Magnetic Fields

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Magnetic Force on a Proton

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Magnetic Force on a Proton

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Magnetic Flux Calculations

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Magnetic Flux Calculations

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Magnetic Flux Calculations

Total magnetic flux through a closed surface?

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 Magnetic Flux Calculations

The total magnetic flux through a closed surface

would be proportional to the total magnetic
charge enclosed. But we have mentioned that no
magnetic monopole has ever been observed.

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Magnetic Force on a Straight Conductor

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Magnetic Force on a Straight Conductor

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Magnetic Force on a Curved Conductor
Figure

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Magnetic Force on a Curved Conductor

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Magnetic Force on a Curved Conductor
Figure

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Magnetic Force on a Curved Conductor

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Magnetic Force on a Curved Conductor

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Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil

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Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil

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Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil

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Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil

If the coil in Figure rotates from its initial

orientation to one in which its magnetic
moment 𝜇Ԧ is parallel to 𝐵 , what is the change
in potential energy?

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Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil

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 Magnetic Torque on a Circular Coil
If the coil in Figure rotates from its initial orientation to one in which its magnetic
moment 𝜇Ԧ is parallel to 𝐵 , what is the change in potential energy?

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 Magnetic Field of a Current Segment
A copper wire carries a steady 125-A current to an electroplating tank. Find the magnetic
field due to a 1.0-cm segment of this wire at a point 1.2 m away from it, if the point is
(a) point 𝑃1 , straight out to the side of the segment, and
(b) point 𝑃2 , in the xy-plane and on a line at 30° to the segment.

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Magnetic Field of a Current Segment

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Magnetic Field of a Current Segment

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Magnetic Field of a Single Wire

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Magnetic Field of a Single Wire

𝑥≪𝑎 →
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Magnetic Field of a Single Wire

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Magnetic Field of Two Wires

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Forces Between Parallel Wires

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Forces Between Parallel Wires

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Magnetic Field of a Coil

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 Magnetic Field of a Coil

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 Magnetic Field of a Coil

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Magnetic Field of a Coil

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Magnetic Field of a Coil

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Field of a Long Cylindrical Conductor

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Field of a Long Cylindrical Conductor

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Field of a Long Cylindrical Conductor

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 Field of a Solenoid
All turns of a solenoid carry the same current I, and the total B field at every point is the vector sum
of the fields caused by the individual turns. The figure shows field lines in the xy- and xz-planes. We
draw field lines that are uniformly spaced at the center of the solenoid. Exact calculations show that
for a long, closely wound solenoid, half of these field lines emerge from the ends and half “leak out”
through the windings between the center and the end, as the figure suggests. If the solenoid is long
in comparison with its cross-sectional diameter and the coils are tightly wound, the field inside the
solenoid near its midpoint is very nearly uniform over the cross section and parallel to the axis; the
external field near the midpoint is very small.
Use Ampere’s law to find the field at or near the center of such a solenoid if it has n turns per unit
length and carries current I.

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Field of a Solenoid

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Field of a Solenoid

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 Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
Figure shows a doughnut-shaped toroidal solenoid, tightly wound with N turns
of wire carrying a current I. Find the magnetic field at all points.

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Field of a Toroidal Solenoid

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Field of a Toroidal Solenoid

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A Ferromagnetic Material

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A Ferromagnetic Material

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A Ferromagnetic Material

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Induction Experiments

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EMF and Current Induced in a Loop
The magnetic field between the poles
of the electromagnet is uniform at any
time, but its magnitude is increasing at
the rate of 0.02 T / s. The area of the
conducting loop in the
field is 120 𝑐𝑚2 , and the total circuit
resistance, including the meter, is 5 Ω .

(a)Find the induced EMF and the

induced current in the circuit.
(b)If the loop is replaced by one made
of an insulator, what effect does this
have on the induced EMF and
induced current?
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EMF and Current Induced in a Loop

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EMF and Current Induced in a Loop

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 Magnitude and Direction of an Induced EMF
A 500-loop circular wire coil with radius 4 cm is placed between the poles of a
large electromagnet. The magnetic field is uniform and makes an angle of 60°
with the plane of the coil; it decreases at 0.2 T / s. What are the magnitude and
direction of the induced EMF?

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Magnitude and
Direction of an
Induced EMF

External field decreases

→ induced filed will
tend to decrease this
change in the field
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Lenz’s Law and the Direction of Induced Current
In figure there is a uniform magnetic field through the coil. The magnitude of the
field is increasing, so there is an induced EMF. Use Lenz’s law to determine the
direction of the resulting induced current.

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 Motional EMF in the Slide-wire Generator
Suppose the moving rod in figure is 0.1 m long, the velocity v is 2.5 m/s, the total
resistance of the loop is 0.03Ω , and B is 0.6 T. Find the motional EMF, the induced
current, and the force acting on the rod.

General expression → Lectures

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Motional EMF in the Slide-wire Generator

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 Induced Electric Fields
Suppose the long solenoid in figure has 500 turns per meter and cross-sectional
area A=4𝑐𝑚2 . The current in its windings is increasing at 100 A / s.
(a) Find the magnitude of the induced EMF in the wire loop outside the solenoid.
(b) Find the magnitude of the induced electric field within the loop if its radius is
2cm.

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Induced Electric Fields

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Magnetic Circuits / Review
Reluctance

Permeance

Magnetic Ohm’s law

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 Magnetic Circuits / Review
Analogy between magnetic and
electric quantities

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Magnetic Circuits / Review
Analogy between magnetic and
electric quantities

𝑣 𝑖

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 Magnetic Circuits / Review
Magnetic KVL:

The magnetic potential difference between points a and b is:

Example:

Ampere’s law: →
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 Magnetic Circuits / Review
Magnetic Flux Continuity: analogous to Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

The net magnetic flux entering and exiting the node is zero:

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Magnetic Circuits
Figure

(a) Draw the magnetic circuit and its single-loop equivalent

circuit.
(b) Find the reluctance of each leg, the reluctance of the air
gap, and the total reluctance of the core with the air gap.
(c) Find the amplitude of the magnetic flux in each leg and
the air gap.
(d) Find the amplitude of the magnetic flux density in each
leg and the air gap.
(e) Find the amplitude of the magnetic field intensity in each
leg and the air gap.
(f) Determine the inductance.
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 Magnetic Circuits
(a) Draw the magnetic circuit and its single-loop equivalent circuit.

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 Magnetic Circuits
(b) Find the reluctance of each leg, the reluctance of the air gap, and the total reluctance
of the core with the air gap.
The reluctance of the air gap

2055087.79 turns/H
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Magnetic Circuits

2055087.79 2141296.79

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 Magnetic Circuits
(c) Find the amplitude of the magnetic flux in each leg and the air gap.

9.34e-05 Wb
ℛ ℛ 2141296.79

9.34e-05
4.67e-05 Wb

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 Magnetic Circuits
(d) Find the amplitude of the magnetic flux density in each leg and the air gap.

9.34e-05
0.2335

4.67e-05
0.1167

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 Magnetic Circuits
(e) Find the amplitude of the magnetic field intensity in each leg and the air gap.

0.2335
1.8581e+05

0.2335
61.94

0.1167
30.96

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 Magnetic Circuits
(f) Determine the inductance.

0.0047 H
2141296.79

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 Magnetic Circuits
An inductor with an air-gapped cut core shown in figure has 𝜇𝑟𝑐 = 105 , 𝑁 = 66 ,
𝑙𝑐 = 17𝑐𝑚 , and the length of the air gap on each side of the core is 0.5𝑚𝑚. The cross
section of all legs is a rectangular with dimensions 𝑎 = 1.28𝑐𝑚 and 𝑏 = 0.98𝑐𝑚.
Neglect the fringing effect of the magnetic flux.

(a) Determine the reluctance of the core, the

reluctance of the gap, and the total
reluctance.
(b) Find the ratio of the gap reluctance to the
core reluctance.
(c) Determine the inductance.

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 Magnetic Circuits
(a) Determine the reluctance of the core, the reluctance of the gap, and the total reluctance.

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Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetic Circuits

588

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 Magnetic Circuits
Consider the inductor described in the previous problem.
The inductor current is 𝑖 = 0.5 sin 𝜔𝑡 [𝐴].
(a) Find the magnetic flux densities in the
core and the gaps.
(b) Find the magnetic field intensities in the
core and the gaps.
(c) Find the maximum magnetic energy and
maximum magnetic energy density
stored in the core.
(d) Find the maximum magnetic energy and
maximum magnetic energy density
stored in both gaps.

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Magnetic Circuits

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 Magnetic Circuits
(c)

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Magnetic Circuits

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 Transmission Lines / Lattice Diagram
A single-phase lossless overhead line with 𝑍𝐴 = 400 Ω, 𝜈𝐴 = 3 ∙ 108 𝑚/𝑠, and 𝑙𝐴 = 30 𝑘𝑚 is
connected to a single-phase lossless cable with 𝑍𝐵 = 100 Ω, 𝜈𝐵 = 2 ∙ 108 𝑚/𝑠, and 𝑙𝐵 =
20 𝑘𝑚 . At the sending end of line A, 𝑒𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑍𝐺 = 𝑍𝐴 . At the receiving end of
line B, 𝑍𝑅 = 2𝑍𝐵 . Draw the lattice diagram for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝑚𝑠 and plot the voltage at the
junction versus time. The line and cable are initially unenergized.
+
Hint: When VA arrives at the junction, both a
reflection VA− on line A and a refraction VB+ on
line B will occur.

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 Transmission Lines / Lattice Diagram
Derivation proceeds by writing a KVL and KCL equation at the junction,

Recall that,

Using these relations,

Solving for VA− and VB+ in terms of VA+ → +

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 Transmission Lines / Lattice Diagram
Propagation time:

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 Transmission Lines / Lattice Diagram

Reflection and refraction coefficients for waves returning to the junction from line B are

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 1
0.1s: v1 = V3 = E = V1 + V2
5
0.3s: v2 = v1 + V4 + V5 = v1 + V6

The steady-state voltage is determined

by removing the lossless lines and
calculating the steady-state voltage
across the receiving-end load:

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform
The receiving end is terminated by an inductor with 𝐿𝑅 [𝐻]. The source voltage at the
sending end is a step, 𝑒𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑢(𝑡) with 𝑍𝐺 = 𝑍𝑐 . Both the line and inductor are initially
unenergized. Determine and plot the voltage at the centre of the line 𝑣(𝑙/2, 𝑡) versus time t.

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

With:

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

Partial fraction expansion and inverse Laplace transform:

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform
At the centre of the line 𝑥 = 𝑙/2 , we use

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform
a) Rework previous example using Laplace transform with 𝑍𝑅 = 4𝑍𝐶 and 𝑍𝐺 = 𝑍𝐶 /3.
→ voltage at 𝑥 = 𝑙/2
Hint → Use of geometric series:

b) Solve using Bewley-Lattice diagram; find voltage at 𝑥 = 𝑙/3 .

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Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

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 Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

Use of geometric series:

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Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

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Transmission Lines / Laplace Transform

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 Solution for 𝑥 = 𝑙/3 with
Bewley-Lattice diagram

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