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SEXUAL PROBLEMS IN MEN

Sexual problem, or sexual dysfunction, refers to a problem during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents
the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle has four
phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

While research suggests that sexual dysfunction is common (43% of women and 31% of men report some degree of
difficulty), it is a topic that many people are hesitant to discuss. Fortunately, most cases of sexual dysfunction are
treatable, so it is important to share your concerns with your partner and doctor.

What Causes Sexual Problems?

Sexual dysfunction can be a result of a physical or psychological problem.
· Physical causes: Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions
include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic diseases
such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of certain medications, including
some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual desire and function.

· Psychological causes: These include work-related stress and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or
relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.

Who Is Affected by Sexual Problems?

Both men and women are affected by sexual problems. It is more common in the early adult years, with the majority of
people seeking help during their late 20s and early 30s. Sexual dysfunction also is common in the geriatric population,
which may be related to a decline in health associated with aging.

How Do Sexual Problems Affect Men?

The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire.

What Are Ejaculation Disorders?

There are different types of ejaculation disorders, including:
xPremature ejaculation — This refers to ejaculation that occurs before or soon after penetration.
xInhibited or retarded ejaculation — This is when ejaculation does not occur.
xRetrograde ejaculation — This occurs when, at orgasm, the ejaculate is forced back into the bladder rather than
through the urethra and out the end of the penis.
In some cases, premature and inhibited ejaculation are caused by psychological factors, including a strict religious
background that causes the person to view sex as sinful, a lack of attraction for a partner and past traumatic events.
Premature ejaculation, the most common form of sexual dysfunction in men, often is due to nervousness over how well he
will perform during sex. Certain drugs, including some anti-depressants, may affect ejaculation, as can nerve damage to
the spinal cord or back.
Retrograde ejaculation is most common in males with diabetes who suffer from diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage). This
is due to problems with the nerves in the bladder and the bladder neck that allow the ejaculate to flow backward. In other
men, retrograde ejaculation occurs after operations on the bladder neck or prostate, or after certain abdominal operations.
In addition, certain medications, particularly those used to treat mood disorders, may cause problems with ejaculation.
What Is Erectile Dysfunction?
Also known as impotence, erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to attain and/or maintain an erection suitable for
intercourse. Causes of erectile dysfunction include diseases affecting blood flow, such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the
arteries); nerve disorders; psychological factors, such as stress, depression, and performance anxiety (nervousness over his
ability to sexually perform); and injury to the penis. Chronic illness, medications, and a condition called Peyronie’s disease
(scar tissue in the penis) also can cause erectile dysfunction.
What Is Inhibited Sexual Desire?
Inhibited desire, or loss of libido, refers to a decrease in desire for, or interest in sexual activity. Reduced libido can result from
physical or psychological factors. It has been associated with low levels of the hormone testosterone. It also may be caused
by psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression; medical illnesses, such as diabetes and high blood pressure;
certain medications, including some anti-depressants; and relationship difficulties.

How Are Male Sexual Problems Diagnosed?

A physical exam and a thorough history of symptomsand possibly tests to rule out any medical problems that may be
contributing to the dysfunction. The doctor may refer you to other doctors, including an urologist (a doctor specializing in the
urinary tract and male reproductive system), an endocrinologist (a doctor specializing in glandular disorders), a neurologist (a
doctor specializing in disorders of the nervous system), sex therapists, and other counselors.
What Tests Are Used to Evaluate Sexual Problems?
· Blood tests — These tests are done to evaluate hormone levels.
· Vascular assessment — This involves an evaluation of the blood flow to the penis. A blockage in a blood vessel supplying
blood to the penis may be contributing to erectile dysfunction.
· Sensory testing — Particularly useful in evaluating the effects of diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), sensory testing
measures the strength of nerve impulses in a particular area of the body.
· Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing — This test is used to monitor erections that occur naturally during
sleep. This test can help determine if a man’s erectile problems are due to physical or psychological causes.

How Is Male Sexual Dysfunction Treated?

Many cases of sexual dysfunction can be corrected by treating the underlying physical or psychological problems. Treatment
strategies may include the following:
· Medical treatment — This involves treatment of any physical problem that may be contributing to a man’s sexual
dysfunction.
· Medications — New medications, such as Viagra or Levitra, may help improve sexual function in men by increasing blood
flow to the penis.
· Hormones — Men with low levels of testosterone may benefit from hormone injections. The FDA has approved the use
of a testosterone patch to raise testosterone levels to a normal range. Testosterone replacement by pills and implantable
pellets also is being evaluated.
· Psychological therapy — Therapy with a trained counselor can help a person address feelings of anxiety, fear or guilt that
may have an impact on sexual function.
· Mechanical aids — Aids such as vacuum devices and penile implants may help men with erectile dysfunction.
· Education and communication — Education about sex and sexual behaviors and responses may help a man overcome
his anxieties about sexual performance. Open dialogue with your partner about your needs and concerns also helps to
overcome many barriers to a healthy sex life.
Can Sexual Problems Be Cured?
The success of treatment for sexual dysfunction depends on the underlying cause of the problem. The outlook is good for
dysfunction that is related to a treatable or reversible physical condition. Mild dysfunction that is related to stress, fear, or
anxiety often can be successfully treated with counseling, education, and improved communication between partners.
Can Sexual Problems Be Prevented?
While sexual problems cannot be prevented, dealing with the underlying causes of the dysfunction can help you better
understand and cope with the problem when it occurs. There are some things you can do:
x Follow your doctor’s treatment plan for any medical/health conditions.
x Limit your alcohol intake.
x Quit smoking.
x Deal with any emotional or psychological issues such as stress, depression, and anxiety. Get treatment as needed.
x Increase communication with your partner.
When Should I Call My Doctor?
Many men experience a problem with sexual function from time to time. However, when the problems are persistent, they
can cause distress for the man and his partner, and have a negative impact on their relationship. If you consistently
experience sexual function problems, especially with erectile dysfunction, see your doctor for evaluation and treatment.