of the ecosystem to keep the disease inciting pathogens below the economic threshold level. IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant, Res. Scientist, JAU, JunagadhQ Management of the host involves the practices directed to improve plant vigor and host resistance through nutrition, induction of genetic resistance through conventional plant breeding and through genetic engineering and providing protection against attack by chemical means. Q Management of the pathogen involves avoiding contact between the pathogen and the host, eradication and protective application of chemicals to prevent infection. Q Management of the environment involves water management, soil management, and crop management, Criteria for Priority Q The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has been interested in developing integrated pest/disease management since 1963 and has developed and implemented several field projects in different parts of the world. This organization recommended for global programme to be undertaken or the basis of programme priority. Q Criteria of programme priority have been ascertained that point out the nec IPM/IDM. These criteria are the following... 1. Crop must be of very important for the nation and regional importance. 2. Serious losses are caused by pests/pathogens. 3. Inadequate control by use of organic pesticides. 4. Use of pesticide is generating more problems. 5. An integrated approach can be developed, which will yield desirable results and be acceptable to growers 6, Emphasis has been laid on major crops namely rice, maize, sorghum, cotton, etc. Potato, sugarcane, grain legumes, tapioca, coconut, etc., have also been considered as second order of priority. sity of Phases of IDM Q Integrated disease management is a system approach and consists of following important phases which significantly contribute the development of a complete IDM system. 1. Single tactie phase - In the initial stage, the best method for tackling or managing a disease is found out. 2. Multiple tactic phase - In this phase, all the available methods - cultural, biological, chemical, and use of resistant varieties are worked out in relation to ecology, inoculum density and damages. This phase is the most critical one and needs careful work out. IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant. Res. Scientist, JAU, Junagadh3. Biological monitoring phase - After the multiple tactics have been decided, they are to be carefully monitored, particularly biological ones, in relation to beneficial organisms and host plants so that management measures may be suitably timed and phased out. 4. Modeling phase - Data obtained from phases 1, 2, and 3 require to be very carefully worked out so that a model can be developed pointing out the major steps that need to be taken regarding the application of management measures and the critical stages in the host plant, The entire approach has to be systematized through critical analysis of data. 5. Management phase - After the different models of disease management have been worked out in an integrated manner, the entire process has to be incorporated into the overall production techniques of the crop concerned, 6. Acceptance phase - The most critical stage is the development of system approach acceptable to growers. The approach has to be technologically sound, economically viable and not too cumbersome for adaptation by growers. Strategies Adopted for IDM Integrated disease management (IDM) systems are being developed with their main goals to..... (1) Eliminate or reduce the initial inoculums (2) Reduce the effectiveness of initial inoculums (3) Increase the resistance of the host (4) Delay the onset of disease and (5) Slow the secondary cycles of the disease. ‘These systems therefore combine with cultural, chemical, biological and host genet factors to reduce plant diseases. 1. Growers are advised to grow healthy, certified, and treated seeds. They should periodically remove and monitor diseased seedlings so that initial inoculum could be checked without further spread in main field. 2. Crop rotation of cereals, paddy, sugarcane and coarse millets with vegetable crops substantially reduces the soil-borne disease. 3. Crop residues, rotted fruits, infected plant parts, and weeds should be periodically removed. This reduces pathogen perpetuation and also pathogen inoculums. 4, In vegetable crops, sowing time and transplanting pattern particularly ridge sowing reduces water stagnation, root rot, and wilt incidence. Plant spacing should be adjusted keeping plant canopy in view to avoid easy disease spread in dense crop. 5. Disinfection of agricultural implements, tools, plant support materials are advised particularly for viral disease management. IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant, Res. Scientist, JAU, Junagadh6. Lower, older, and senescent leaves should be removed. This reduces infection site by various facultative pathogens. 7. Maximum use of organic supplement, alternate year green manuring for augmentation of antagonistic microbial population and biological control. 8, Integration of fungicides with host resistance and integration of cultural and biological measures should be followed. 9. There should be strict legislation for pesticide dealers so that they do not sale spurious chemicals and cannot misguide the growers by giving so many pesticide, growth regulators, etc. for use at a time without its real need, 10.The use of trap crop, border/barrier crop, disease escape varieties, etc. proves to be effective in reduction of disease 11.1n vegetables, allelopathy crop, which produces toxic root exudates for pathogen, must be encountered. 12. Postharvest practices should be used to avoid any rotting and seed infection during storage and transportation. Different components or tools of IPM/DM 1) Pest surveillance 2) Cultural methods 3) Mechanical methods 4) Physical methods 5) Biological methods (Use of parasites, predators & host plant resistance) 6) Regulatory/Legislative methods and 7) Chemical methods 8) Genetic / Biotechnology methods Need for Integrated Pest Management or Integrated Disease Management 1. Development of resistance in pathogen against pesticides. 2. Outbreak of secondary diseases. 3. When number of pesticides application increases, profit decreases. 5. Environmental contamination and reduction in its quality. 6. Killing of non-target animals and natural enemies (parasites, predators & pollinators). 7. Residue in food and feed. 8, Human and animal health hazards, Requirements for Successful IPM/IDM Programme 1. Correct identification of pathogen/pests. 2. Life history and nature/behavior of the pest/pathogen. 3. Natural enemies and weather factors affecting pathogen/pest inoculation or population. IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant. Res. Scientist, JAU, Junagadh4. Disease surveillance will provide above data, 5. Disease forecasting and predicting pathogen outbreak. 6. Finding out ETL for each pest in a crop. 7. Need and timing of control measure ~ Decision. 8, Selection of suitable methods of control 9. Analysis of cost/benefit and benefit/risk of each control measure. 10, Farmer’s awareness and participation, 11, Government support. 12. Consumer awareness on use of pesticides free products. Importance/Advantages of IDM 1. To avoid chemical pollution of soil, water, air and food products. 2. To avoid development of resistance in the plant pathogens against fungicides 3. Itis an eco-friendly strategy for management of plant diseases . It is an economically feasible approach. . It is a multipronged strategy for efficient management of plant diseases jitations of IPM/IDM 1. An IPM programme requires a higher degree of management: Making the decision not to use pesticides on a routine or regular basis requires advanced planning and therefore a higher degree of management. This planning includes attention to field histories to anticipate what the pest problems might be, selecting crop varieties which are resistant or tolerant to pest damage, choosing tillage systems that will suppress anticipated pest damage while giving the crop the greatest yield potential. . IPM can be more labor intensive, consistent, timely and accurate field scouting takes time. Without this information, intelligent management decision cannot make. . Success of IPM programmes can be weather dependent. Therefore good IPM planners will have an alternate plan for when these problems arise. Jebibbbbebbnbbiokitee v IDM Concept-- Compiled By: C.M. Bhaliya, Assistant, Res. Scientist, JAU, Junagadh