RESOLUÇÃO COMENTADA

PROVA DE INGLÊS - A2 05/05/2023

Professor: Serginho 2ª Série Valor: 10,0

Instruction: READ the following text to answer questions 05 to 09.

Fossil fuel use must fall twice as fast as thought to contain global warming
Climate scientists have bad news for governments, energy companies, motorists, passengers and citizens
everywhere in the world: to contain global warming to the limits agreed by 195 nations in Paris last December,
they will have to cut fossil fuel combustion at an even faster rate than anybody had predicted. Joeri Rogelj,
research scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria, and European and
5 Canadian colleagues propose in Nature Climate Change that all previous estimates of the quantities of carbon
dioxide that can be released into the atmosphere before the thermometer rises to potentially catastrophic
levels are too generous. Instead of a range of permissible emissions estimates that ranged up to 2,390 bn
tons from 2015 onwards, the very most humans could release would be 1,240 bn tons.
In effect, that halves the levels of diesel and petrol available for petrol tanks, coal for power stations, and
10 natural gas for central heating and cooking available to humankind before the global average temperature –
already 1 °C higher than it was at the start of the Industrial Revolution – reaches the notional 2 °C mark long
agreed internationally as being the point of no return for the planet.
In fact, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change summit in Paris agreed a target “well below” 2 °C, in
recognition of ominous projections − one of which was that, at such planetary temperatures, sea levels would

INGLÊS
15 rise high enough to submerge several small island states. The Nature Climate Change paper is a restatement
of a problem that has been clear for decades. Carbon dioxide proportions in the atmosphere are linked to
planetary surface temperatures and, as they rise, so does average temperature.
The global exploitation, on a massive scale, of fossil fuels drove the expansion of agriculture, the growth of
economies, a sevenfold growth in human population, a sea level rise of 14 cm, and a temperature rise of, so
20 far, 1 °C. To stop temperatures increasing another 3 °C or more and sea levels rising by more than a metre,
humans have to reduce fossil fuel emissions. By how much these must be reduced is difficult to calculate.
The global carbon budget is really the balance between what animals emit – in this context, the word animals
includes humans with cars and aeroplanes and factories – and what plants and algae can absorb. So the
calculations are bedevilled by uncertainties about forests, grasslands and oceans.
25 Dr. Rogelj says: “In order to have a reasonable chance of keeping global warming below 2 °C, we can only
emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide, ever. Thatꞌs our carbon budget. This has been understood for about
a decade, and the physics behind this concept are well understood, but many different factors can lead to
carbon budgets that are either slightly smaller or slightly larger. We wanted to understand these differences,
and to provide clarity on the issue for policymakers and the public. This study shows that, in some cases, we
30 have been overestimating the budget by 50 to more than 200%. At the high end, this is a difference of more
than 1,000 billion tons of carbon dioxide.”
The same study takes a closer look at why estimates of the “safe” level of emissions have varied so widely.
One complicating factor has been, of course, uncertainty about what humans might do, and another has been
about the other more transient greenhouse gases, such as methane and the oxides of nitrogen.
35 Although short-lived and released in smaller quantities, some of these are potentially far more potent than
carbon dioxide as an influence on planetary temperatures. But Dr. Rogelj and his colleagues found that a
significant cause of variation was simply a consequence of the different assumptions and methodologies
inherent in such complex calculations.
So the researchers have re-examined both the options and the approaches, and have worked out a global
40 figure that, they suggest, could be relevant to “real-world policy”. It takes into account the consequences of
all human activity, and it embraces detailed outlines of possible low-carbon choices. It also offers, they say, a
66% chance of staying within the internationally-agreed limit.
“We now better understand the carbon budget for keeping global warming below 2 °C,” Dr. Rogelj says. “This
carbon budget is very important to know because it defines how much carbon dioxide we are allowed to release
45 into the atmosphere, ever. We have figured out that this budget is at the low end of what studies indicated
before, and if we donꞌt start reducing our emissions immediately, we will blow it in a few decades.”

Disponível em:  <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/25/fossil-fuel-use-must-fall-twice-fast-thought-

contain-globalwarming>.

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 2ª Série Inglês

(1,0)
05. Considering the title of the article, one can infer that the current estimative on the use of fossil fuels and its
relation to global warming is
A) equal to what was thought before.
B) better than what was thought before.
C) worse than what was thought before.
D) not as alarming as what was thought before.
E) twice as optimistic as what was thought before.

Alternativa C

Para acertar essa questão de compreensão de leitura, o aluno deverá depreender o significado expresso pelo título
do artigo: “O uso de combustíveis fósseis deve ser reduzido duas vezes mais rapidamente do que o imaginado
para conter o aquecimento global”. Portanto, a alternativa correta é a C, que significa que a estimativa atual
para o uso dos combustíveis fósseis e sua relação com o aquecimento global é pior do que se imaginava antes.

(1,0)
06. The authorꞌs main purpose in the article is to
A) complain against governments that cannot calculate their carbon budget accurately.
B) alert society in general to the urgent necessity of replacement of all nonrenewable fuels.
C) criticize 195 nations for their catastrophic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
D) inform governments and society in general about the disastrous implications of global warming to mankind.
E) report on a scientific study that clarifies the concept of carbon budget and its relevance to global warming control.

Alternativa E

Para acertar essa questão de compreensão de leitura, o aluno deverá depreender o propósito central do texto.
A alternativa correta é a E, que significa “relatar um estudo científico que esclareça o conceito do orçamento
de carbono e a sua relevância para o controle do aquecimento global”. Essa afirmação encontra respaldo em
diferentes momentos do texto, a saber: no segundo parágrafo, quando o autor relata uma pesquisa acadêmica
conduzida pelo pesquisador Joeri Rogelj e por membros do Instituto Internacional de Análises em Sistemas
Aplicados na Áustria, destacando a proposta de pesquisadores europeus e canadenses de que “todas as
estimativas anteriores acerca das quantidades de dióxido de carbono possíveis de serem lançadas na atmosfera,
antes que o termômetro alcance níveis potencialmente catastróficos, são extremamente generosas”.

(1,0)
07. According to the text, the global carbon budget
A) has been underestimated by climate scientists as well as governments.
B) has not been facing dramatic variations in calculations in the last few years.
C) calls for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the next few decades.
D) defines the amount of carbon dioxide we can release into the atmosphere.
E) informs the exact levels of methane and oxides of nitrogen that can be released into the atmosphere.

Alternativa D

Para acertar essa questão que testa compreensão de leitura, o aluno deverá ser capaz de identificar, entre as
opções apresentadas, a única que reflete uma afirmativa correta relativa ao orçamento global de carbono, que
é “definir a quantidade de dióxido de carbono que podemos lançar na atmosfera”, expressa na alternativa D.

2 Bernoulli Colégio e Pré-Vestibular

 Inglês 2ª Série

(1,0)
08. Check the option in which the word in boldface expresses the same meaning in the fragment as the word or
expression in italics.
A) “Instead of a range of permissible emissions estimates that ranged up to 2,390 bn tons from 2015
onwards [...].” (l. 7-8) – Because of
B) “In effect, that halves the levels of diesel and petrol available for petrol tanks, coal for power stations,
and natural gas [...].” (l. 9-10) – However
C) “In order to have a reasonable chance of keeping global warming below 2 °C, we can only emit a certain
amount of carbon dioxide, ever [...].” (l. 25-26) – Due to
D) “Although short-lived and released in smaller quantities, some of these are potentially far more potent
than carbon dioxide [...].” (l. 35-36) – Besides
E) “So the researchers have re-examined both the options and the approaches, and have worked out a global
figure that, they suggest, could be relevant to ‘real-world policy’”. (l. 39-40) – Therefore

Alternativa E

Para acertar essa questão, o aluno deverá conhecer os conectivos e marcadores discursivos da Língua Inglesa
e suas funções, além de ser capaz de identificar a única alternativa em que o marcador em negrito poderá
ser substituído pela palavra ou expressão em itálico, sem prejuízo de sentido. A alternativa correta é a E,
pois o marcador discursivo “So” indica, no contexto apresentado, o sentido de consequência, podendo ser
substituído pelo marcador discursivo “Therefore”.
(1,0)
09. According to the text, the high use of fossil fuels worldwide has contributed to all the following phenomena
EXCEPT the
A) rise in global surface temperatures and sea level.
B) controlled emissions of greenhouse gases.
C) development of world economies.
D) large emission of carbon dioxide.
E) increase of human population.

Alternativa B

Para acertar essa questão de compreensão de texto, o aluno deve ser capaz de identificar as opções que
apresentam implicações do uso intenso de combustíveis fósseis e identificar a única que não pode ser
considerada uma decorrência desse uso. A alternativa correta é a B, que significa “a emissão controlada de
gases do efeito estufa”.

10. COMPLETE the sentences with the asked conditional.

(0,2)

A) If David gets (get) a good grade from his English presentation, I will take (take) him to the movie theater.
(first conditional)

(0,2)

B) If there is (be) traffic, we will use (use) the subway. (first conditional)

(0,2)

C) If I were (be) the president of this company, I would raise (raise) the workersꞌ salaries first instead of
spending so much on building up new facilities. (second conditional)

(0,2)

D) I am certain that If I were (be) in his position, I would worry (worry) about the overall health of the company
instead of wasting its resources. (second conditional)

(0,2)

E) If I concentrated (concentrate) more on it, I could understand (understand) what the text is about but
there is too much noise in the room. (second conditional)

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11. COMPLETE the sentences with the third conditional.

(0,2)

A) If the firefighters had arrived (arrive) on time, the building wouldnꞌt have burnt (burn / negative) down
completely.

(0,2)

B) If Samantha had known (know) that her friend Jason was in hospital, she would have gone (go) to see him.

(0,2)

C) The view was so wonderful that I would have taken (take) many photos if I had had (have)my digital
camera with me.

(0,2)

D) I was so hungry that I could have eaten (eat) a dozen burgers if they hadnꞌt stopped (stop / negative) me.

(0,2)

E) If you had added (add) some more green vegetables, your soup would have tasted (taste) better.

(1,0)
12. PROVIDE both passive forms of the following sentence.
Katherine has given Jim two expensive golden watches.

• Jim has been given two expensive golden watches by Katherine.

• Two expensive golden watches have been given Jim by Katherine.

13. REWRITE the sentences and MAKE them passive.

(0,25)

A) They are serving breakfast in the dining room.

Breakfast is being served in the dining room.

(0,25)

B) They play rugby in all the Commonwealth countries.

Rugby is played in all the Commonwealth countries.

(0,25)

C) You must clean your suit for the ceremony.

The suit must be cleaned for the ceremony.

(0,25)

D) The authorities are opening the town health center next week.

The town health center is being opened next week.

14. REWRITE the sentences and MAKE them active.

(0,5)

A) The programs have been used by the government as a measure to eradicate illiteracy.

Government has used the programs as a measure to eradicate illiteracy.

(0,5)

B) ln spite of all his faults he was forgiven by Dalion.

Dalion forgave him in spite of all his faults.

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