Resumos ING

Conditional sentences
ZERO CONDITIONAL
If + present simple → present simple
Refers to facts and general truths
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If + present simple → will future
Refers to situations that are possible or probable.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
If + past simple → conditional
Refers to situations that are hypothetical or improbable.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
If + past perfect → would + have + past participle
Refers to things that could have happened in the past, to a hypothesis or to an impossible situation.

Relative pronouns
Words used to introduce relative clauses
Who / whom people
That people, things, objects, animals
Which things, objects, animals
Whose possession

Reported speech
Possessive determiners Personal pronouns - object Personal pronouns - subject
DIRECT REPORTED DIRECT REPORTED DIRECT REPORTED
SPEECH SPEECH SPEECH SPEECH SPEECH SPEECH
My his / her Me him / her I he / she
Your my / his / her You me / him / her You I / he / she
His his Him Him He he
Her her Her Her She she
Its its It it It it
Our their Us them We they
Your our / their You us / them You we / they
Their their Them them They they

Verb tenses
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Simple write Past Simple wrote
Present Continuous is writing Past Continuous was writing
 Present Perfect has written Past Perfect had written
Present Perfect Continuous has been writing Past Perfect Continuous had been writing
Past simple wrote Past Perfect had written
Past Perfect had written
Future (will) will write Conditional would write
Imperative (aff.) Write...! Infinitive to write
Imperative (neg.) Don’t write...! not + Infinitive not to write

Time and place expressions

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
now then / at that moment last week the week before / the previous week
today that day two months ago two months before
tomorrow the next day /the following day this / these that / those
yesterday the day before / the previous day here There

DIRECT SPEECH
“I am not feeling very well.”
REPORTED SPEECH
Peter said that he wasn’t feeling very well.
Peter told me he wasn’t feeling very well.
Direct questions Reported questions
With a question word ... + question word + subj + verb
Yes/No questions ... + if/whether + subj + verb

Reporting verbs
1. Structure: Verb + Object + Infinitive
Verbs: advise, encourage, ask, warn, invite, remind, order, beg
2. Structure: Verb + Infinitive
Verbs: agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten
3. Structure: Verb + that
Verbs: admit, agree, decide, deny, explain, insist, promise, mention, recommend, suggest, reply, purpose,
declare
4. Structure: Verb + gerund
Verbs: admit, deny, suggest, recommend
5. Structure: Verb + object + preposition + gerund
Verbs: accuse, blame, congratulate
6. Structure: Verb + preposition + gerund
Verbs: apologise, agree, insist, confess
Verb tenses
Tense Affirmative Negative Interrogative Use
Present Simple I/We/You/The I/We/You/They Do To express habits or general
y see the stars. don't see the I/we/you/they truths. To indicate a future event
He/She/It sees stars. He/She/It see the stars? on a designated date as part of a
the stars. doesn't see the Does he/she/it plan or arrangement. With
stars. see the stars? 'mental action' verbs: like, love,
want, need, believe, etc.
Present I am seeing I am not seeing Am I seeing the To indicate actions going on at the
Continuous the stars. the stars. stars? Is time of speaking. To indicate
(am/is/are + -ing He/She/It is He/She/It isn't he/she/it seeing temporary actions which may not
form) seeing the seeing the stars. the stars? Are be happening at the time of
stars. We/You/They we/you/they speaking.
We/You/They aren't seeing the seeing the
are seeing the stars. stars?
stars.
Past Simple I/You/He/She I/You/He/She Did To indicate a past habit - or an
/It/We/They /It/We/They I/You/He/She action already completed. Can be
watched / saw didn't watch / see /It/We/They used with or without adverbs of
the stars. the stars. watch / see the time.
stars?
Past Continuous I/He/She/It I/He/She/It Was I/he/she/it To indicate incomplete actions of
(was/were + -ing was seeing the wasn't seeing the seeing the the past (with or without time
form) stars. stars. stars? Were reference). To indicate persistent
We/You/They We/You/They we/you/they habits of the past (with always,
were seeing weren't seeing seeing the continuously, forever, etc.)
the stars. the stars. stars?
Present Perfect I/We/You/The I/We/You/They Have To indicate past actions which are
(have/has + Past y have seen haven't seen the I/we/you/they not defined by a time of
Participle) the stars. stars. He/She/It seen the stars? occurrence. To indicate an action
He/She/It has hassn't seen the Has he/she/it which started in the past and has
seen the stars. stars. seen the stars? continued up until now.
Future - will (will + I/You/He/She/ I/You/He/She/ Will I/You/He/ To indicate an action, condition,
Infinitive) It/We/They It/We/They won't She/It/We/They or circumstance which hasn't
will see the see the stars. see the stars? taken place yet. To indicate
stars. unplanned events or decisions
taken at the moment of speaking.
 Future - be going I am going to I am not going to Am I going to To indicate a planned action,
to (am/is/are see the stars. see the stars. see the stars? Is condition, or circumstance in the
going to + He/She/It is He/She/It isn't he/she/it going future.
Infinitive) going to see going to see the to see the stars?
the stars. stars. Are
We/You/They We/You/They we/you/they
are going to aren't going to going to see the
see the stars. see the stars. stars?
Modal verbs (can, I/You/He/She I/You/He/She Can (Depends on the modal verb)
could, may, might, /It/We/They /It/We/They can't I/You/He/She
must, would, can see the see the stars. /It/We/They see
should + Infinitive) stars. the stars?

Passive voice
Subject Verb Object
I wrote an email.

An email was written (by me).

Subject Verb by-phrase
We omit the by-phrase when the subject of the active voice is someone, anyone, somebody, anybody, people or a
personal pronoun.
Verb tense Active Passive
Present Simple Writes Is written
Past simple Wrote Was written
Present Continuous Is writing Is being written
Past continuous Was writing Was being written
Present perfect Has written Has been written
Past perfect Had written Had been written
Future simple Will write Will be written
Be going to Is going to write Is going to be written
Modal verbs Can / should write Can / should be written

Double object passive

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active Rita wrote a letter to me
Passive A letter was written to me by Rita
Passive I was written a letter by Rita
Word formation
Prefixes
a – amoral multi – multicultural in – inactive

anti – antidote pre – preschool im (+ b or p) – impossible

extra – extraordinary semi – semidetached il – illegal

hyper – hyperactive sub – subtitles ir – irresponsible

inter – interracial super – superhuman un – unprepared

mis – misunderstanding dis – disintegrate

Suffixes
NOUN SUFIXES ment – development ing – interesting

al – arrival ness – happiness less – clueless

ance – perseverance ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES ous – furious

ence – independence able – capable ADVERB SUFIXES

er – worker ed – empowered ly – capably; helpfully

ion – definition ful – helpful

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

I → myself She → herself You → yourselves

You → yourself It → itself They → themselves

He → himself We → ourselves

We call each other and one another reciprocal pronouns.

Relative pronouns with prepositions

In formal language we put a preposition before the relative pronouns which and whom: by which, to whom, for
which…

Quantifiers
Quantity With countable and With countable With uncountable With reference of
uncountable nouns nouns only nouns only two
Absence No/ None Neither
Limited Few Little
Indefinite Some; any (in interrogative Several
and negative sentences)
Sufficient Enough A few A little
Considerable Most; Lots/a lot of; Plenty of Many Much

Total All Every; Each Both; Either; Each

Review
Introduction - Facts and background information concerning the film, such as the title, the name of the artists or
actors and actresses, the name of the director, the type of film and the place where the story in the film happens~
Main body - Usually made up of 2 paragraphs:

1st – describing the main features of the plot (or summary of the story of the film)

2nd – general comments and opinions on the acting, the music, the photography, the colour / animation (if
it is a cartoon), the setting, the costumes and special effects

Conclusion - Reviewer’s opinion – include a recommendation and reasons why you do/don’t recommend the film.

Argumentative text – Space exploration

1st paragraph – Topic: space exploration
Advantages and disadvantages
2nd paragraph – Advantages: scientific and technological progress; discovery of new worlds; improvement of living
conditions
3rd paragraph – Disadvantages: Expensive; dangerous
4th paragraph – Summary; opinion
The exploration of space has evolved a lot throughout the past few decades. However, not everyone agrees
with it since it has not only advantages but also disadvantages.
On the one hand, space exploration has several benefits. Firstly, it has caused scientific and technological
progress, for example, it has enabled the creation of kidney dialysis machines. Secondly, we have gained much
knowledge due to space exploration even though there is still much to be learnt about the universe. Finally, it has
also improved our living conditions, namely, through the creation of microwave ovens or even physical therapy
equipment.
On the other hand, going to space also has some drawbacks. One of these is that it can be rather expensive
and that money could be used to end poverty instead, for instance. Moreover, space exploration can also be quite
dangerous as lives have been lost in that process.
To sum up, despite being expensive and dangerous, exploring space has given us more knowledge as well as
led to scientific and technological progress while improving our living conditions. As a result, I believe it is still worth
investing in space exploration.

Email structure
From: alguem@exemplo.com Salutation – Hi, Hello, Mr. John, …

To: alguem2@exemplo.com Introduction

(Date: 06/11/2021) Development

Subject: Conclusion

Concluding line – I am looking forward for your reply

Complimentary close – Respectfully,

Name